Embargoed until 1 January 2011 / The filamin family act as scaffolding proteins associating with actin filmanents, acting through a highly conserved actin binding domain (ABD). The ABD of the filamins is homologous to that found in other F-actin binding proteins such as dystrophin. Mutations in the filamin A gene cause a wide range of disease symptoms in humans reflecting the diversity of the roles that filamin A has in cell structure and signalling pathways. The diseases fall into two separate phenotypic groups. Periventricular nodular heterotopia (PVNH) generally results from the complete loss of filamin A protein, and affects the central nervous system. The clinically separate otopalatodigital disorders (OPD) spectrum disorders are skeletal disorders and were hypothesised to be gain of function phenotype diseases. At the beginning of this work, there was very little structural data available for the human filamins, and none for the crucial highly conserved actin binding domain. This lack of structural data limited the interpretation of the biochemical and genetic data and constrained our understanding of the disease associated mutations that cluster in this domain. These studies aimed to provide insights into the structure and mechanism of actin binding domains, and thus provide a better understanding of the diseases caused when this domain is mutated. A secondary structural analysis and crystal structures of the wildtype and OPD2 associated mutant ABDs were obtained. The overall fold of the three proteins was equivalent as determined by circular dichroism spectroscopy and x-ray crystallography. The ABD from filamin A E254K showed 3.7 fold increased F-actin affinity, accompanied by a reduced thermostability (of 5.6 °C). Western blotting of OPD2, frontometaphyseal dysplasia (FMD) and PVNH patient fibroblast lysates showed similar levels of filamin A compared to the control cells. In addition the OPD and PVNH patient fibroblasts were able to adhere to fibronectin and migrate with an equivalent rate to control cells. Together these results have allowed correlations to be developed between structure, protein stability, actin affinity, cellular phenotype and the overall clinical phenotype. Showing that, at least in one example, OPD2 may be due to an increased actin affinity providing further evidence for a gain of function mechanism of OPD2.

Embargoed until 1 January 2011 / The filamin family act as scaffolding proteins associating with actin filmanents, acting through a highly conserved actin binding domain (ABD). The ABD of the filamins is homologous to that found in other F-actin binding proteins such as dystrophin. Mutations in the filamin A gene cause a wide range of disease symptoms in humans reflecting the diversity of the roles that filamin A has in cell structure and signalling pathways. The diseases fall into two separate phenotypic groups. Periventricular nodular heterotopia (PVNH) generally results from the complete loss of filamin A protein, and affects the central nervous system. The clinically separate otopalatodigital disorders (OPD) spectrum disorders are skeletal disorders and were hypothesised to be gain of function phenotype diseases. At the beginning of this work, there was very little structural data available for the human filamins, and none for the crucial highly conserved actin binding domain. This lack of structural data limited the interpretation of the biochemical and genetic data and constrained our understanding of the disease associated mutations that cluster in this domain. These studies aimed to provide insights into the structure and mechanism of actin binding domains, and thus provide a better understanding of the diseases caused when this domain is mutated. A secondary structural analysis and crystal structures of the wildtype and OPD2 associated mutant ABDs were obtained. The overall fold of the three proteins was equivalent as determined by circular dichroism spectroscopy and x-ray crystallography. The ABD from filamin A E254K showed 3.7 fold increased F-actin affinity, accompanied by a reduced thermostability (of 5.6 °C). Western blotting of OPD2, frontometaphyseal dysplasia (FMD) and PVNH patient fibroblast lysates showed similar levels of filamin A compared to the control cells. In addition the OPD and PVNH patient fibroblasts were able to adhere to fibronectin and migrate with an equivalent rate to control cells. Together these results have allowed correlations to be developed between structure, protein stability, actin affinity, cellular phenotype and the overall clinical phenotype. Showing that, at least in one example, OPD2 may be due to an increased actin affinity providing further evidence for a gain of function mechanism of OPD2.

