Mycotoxins which are associated with Fusarium spp. and disease caused by this genus, Fusarium Head Blight (FHB), on grains represents a global issue for food and feed security. In order to determinate if the BoMill IQ is capable to recognize the content of mycotoxin in grains of barley, we were testing three different varieties fromm five firms, in two repetitions. This technology uses Near Infrared Transmittance (NIT) to distinguish kernels containing mycotoxins form healthy based on individual kernel protein content. Correlations between content of proteins and tested mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol and nivalenol) were observed. We have found strong negative correlations between both mycotoxins and content of proteins, but there was a strong positive correlation between deoxynivalenol and nivalenol. Results showed that this technology can be used to determinate content of mycotoxins in individual kernels and to sort the grains in different fractions which differ in content of mycotoxins.

Submitted by Raquel Vergara Gondran (raquelvergara38@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-05-05T18:44:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 fernanda arnhoud pagnussatt - inibio do crescimento de espcies do complexo fusarium.pdf: 1615887 bytes, checksum: daa606d7216768f4d2df2f8137006ec3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by cleuza maria medina dos santos (cleuzamai@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-05-05T20:35:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 fernanda arnhoud pagnussatt - inibio do crescimento de espcies do complexo fusarium.pdf: 1615887 bytes, checksum: daa606d7216768f4d2df2f8137006ec3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-05T20:35:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 fernanda arnhoud pagnussatt - inibio do crescimento de espcies do complexo fusarium.pdf: 1615887 bytes, checksum: daa606d7216768f4d2df2f8137006ec3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Fusarium é um gênero de fungo comumente encontrado em grãos e alimentos a base de cereais e reconhecido produtor de uma ampla gama de micotoxinas. A necessidade de aumentar a segurança alimentar norteia a busca por substâncias naturais como alternativa ao uso de fungicidas químicos. Compostos fenólicos têm demonstrado propriedades antifúngicas e antimicotoxigênicas e a incorporação dessas substâncias em sistemas carreadores, tais como lipossomos, pode preservar ou mesmo potencializar este efeito. Em função disso, o objetivo do trabalho foi estudar a atividade antifúngica de compostos fenólicos extraídos de Spirulina sp. LEB-18 na forma livre e encapsulada visando aplicá-los para diminuir o impacto da contaminação micotoxicológica em grãos por espécies filogenéticas do complexo Fusarium graminearum (Fg). Primeiramente, algumas rotas metabólicas foram avaliadas através da determinação de compostos estruturais (glicosamina e ergosterol) e da atividade de enzimas do metabolismo primário de 12 isolados de Fg em presença do extrato fenólico. A concentração necessária para inibir 50% o crescimento micelial (IC50) foi obtida em valores correspondentes entre 3 a 8% (v/v) de extrato fenólico e a glicosamina foi o indicativo de inibição que melhor representou o efeito inibidor sobre o crescimento fúngico. Padrões de ácidos fenólicos foram testados e comparados ao extrato fenólico de Spirulina, sendo observado que o ácido gálico foi o que apresentou maior efeito inibidor, porém inferior ao extrato fenólico de Spirulina. A incorporação do extrato fenólico em lipossomos alterou a dinâmica das regiões polares e apolares da fosfatidilcolina da membrana lipídica, influenciando a região fosfato do lipídio e aumentando a fluidez dos metilenos presentes na cauda apolar da membrana. Este efeito está relacionado com a inibição superior a 90% no crescimento de isolados do complexo Fg em presença de lipossomos contendo 8% de extrato fenólico (v/v). A produção de glicosamina foi reduzida de 11,5 mg g-1 para 6,1 mg g-1 no meio com lipossomo puro e extrato fenólico incorporado ao lipossomo, respectivamente, e aumentou em 15 vezes e 6 vezes a inibição da produção das micotoxinas NIV e 15AcDON. Ficou demonstrado que a técnica de encapsulamento garantiu a manutenção das propriedades de compostos bioativos, com atividade antifúngica e antimicotoxigênica superior ao extrato fenólico livre. / Fusarium is a fungal strain