The research investigates the determinants and effects of two key indicators of diversification, schooling and employment, on Maasai community. Quantitatively and qualitatively it shows that this community is experiencing changing patterns of education and employment, both of which represent virtually closed systems within Narok District. The intergenerational study quantitatively demonstrates increasing rates of school participation, showing how wealth influences schooling, and how Maasai now disproportionately send firstborns to school. / Qualitative material from in-depth interviews shows increasingly positive attitudes towards education, even by those who do not educate their children, and the ambiguity of Maasai responses to social change: increasing social and economic complexity, with a strong continuing role for the animal-based society and economy, even in its commercialized form where it generates jobs pursued by younger non-educated males as herders and traders. As employment beyond the home economy increases, the educated are more likely to enter formal employment and show higher rates of job mobility.

Discourse between development agents and nomads implies that development for nomadiccommunities is a contradiction in terms. A "market-oriented" subtext underscores the investors'power of international agencies, the brokers' competition of intermediate organizations, and thenomadic clients' opportunism. Interviews and participant-observation focused on relationsbetween Wo??aa??e communities, bilateral and local organizations, and government extensionservices. I compare the data obtained with historical events to illuminate current phenomena.Approaches of structuration, political ecology, and disequilibrium theory aid an examination ofcommunication and discourses, and gaps in understanding between the parties. I find thatessential pastoral livelihood strategies of mobility and customary institutions are threatened bythe development system. How will social change affect cultural mechanisms that facilitateresource access and allocation? Rather than promoting sustainable development, projects thattarget nomadic communities may only result in increased stratification, wealth disparity andmarginalization for the majority of nomadic households. Will "development" become too costlyfor households, local ecology, and even national economy? I conclude with recommendationsfor participative development through collaborative research.

Presently, 190 million people live outside of their countries of origin. Almost all have moved in search of a better life: higher wages, or an escape from war or persecution. However, a small but growing demographic is merely seizing opportunities to feed its curiosity and satisfy its sense of pursuit. London is a Mecca for such migrants that choose to fulfill career aspirations and to embark on the global adventure. These New Nomads are of both genders, young, skilled, and have an ease of mobility afforded by the virtual permanence of the Internet. They come to the city alone, leaving friends and family behind, and they often leave again in the same way. But during their stay, they build relationships, accumulate belongings, make homes. Here are some of their stories. This thesis predicts a changing of the notion of 'dwelling' in this, our market-driven, resource-limited, technology-fluent world. New efficient ways to negotiate the exchange and sharing of space and commodities are needed. The proposed Living Marketplace is designed for the passing individual with an undetermined itinerary. It is a communal hub for nomads, migrants, transients—minorities navigating amidst uncertainty and impermanence, as they each make the journey of their lives via London.

Thesis (doctoral)--Ruprecht-Karls-Universität, Heidelberg, 2003.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-06-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:58:23Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 soldera_lm_me_assis.pdf: 384191 bytes, checksum: b5c9a936b28bec8661c17122032543eb (MD5) / Neste trabalho visou-se identificar se há presença do sentimento da vergonha em “trecheiros” (nômades) no mundo contemporâneo e quais significados são construídos na vida dessas pessoas. Tal compreensão foi efetuada a partir do questionamento sobre o sujeito, a sua história, sua relação com o grupo e com a sociedade. Em tal perspectiva visou realizar uma análise, considerando as articulações entre o social e o psiquismo, a questão dos sujeitos nas ciências humanas e sociais. Assim, definiu-se como objetivo geral: compreender as múltiplas facetas da vergonha na vivência de “trecheiros” e os significados dessa condição no mundo contemporâneo. Isso levou a estudos sobre as características da vergonha e os diferentes tipos desse sentimento que aparecem nos trecheiros. A pesquisa se fundamentou na abordagem psicossociológica e o material de estudo foi constituído por relatos de oitos “trecheiros” que fazem uso dos serviços do C.A.M. (Centro Atendimento ao Migrante) de Assis – SP. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de entrevistas semi-dirigidas, com duração variável. Com o desenvolvimento desse trabalho, buscou-se contribuir para a compreensão do sentimento da vergonha e de como ela interfere na vida das pessoas, tentando compreender o sujeito sobre si mesmo e no meio social em que faz parte, e deste modo, colaborar com estudos e reflexões acerca da vivência do indivíduo no contexto atual / On this research it was intended to identify the feeling of shame among “trecheiros” (nomads) in the contemporary world and which meanings are built on those people’s lives. Such comprehension was achieved by questioning the subjects, their histories, their relationship with groups and society. In this perspective an analysis was made, considering the articulations between the social sphere and psychism, the query of subjects in social sciences. Therefore, a general objective was outlined: to understand the multiple facets of shame in the lives of the “trecheiros”, and also the meanings of this condition in the contemporary world. This understanding led the study to the characteristics of shame and the different types of this feeling, which appear on the “trecheiros”. The research was based on a psychosociological approach and the material was composed of narration of eight “trecheiros” who use the services of the C.A.M. (Centro Atendimento ao Migrante - Migrant Care Center), in Assis, state of São Paulo. Data was obtained through semi-structured qualitative interviews, which had unfixed length of time. This research has sought contribution to the understanding of the feeling of shame and how it interferes on people’s lives, trying to comprehend the subjects over themselves and the milieu to which they belong, and by doing so, the contribution to the studies and reflection over the experience of life of individuals in the current context

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In the context of growing poverty and sedentarization, the socio-economic status of pastoral women is an important indicator of how pastoralists in northern Kenya respond to social change. Accordingly, this study examines women's position in three communities in distinct settings of sedentarization. One is located in a semi-arid region dedicated to pastoralism and conservation, while the other two are in a moister mountain area where rain-fed and irrigation agriculture is combined with animal production. Analyses of quantitative and qualitative data, gathered from women and men during 2002--2003, indicate that women have largely responded to social change by using two strategies to secure the well-being of themselves and their children. First, despite the cultural assumption that married women are supported by their husbands, they have strengthened their relationships with natal kin, solidifying a support network to carry them through times of difficulty. Secondly, given decline in returns from subsistence pastoralism, women have seized numerous opportunities to diversify their economic pursuits in order to generate steady income. / Essentially, findings illustrate that, in addition to gaining access to various resources through their marital homes and their own efforts, the majority of women receive socio-economic support from their natal kin, especially brothers. In two communities where land is being privatized, most women have been excluded from the land registration process because of traditional and national policies. However, many fathers are awarding their daughters permanent usufruct rights to family land to ensure they do not become landless because of the death of a spouse or negligence on the part of husbands. Although this does not eliminate the discrimination many women face from being excluded from the registration process, it is a move towards the betterment of women's long-term food and financial security. / Besides contributing to domestic activities, women engage in very different forms of income-generating activities; in Archer's Post, they obtain earnings from craft sales or tourist-related services, in Parkishon/Karare they gain income from milk-marketing, while in Songa, women pursue cultivation for subsistence and market sale. It is a positive finding that most women generate steady income over which they have managed to maintain control.

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