Embargoed until 1 January 2011 / The filamin family act as scaffolding proteins associating with actin filmanents, acting through a highly conserved actin binding domain (ABD). The ABD of the filamins is homologous to that found in other F-actin binding proteins such as dystrophin. Mutations in the filamin A gene cause a wide range of disease symptoms in humans reflecting the diversity of the roles that filamin A has in cell structure and signalling pathways. The diseases fall into two separate phenotypic groups. Periventricular nodular heterotopia (PVNH) generally results from the complete loss of filamin A protein, and affects the central nervous system. The clinically separate otopalatodigital disorders (OPD) spectrum disorders are skeletal disorders and were hypothesised to be gain of function phenotype diseases. At the beginning of this work, there was very little structural data available for the human filamins, and none for the crucial highly conserved actin binding domain. This lack of structural data limited the interpretation of the biochemical and genetic data and constrained our understanding of the disease associated mutations that cluster in this domain. These studies aimed to provide insights into the structure and mechanism of actin binding domains, and thus provide a better understanding of the diseases caused when this domain is mutated. A secondary structural analysis and crystal structures of the wildtype and OPD2 associated mutant ABDs were obtained. The overall fold of the three proteins was equivalent as determined by circular dichroism spectroscopy and x-ray crystallography. The ABD from filamin A E254K showed 3.7 fold increased F-actin affinity, accompanied by a reduced thermostability (of 5.6 °C). Western blotting of OPD2, frontometaphyseal dysplasia (FMD) and PVNH patient fibroblast lysates showed similar levels of filamin A compared to the control cells. In addition the OPD and PVNH patient fibroblasts were able to adhere to fibronectin and migrate with an equivalent rate to control cells. Together these results have allowed correlations to be developed between structure, protein stability, actin affinity, cellular phenotype and the overall clinical phenotype. Showing that, at least in one example, OPD2 may be due to an increased actin affinity providing further evidence for a gain of function mechanism of OPD2.

Embargoed until 1 January 2011 / The filamin family act as scaffolding proteins associating with actin filmanents, acting through a highly conserved actin binding domain (ABD). The ABD of the filamins is homologous to that found in other F-actin binding proteins such as dystrophin. Mutations in the filamin A gene cause a wide range of disease symptoms in humans reflecting the diversity of the roles that filamin A has in cell structure and signalling pathways. The diseases fall into two separate phenotypic groups. Periventricular nodular heterotopia (PVNH) generally results from the complete loss of filamin A protein, and affects the central nervous system. The clinically separate otopalatodigital disorders (OPD) spectrum disorders are skeletal disorders and were hypothesised to be gain of function phenotype diseases. At the beginning of this work, there was very little structural data available for the human filamins, and none for the crucial highly conserved actin binding domain. This lack of structural data limited the interpretation of the biochemical and genetic data and constrained our understanding of the disease associated mutations that cluster in this domain. These studies aimed to provide insights into the structure and mechanism of actin binding domains, and thus provide a better understanding of the diseases caused when this domain is mutated. A secondary structural analysis and crystal structures of the wildtype and OPD2 associated mutant ABDs were obtained. The overall fold of the three proteins was equivalent as determined by circular dichroism spectroscopy and x-ray crystallography. The ABD from filamin A E254K showed 3.7 fold increased F-actin affinity, accompanied by a reduced thermostability (of 5.6 °C). Western blotting of OPD2, frontometaphyseal dysplasia (FMD) and PVNH patient fibroblast lysates showed similar levels of filamin A compared to the control cells. In addition the OPD and PVNH patient fibroblasts were able to adhere to fibronectin and migrate with an equivalent rate to control cells. Together these results have allowed correlations to be developed between structure, protein stability, actin affinity, cellular phenotype and the overall clinical phenotype. Showing that, at least in one example, OPD2 may be due to an increased actin affinity providing further evidence for a gain of function mechanism of OPD2.