commonly found in grains and foods from cereals and a recognized mycotoxin producer. The need to increase food safety leads the search for biologically active natural substances as an alternative to the sinthetic fungicides. Phenolic compounds have demonstrated antifungal and antimicotoxigenic properties and the incorporation of these substances in carrier systems such as liposomes, may can preserve or even enhance this effect. As a result, this work aimed to study the antifungal activity of phenolic compounds extracted from Spirulina sp. LEB-18 in free and encapsulated form in order be applied in the reduction of the impact of micotoxin contamination in grains by Fusarium graminearum (Fg). First, the possibility affected metabolic pathways potentially affected were evaluated by determining structural compounds (glucosamine and ergosterol) and the enzymatic activity corresponding to primary metabolism of Fg 12 isolates in the presence of phenolic extract. The half inhibition concentration of fungal growth (IC50) was obtained in phenolic extracts concentrations between 3-8% (v/v) and glucosamine was the inhibition indicative which best represented the inhibitory effect on fungal growth. Phenolic acids standards were tested comparatively to Spirulina phenolic extract, and among them, being gallic acid showed the greatest inhibitory effect. However, this effect was lower than the Spirulina phenolic extract. The phenolic extract incorporation in lipossomes change the dynamics of the lipid membrandes of phosphatidylcholine polar and nonpolar regions, influencing the lipid phosphate region and increasing the fluidity of methylenes present in apolar hydrophobic acyl chains. This effect is related to the Fg growth inhibition of the complex isolates, wich was greater than 90% in the presence of liposomes containing 8% phenol extract (v/v). The production of glucosamine was reduced from 11.5 mg. g-1 to 6.1 mg. g-1 in the medium with pure liposome and phenolic extract incorporated into the liposome, respectively and increased by 15 and 6 times the inhibition of the mycotoxins NIV and 15AcDON. This showed that encapsulation technique ensured the maintenance of bioactive compounds with antifungal activity and antimicotoxigenic properties above the free phenolic extract.

CARACTERIZACIÓN DE CEPAS TOXIGÉNICAS DEL GÉNERO Fusarium MEDIANTE TÉCNICAS DE BIOLOGÍA MOLECULAR. Las micotoxinas son metabolitos producidos por un amplio grupo de hongos, entre los que se encuentran los pertenecientes al género Fusarium. Se han detectado como contaminantes naturales en mayor o en menor grado en un gran número de productos agrícolas y manufacturados y, si llegan a ser consumidas, pueden causar una gran variedad de efectos tóxicos en humanos y animales. Dentro de los cereales, el maíz es uno de los más vulnerables a la colonización por especies del género Fusarium y, por consiguiente, a la contaminación por las micotoxinas que produce dicho género. Es por ello que en este trabajo se aislaron estos hongos a partir de granos de maíz destinados al consumo humano y animal. Estos análisis, además de aportarnos los aislados necesarios para la identificación y detección de la producción de micotoxinas, sirvieron para el estudio comparativo entre los medios de cultivo Patata Dextrosa Agar (PDA) y Agar Verde Malaquita, destacándose este último por su selectividad para el aislamiento de hongos del género Fusarium frente otros géneros. Una vez obtenidos los aislados, nos centramos en la identificación por PCR de especies del género Fusarium procedentes de grano de maíz y la detección de especies productoras de tricotecenos (deoxinivalenol (DON) y nivalenol (NIV)). Como controles se utilizaron cepas de referencia: suministradas por la Colección Española de Cultivos Tipo. De los hongos obtenidos en la primera parte de este trabajo se seleccionaron 377 pertenecientes al género Fusarium. Estos aislados fueron analizados mediante PCR utilizando diferentes iniciadores específicos. Con este método se obtuvo la identificación de las especies F. graminearum, F. proliferatum, F. oxysporum y F. verticillioides. La técnica PCR también permitió la detección de cepas productoras de tricotecenos, así como la de aislados productores de DON. Para comprobar la especificidad / Gómez López, ED. (2008). Caracterización de cepas toxigénicas del género fusarium mediante técnicas de biología molecular [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/3346 / Palancia