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar os resultados obtidos com o uso da técnica de campo magnético induzido durante o tratamento térmico do Ferro Fundido Nodular em desenvolvimento de núcleos de alto-falantes. Para este estudo foi escolhido como material o Ferro Fundido Nodular devido ao baixo custo de obtenção das peças e também por ser um material de fácil aquisição no mercado. Foram confeccionadas 90 amostras deste Ferro Fundido Nodular com percentuais diferenciados de Ferro, Silício e Carbono, sendo que as amostras quando foram submetidas ao tratamento térmico de recozimento também sofreram a indução magnética. Os parâmetros utilizados no tratamento térmico situaram-se na faixa de temperatura de aquecimento de 900ºC até 920ºC e uma indução magnética "B" entre 16000 e 20000 Gauss. O grande desafio deste trabalho estava no fato de que variações de composição das ligas de ferro fundido nodular, aliadas as inclusões de outros materiais não magnetizáveis, modificavam, para pior, o desempenho dos núcleos dos alto-falantes. Para obter-se, então, uma estrutura em que o fluxo magnético pudesse permear, buscou-se primeiramente selecionar a liga de ferro fundido eliminando ao máximo os materiais não magnetizáveis, e só então, estudar um processo de tratamento térmico com indução magnética que tornasse o material adequado ao uso nos núcleos de alto-falantes Para melhorar as propriedades magnéticas de forma contundente, buscou-se através do recozimento com campo induzido um alinhamento dos domínios, ou seja, uma ordenação dos "spins" dentro dos grãos do material que juntamente com a elevação de temperatura tenderam a ter um mesmo sentido, facilitando de maneira significativa a passagem do fluxo magnético, propriedade importante para o desempenho dos núcleos de alto-falantes. Foram realizados recozimentos com campo induzido observando-se o desempenho da permeabilidade magnética inicial das peças e posteriormente medidas com equipamento de saturação de campo. Esses resultados foram correlacionados com os dados obtidos pelo uso do aço SAE 1020, nas mesmas condições de uso e teste de laboratório. Foram realizados estudos metalográficos, além de análises de composição química das amostras e a relação destes fatores com as propriedades magnéticas. Também foram estudados os dados de usinabilidade das amostras do ferro fundido nodular tratadas termicamente com indução magnética e subseqüentemente comparados com o Aço SAE 1020. Do ponto de vista científico, uma das contribuições deste trabalho, está na influência da indução de campo magnético durante o tratamento térmico das amostras, pois é possível verificar um ganho significativo nas propriedades magnéticas apresentadas pelos núcleos dos alto-falantes durante os testes de desempenho. A outra está no fato de que ganhos correlacionados ao design do produto possibilitam utilizar o ferro fundido como uma alternativa economicamente viável e perfeitamente ajustável à alta performance dos alto-falantes. Como resultado deste estudo foi demonstrado à possibilidade do uso do recozimento com indução magnética, como forma de aumentar a permeabilidade de um material com alto teor de carbono, no caso específico, o ferro fundido nodular. Este trabalho permite afirmar que é possível desenvolver núcleos magnéticos de alto-falantes em ferro fundido nodular com alto desempenho e também sugerir que outras aplicações onde seja necessário aumento do desempenho magnético esta técnica possa ser aplicada. / This work aims to present the results obtained with the use of induced magnetic field during the heat treatment of Nodular Cast Iron for speaker cores. For this study development, the chosen material is the nodular cast iron due to the low trading costs and ease of purchase on the market. Ninety samples of nodular cast iron were constructed, with different iron, silicon and carbon contents. Samples, when subjected to annealing, were also subjected to magnetic induction. The final temperature on the heat treatment was in the range of 900ºC to 920ºC, and the magnetic induction was in the range of 16000 to 20000 Gauss. The challenge of this work was in the fact that compositional changes in the nodular cast iron, allied to inclusions of non-magnetizable materials, modify for worse the performance of speaker cores. To obtain a structure that the magnetic field could permeate, the cast iron alloys were selected to eliminate, at most, the presence of non-magnetizable materials, and only then consider a heat treatment process with magnetic induction to make the material suitable for use in speaker cores. To improve the magnetic properties, an alignment of dipoles of the material, through induced magnetic field during annealing was intended. Annealing with induced magnetic field was carried out, observing the performance of the initial magnetic permeability of the samples, and subsequently measured with field saturation equipment The results were correlated with the obtained data from the use of the SAE 1020 steel, with the same conditions of use and laboratory tests. Metallographic and chemical composition analyses were carried out on the samples, and the correlation of these data with the magnetic properties was estmated. Also machinability of the thermal treated with magnetic induction nodular cast iron samples were analyzed and compared with the SAE 1020 steel. From the scientific point of view, one of the contributions of this work is the influence of induced magnetic field during the heat treatment of the samples, since it was possible to verify a significant gain in the magnetic properties of the speaker cores during the performance tests. Another contribution is the fact that gains correlated with the design of the product enable the use of cast iron as an economically viable and fully adjustable material to the high performance of subwoofers. As a result of this work, the possibility of using annealing with magnetic induction was presented as a way to increase the permeability of a material with high carbon content, in this particular case, the nodular cast iron. This research allows asserting that it is possible to develop speaker magnetic cores of nodular cast iron with high performance and also suggest that this technique can be applied to other applications where it is necessary to increase their magnetic performance.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar os resultados obtidos com o uso da técnica de campo magnético induzido durante o tratamento térmico do Ferro Fundido Nodular em desenvolvimento de núcleos de alto-falantes. Para este estudo foi escolhido como material o Ferro Fundido Nodular devido ao baixo custo de obtenção das peças e também por ser um material de fácil aquisição no mercado. Foram confeccionadas 90 amostras deste Ferro Fundido Nodular com percentuais diferenciados de Ferro, Silício e Carbono, sendo que as amostras quando foram submetidas ao tratamento térmico de recozimento também sofreram a indução magnética. Os parâmetros utilizados no tratamento térmico situaram-se na faixa de temperatura de aquecimento de 900ºC até 920ºC e uma indução magnética "B" entre 16000 e 20000 Gauss. O grande desafio deste trabalho estava no fato de que variações de composição das ligas de ferro fundido nodular, aliadas as inclusões de outros materiais não magnetizáveis, modificavam, para pior, o desempenho dos núcleos dos alto-falantes. Para obter-se, então, uma estrutura em que o fluxo magnético pudesse permear, buscou-se primeiramente selecionar a liga de ferro fundido eliminando ao máximo os materiais não magnetizáveis, e só então, estudar um processo de tratamento térmico com indução magnética que tornasse o material adequado ao uso nos núcleos de alto-falantes Para melhorar as propriedades magnéticas de forma contundente, buscou-se através do recozimento com campo induzido um alinhamento dos domínios, ou seja, uma ordenação dos "spins" dentro dos grãos do material que juntamente com a elevação de temperatura tenderam a ter um mesmo sentido, facilitando de maneira significativa a passagem do fluxo magnético, propriedade importante para o desempenho dos núcleos de alto-falantes. Foram realizados recozimentos com campo induzido observando-se o desempenho da permeabilidade magnética inicial das peças e posteriormente medidas com equipamento de saturação de campo. Esses resultados foram correlacionados com os dados obtidos pelo uso do aço SAE 1020, nas mesmas condições de uso e teste de laboratório. Foram realizados estudos metalográficos, além de análises de composição química das amostras e a relação destes fatores com as propriedades magnéticas. Também foram estudados os dados de usinabilidade das amostras do ferro fundido nodular tratadas termicamente com indução magnética e subseqüentemente comparados com o Aço SAE 1020. Do ponto de vista científico, uma das contribuições deste trabalho, está na influência da indução de campo magnético durante o tratamento térmico das amostras, pois é possível verificar um ganho significativo nas propriedades magnéticas apresentadas pelos núcleos dos alto-falantes durante os testes de desempenho. A outra está no fato de que ganhos correlacionados ao design do produto possibilitam utilizar o ferro fundido como uma alternativa economicamente viável e perfeitamente ajustável à alta performance dos alto-falantes. Como resultado deste estudo foi demonstrado à possibilidade do uso do recozimento com indução magnética, como forma de aumentar a permeabilidade de um material com alto teor de carbono, no caso específico, o ferro fundido nodular. Este trabalho permite afirmar que é possível desenvolver núcleos magnéticos de alto-falantes em ferro fundido nodular com alto desempenho e também sugerir que outras aplicações onde seja necessário aumento do desempenho magnético