This master thesis deals with a monitoring of a content of the trichothecene mycotoxins deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin in malting barley using the LC-MS/MS method. The theoretical part describes general characteristics of mycotoxins and their significant producer filamentous fungus of Fusarium species. Further, important trichothecene mycotoxins and mycotoxins generally which are commonly found in malting barley were also characterized. In the theoretical part of the thesis possibilities for a determination of the mycotoxins by the chromatographic methods were presented too; the immunochemical methods were also mentioned. In the experimental section an analysis of the B type trichothecenes was optimized by LC/APCI-MS/MS and of the A type trichothecenes by LC/ESI-MS/MS. When analyzing 57 samples of different barley varieties the deoxynivalenol reached the highest values (up to 945,2 µg.kg-1), namely in the case of the Sebastian variety with corn as the fore-crop. The highest values of nivalenol, T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin (138,4 µg.kg-1; 21,8 µg.kg-1 and 68,7 µg.kg-1 respectively) were found in the Prestige variety of barley with winter wheat as the fore-crop. Subsequently a second set of four experimental samples of the Sebastian variety of barley and malt produced from the variety with corn as the fore-crop were analysed. In this group three samples were artificially infected with the filamentous fungi of Fusarium species; the fourth sample was not artificially infected and served as a control sample. Even in the case of the artificially infected samples the deoxynivalenol reached the highest values. The master thesis was implemented in the Research Institute of Brewing and Malting, Plc. in Brno.

This Project identified the relationships between storage conditions, dry matter losses (DMLs) caused by Fusarium species in cereal grains and mycotoxin contamination and assessed novel control strategies for post-harvest grain management including chemical control and ozone. F. graminearum, F. verticillioides and F. langsethiae were inoculated on wheat, maize and oats and stored under environmental conditions where marginal to optimum spoilage and mycotoxin contamination can occur. DMLs were calculated from the CO2 produced and were significantly correlated with deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA), fumonisins (FUMs) and T-2 and HT-2 toxins respectively. Mycotoxin levels in wheat and maize exceeded the EU legislative limits with 0.9-1% DMLs. Therefore, CO2 monitoring during storage can indicate the level of contamination in a stored batch. Using CO2 production data at different water activity (aw) and temperature conditions, the environmental regimes at which F. langsethiae can grow and contaminate oats with T-2 and HT-2 toxins were identified for the first time. Five acids were examined in vitro and little effect was observed on Fusarium growth, in the aqueous form, while the effect on mycotoxin production varied. Dissolved in ethanol, adipic, fumaric and ferulic acids inhibited fungal growth and controlled DON and FUMs, but T-2 toxin was stimulated by the ethanol. Two garlic essential oils, propyl-propylthiosulfinate (PTS) and propyl propylthiosulfonate (PTSO) were studied for the first time. In vitro, 200 ppm reduced fungal growth (50-100%) and mycotoxin production by >90%. The efficacy was species-dependent. In naturally contaminated oats of 0.93 aw stored for 20 days, 16 ppm PTSO reduced T-2 and HT-2 toxins by 66% and ochratoxin A (OTA) by 88%, while 200 ppm PTS reduced OTA by 95%. In wheat, 100 ppm PTS reduced DON and ZEA and 300 ppm PTS reduced fumonisins by 40-80%. PTSO:PTS (1:1) at 400 and 600 ppm was very effective against DON and ZEA in wheat of 0.92 aw. Ozone (O3) exposure at 200 ppm for 30 min delayed Fusarium spore germination on media of 0.98 aw and inhibited germination at 0.94 aw. O3 was more effective against fungal spores than mycelium and little effect was observed on growing cultures. In vitro, mycotoxin production after exposure depended on the stage of life of the fungi. O3 reduced fungal populations in grains. Mycotoxin production in wet grains treated with 100-200 ppm O3 for 60 min and stored for up to 30 days was reduced or completely inhibited, depending on the species and the exposure system. Simultaneous drying of the grain due to the O3 passage was observed.