esta técnica possa ser aplicada. / This work aims to present the results obtained with the use of induced magnetic field during the heat treatment of Nodular Cast Iron for speaker cores. For this study development, the chosen material is the nodular cast iron due to the low trading costs and ease of purchase on the market. Ninety samples of nodular cast iron were constructed, with different iron, silicon and carbon contents. Samples, when subjected to annealing, were also subjected to magnetic induction. The final temperature on the heat treatment was in the range of 900ºC to 920ºC, and the magnetic induction was in the range of 16000 to 20000 Gauss. The challenge of this work was in the fact that compositional changes in the nodular cast iron, allied to inclusions of non-magnetizable materials, modify for worse the performance of speaker cores. To obtain a structure that the magnetic field could permeate, the cast iron alloys were selected to eliminate, at most, the presence of non-magnetizable materials, and only then consider a heat treatment process with magnetic induction to make the material suitable for use in speaker cores. To improve the magnetic properties, an alignment of dipoles of the material, through induced magnetic field during annealing was intended. Annealing with induced magnetic field was carried out, observing the performance of the initial magnetic permeability of the samples, and subsequently measured with field saturation equipment The results were correlated with the obtained data from the use of the SAE 1020 steel, with the same conditions of use and laboratory tests. Metallographic and chemical composition analyses were carried out on the samples, and the correlation of these data with the magnetic properties was estmated. Also machinability of the thermal treated with magnetic induction nodular cast iron samples were analyzed and compared with the SAE 1020 steel. From the scientific point of view, one of the contributions of this work is the influence of induced magnetic field during the heat treatment of the samples, since it was possible to verify a significant gain in the magnetic properties of the speaker cores during the performance tests. Another contribution is the fact that gains correlated with the design of the product enable the use of cast iron as an economically viable and fully adjustable material to the high performance of subwoofers. As a result of this work, the possibility of using annealing with magnetic induction was presented as a way to increase the permeability of a material with high carbon content, in this particular case, the nodular cast iron. This research allows asserting that it is possible to develop speaker magnetic cores of nodular cast iron with high performance and also suggest that this technique can be applied to other applications where it is necessary to increase their magnetic performance.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T17:19:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 0 Capa-Sumario.pdf: 106772 bytes, checksum: 6233f32589849e604817fec8f6305e39 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work examines the influence of austenitizing parameters on the microstructure of ductile cast iron austempered from the critical zone, called in this work as NAZC Nodular Austemperado a partir da Zona Crítica (ductile iron austempered from the critical zone). Initially a differential thermal analysis was performed to determinate the critical temperatures range, according to this analysis the critical zone is placed between 750 e 850o C. Alloyed ductile iron specimens were austenitized within the critical zone and water quenched to evaluate the amount of phases present in the final microstructure, proeutectoid ferrite and martensite. This preliminary study was conducted in order to quantify the amount of austenite (martensite at room temperature) which would become ausferrite later in the study of austempering. The treatment of austempering results in a dual microstructure of ausferrite and proeutectoid ferrite. The microstructural and quantitative analysis allowed the evaluation of the amount of phases formed, as well the evolution of microstructural transformation. This study was the basis to determine the parameters of austenitizing to austempering. Austempering treatments were performed under several conditions of austenitizing, until a microetruture related to a high mechanical strength and ductility were obtained. It s possible control the microetruture and consequently the properties from the control of the austenitizing temperature and time and austempering conditions. The microstructural analyses of austempered specimens showed that the austenitizing temperature within the critical zone of 790 °C and times of 3 and 4 hours led to a final microstructure formed by approximately 49 and 64% of ausferrite. An austempered material in these conditions of austenitizing should present an interesting set of mechanical properties, a mechanical strength next to the pearlitic grades associated with a considerable elongation, near the ferritic grades. The austempered materials from the critical zone of this study also present a good distribution between the phases proeutectoid ferrite and ausferrite, even near eutectic cell boundary and around graphite nodules, what must produce good properties of fatigue. / Este trabalho avalia a influência dos parâmetros de austenitização sobre a microestrutura do ferro fundido nodular austemperado a partir da zona crítica, denominado neste trabalho como NAZC - Nodular Austemperado a partir da Zona Crítica. Inicialmente foi realizada uma análise térmica diferencial para determinação da faixa de temperaturas crítica, conforme essa análise a zona crítica se situa entre 750 e 850o C. Amostras de ferro nodular com adição de elementos de liga foram austenitizadas dentro da zona crítica e temperadas em água para avaliação da quantidade de fases presentes na microestrutura final, ferrita pró-eutetóide e martensita. Esse estudo preliminar foi realizado a fim de quantificar a quantidade de austenita (martensita na temperatura ambiente), a qual se transformaria em ausferrita no estudo posterior de austêmpera. O tratamento de austêmpera resulta em uma microestrutura bifásica composta por ausferrita e ferrita pró-eutetóide. As análises microestruturais e quantitativa permitiram avaliar a quantidade de fases formadas, bem como a evolução da transformação microestrutural. Esse estudo foi a base para a determinação dos parâmetros de austenitização para austêmpera. Foram realizados tratamentos de austêmpera em diversas condições de austenitização, até que fosse obtida uma microestrutura relacionada à elevada resistência mecânica e ductilidade. É possível controlar a microestrutura e consequentemente as propriedades a partir do controle da temperatura e tempo de austenitização e das condições de austêmpera. As análises microestruturais de amostras austemperadas mostraram que a temperatura de austenitização dentro da zona crítica de 790o C e tempos de 3 e 4 horas levaram a uma microestrutura final formada por aproximadamente 49 e 64% de ausferrita. Um material austemperado nessas condições de austenitização deve apresentar um interessante conjunto de propriedades mecânicas, ou seja, uma resistência mecânica próxima a de classes perlíticas associada a um considerável alongamento, próximo ao de classes ferríticas. Os materiais austemperados a partir da zona crítica deste estudo também apresentam uma boa distribuição entre as fases ferrita pró-eutetóide e ausferrita, mesmo próxima aos contornos de célula e nódulos de grafita, o que deve conferir boas propriedades de fadiga.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T17:19:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Resumo Eduardo P Ferreira.pdf: 31057 bytes, checksum: e12b3482b1be4ee60ab99c2523cdfc02 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In this present conducted in wear resistance nodular cast iron subjected to heat treatment at different temperatures isothermal austempering treatment (340 ° C and 320 °), corresponding to the materials of Classes 3 and 4 of ASTM A897, compared with nodular quenched and tempered with same level hardness. The objective was to develop alternatives for future studies on new materials applied camshaft valve internal combustion engines. For this wear tests were conducted pin-on-disc, using as alumina ball against the body, thus considering zero wear on the counter-body. All cast irons tested under the conditions of this work had hardness in the range 40-46 HRc. It was found in analyzes by scanning electron microscopy the effect of graphite nodules and the matrix material, the wear mechanisms, thus observing the effect that stress concentrator nodes imposes the metallic matrix. The damage to the material surface was initially with crack of the matrix surrounding graphite nodules, they generally located subsurface, moreover, it can be seen that the nodules torn metal matrix acted as a lubricant for testing, and the sites left by lumps were previously coated particles detached from the matrix. It was found with the results of wear tests the performance of austempered ductile iron in comparison with the quenched and tempered for distances exceeding 1000 m slip, thereby qualifying the ADI as an alternative material for future studies in manufacturing valve camshafts. / Apresenta-se neste trabalho um estudo de resistência ao desgaste realizado em ferros fundidos nodulares submetidos ao tratamento térmico de austêmpera em duas temperaturas isotérmicas de tratamento (340°C e 320°), correspondendo aos materiais das classes 3 e 4 da norma ASTM A897, comparativamente com o nodular temperado e revenido de nível de dureza similar. Objetivou-se desenvolver alternativas para estudos futuros em novos materiais aplicados a eixo comando de válvula de motores a combustão interna. Para isto foram realizados ensaios de desgaste pino-sobre-disco, utilizando como contra corpo esfera de alumina, considerando assim desgaste zero no contra-corpo. Todos os ferros fundidos ensaiados nas condições deste trabalho tiveram dureza na faixa de 40 46 HRc. Constatou-se em análises por microscopia eletrônica de varredura o efeito dos nódulos de grafita e da matriz do material, sobre os mecanismos de desgaste, observando assim o efeito concentrador de tensão que os nódulos impõe a matriz metálica. O dano à superfície do material ocorreu inicialmente com o tricamento da matriz em torno dos nódulos de grafita, estes geralmente localizados subsuperficialmente, além disto, pode se observar que os nódulos arrancados da matriz metálica atuaram como lubrificantes ao ensaio, e os sítios deixados pelos nódulos foram recobertos por partículas anteriormente desprendidas da matriz. Constatou-se com os resultados dos ensaios de desgaste o bom desempenho do ferro nodular austemperado em comparação com o temperado e revenido para distâncias de deslizamento superiores a 1000 m, qualificando assim o ADI como material alternativo para futuros estudos na fabricação de eixos comando de válvula.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T17:19:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CAPA.pdf: 147633 bytes, checksum: 3c34cc1f4871957c46fad623f4fb2aae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-11-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In the present work the influence of austenitizing temperature on mechanical properties Austempered Ductile Iron from intercritical austenitizing temperature ranges was investigated. A heat treatment for development of material with improved mechanical properties for application in suspension parts is shown. Samples of alloyed ductile iron with a fully ferritic matrix was austenitized within intercritical range between 775°C and 820°C for 5h and then austempered at 360°C for 2h to produce ductile iron with dual matrix; with different percentages of free ferrite. After the heat treatment, the samples were sends for mechanical testing (tensile, impact and hardness tests) and for metallographic analysis. The percentages of free ferrite ranged from 9,5 to 21%, new ferrite of 7 to 10%; the observation of new ferrite was made through special reagents. The austenite (ausferrite at room temperature) nucleates firstly in the eutectic cell. The intercritical austenitizing can be interpreted in two stages: 1) short times the austenite is found only in the eutectic cell or grain boundaries and 2) long times the austenitizing also occur inside of grain. Due long times of austenitizing, it is probably that this work has arrived to the equilibrium of phases in austenitizing, which explain fewer ferrite, when compared with other literature. Samples exhibited good combination mechanical properties, with high strength and excellent amount of elongation. The study presents fracture s microstructure from scan electron microscopy of tension s specimen, has noticed large dimples near graphite; quantities of cleavage s area increase with decrease ferrite in the microstructure. The materials show few secondary cracks, characteristic in tension tests of high strength irons. Quality index (IQ) were calculated for samples this work, specimen austenitized to 805°C has shown better result to tensile test. However, it is important to add that specimen austenitized to 790°C has shown better result to components that require impact strength. The result of mechanical properties achieved in this study follow an extrapolation of the values of international standard (ex. ASTM), which facilitates the normalizing this group of materials, including it in present standard of austempered ductile iron. / Estuda-se no presente trabalho a influência das temperaturas de austenitização nas propriedades mecânicas do ferro fundido nodular austemperado a partir da zona crítica. Apresenta-se um tratamento térmico para o desenvolvimento de materiais com propriedades mecânicas otimizadas para aplicação em componentes de suspensão. Amostras de ferro fundido nodular ligado com matriz inicialmente ferrítica foram austenitizadas dentro da zona crítica entre 775 e 820°C por 5h e então transferidos para austêmpera a 360°C por 2h para produzir ferros fundidos nodulares com matriz dual; com diferentes percentagens de ferrita proeutetóide. Após o tratamento térmico, as amostras foram encaminhadas para ensaios mecânicos de tração, impacto e dureza, seguindo então para análise metalográfica. As percentagens de ferrita proeutetóide variaram de 9,5 a 21%, e as quantidades de ferrita nova foram de 7 a 10%; a observação da ferrita nova foi através do uso de reagentes especiais. Os locais preferenciais para o início da transformação de ferrita para austenita (ausferrita a temperatura ambiente) foram os contornos de células eutéticas. A austenitização intercrítica pode ser interpretada em dois estágios: 1) curtos tempos - a austenita encontra-se apenas em contornos de célula eutética e de grão e 2) longos tempos a austenitização ocorre também dentro do grão. Devido aos longos tempos de austenitização empregados, é provável que neste trabalho se esteja próximo ao equilíbrio de fases na austenitização, o que explica as menores quantidades de ferrita obtidas, quando comparado com vários trabalhos da literatura. As amostras apresentaram boas combinações de propriedades mecânicas, com elevadas resistências e ótimos valores de alongamento. Apresentaram-se fractografias obtidas via microscopia eletrônica de varredura dos corpos de prova de tração, onde se observaram grandes quantidades de alvéolos próximos dos nódulos; a quantidade de áreas com clivagem cresce com a diminuição de ferrita na microestrutura. Além disso, os materiais apresentaram poucas trincas secundárias, característica típica em ensaios de tração de ferros fundidos de alta resistência. Foram calculados os índices de qualidade (IQ) para as amostras do trabalho, sendo que a amostra austenitizada a 805°C foi a que apresentou melhor resultado em ensaios de tração. Porém, vale ressaltar que a amostra austenitizada a 790°C apresentou melhores resultados para componentes que exigem resistência ao impacto. Os valores de propriedades mecânicas obtidos seguem uma extrapolação dos valores das normas internacionais (por ex, da ASTM), o que facilita a normalização deste grupo de materiais, incluindo-o nas normas atuais de nodulares austemperados.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T17:19:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 0 Capa - 1 Introducao.pdf: 288577 bytes, checksum: 440b6dcfb8697dcbdfbfecd21ba397c1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work is part of a research project at UDESC, which aims to understand and compare the process of fracture of ADI with dual matrix structure, such as sites of plastic deformation concentration and crack nucleation, and paths of crack propagation. The fracture mechanisms of two types of duals ADI with different ausferrite volume fraction were compared to those of conventional ADI. Intercritical austenitising temperatures chosen were 790°C and 820°C, and resulted in dual ADI with 17% and 85% of ausferrite respectively. The full ADI, which was austenitised at 900°C, was used to serve as reference material. The three materials were austempered at 360°C for 2h. Results showed that in dual ADI with predominantly ferrite, the nucleation of cracks occurred along the interface graphite/matrix. Increasing the ausferrite volume fraction, the nucleation of cracks tended to occur along the inclusions and intercellular boundaries. Moreover, in dual ADI, the crack propagation and concentration of plastic deformation occurred preferentially in the ferrite. With respect to the fracture´s analysis, all materials showed that the quantities of fracture ductile/fragile were equivalent. The fractures had an aspect predominantly ductile, being formed mostly by dimples with some regions of quasi-cleavage. / Este trabalho faz parte de uma linha de pesquisa executada na UDESC, que visa entender e comparar o processo de fratura dos ADI duais, tais como, locais de concentração de deformação plástica e de nucleação de trincas, e caminhos de propagação de trinca. Os mecanismos de fratura de dois tipos de ADI duais com diferente fração volumétrica de ausferrita foram comparados com o ADI pleno. As temperaturas de austenitização intercrítica escolhidas foram 790°C e 820°C, e resultaram em ADI duais com 17 e 85% de ausferrita respectivamente. O ADI pleno, no qual foi austenitizado a 900°C, foi utilizado para servir de material de referência. Os três materiais foram austemperados a 360°C por 2h. Verificou-se que para o ADI dual com predominância de ferrita, a nucleação da trinca ocorreu junto à interface grafita/matriz. Conforme aumentou a fração volumétrica de ausferrita na matriz, a nucleação da trinca tendeu a ocorrer junto à inclusão intercelular e em contornos de célula. Além disso, nos ADI duais, a propagação da trinca e a concentração de deformação plástica ocorreu preferencialmente na ferrita. Vale ressaltar que os três materiais apresentaram quantidades de fratura dúctil/frágil equivalentes. As fraturas tinham uma característica predominantemente dúctil, sendo formadas na maioria por alvéolos com algumas regiões de quase-clivagem.