abstract: ABSTRACT This cross-sectional study examined whether the temperament dimensions of negative emotionality, positive emotionality, and impulsivity moderated the relation between interparental conflict and children’s internalizing and externalizing problems. The sample consisted of 355 divorced mothers and their children (9-12 years old) who participated in a randomized controlled trial of a preventive parenting intervention for divorcing families. Children provided reports of their experiences of interparental conflict and internalizing and externalizing problems; mothers provided reports of children’s temperament and internalizing and externalizing problems. The relations were examined separately for child report and mother report of outcomes using multiple regression analyses. Results found no support for the interactive effect of interparental conflict and temperament dimensions on children’s internalizing or externalizing problems. Consistent with an additive model of their effects, interparental conflict and temperament dimensions were directly and independently related to the outcomes. There was a significant, positive effect of interparental conflict and negative emotionality on children’s internalizing and externalizing problems. Positive emotionality was significantly, negatively related to internalizing and externalizing problems. Impulsivity was significantly, positively related to externalizing problems only. The patterns of results varied somewhat across mother and child report of interparental conflict on externalizing problems and positive emotionality on internalizing problems. The results of this study are consistent with the previous research on the significant main effects of interparental conflict and temperament dimensions on children’s internalizing and externalizing problems. These findings suggest that children’s environment and intrapersonal characteristics, represented by children’s experiences of interparental conflict and temperament, both uniquely contribute to children’s post-divorce internalizing and externalizing problems. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Psychology 2016

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:38:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Oscar_Mario_Lema_Queijo.pdf: 1120537 bytes, checksum: c8914e2c0f4b4e6179284544e185417f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-04-29 / The study was divided into two independent but complementary parts. The first objective was to compare crossbreeding models to for weaning weight to design crossbreeding systems and evaluate the difference that would facilitate the selection of fitting models. A total of 4003 records were used, corresponding to 39 genotypes produced by crosses between Aberdeen Angus (A/A), Salers (S/S) and Nelore (N/N) with Hereford (H/H) breeds. Data were obtained from the Facultad de Agronomía UDELAR of Uruguay between 1993 and 2002. Nine mixed models were compared, starting from the additive model and gradually incorporated non-additive effects. In all models fixed effects where contemporary group, sex and category of the cow (primiparous or multiparous), the lineal covariates age at weaning and birth weight; random effect of were sire effect and the residual. Models including additive and dominance genetics effects fit the worst and models including epistatic effects fit the best. Models that estimate average epistatic effect for weaning weight among breeds have less capacity of detecting differences than those that estimate epistatic interaction for each breed combination. The incorporation of direct and maternal epistatic interactions is necessary for designing effective crossbreeding systems. The aim of the second study was to estimate additive and non-additive genetic effects for growth of crossbred H/H, A/A, S/S and N/N from birth to three-year-old of age. Data included 67,674 weight records of 4,050 animals from the same experiments. These records correspond to 39 different genotypes, and 143 sires. Analyses were by a multiple-trait model (MAM), with traits defined from birth to 36 mo and every 3 months; and with a repeated measure model (MMR) with records from birth to 1227 days old. All available weights were used in MMR, but only 45,794 weights were used in MAM analysis. Both models consider the fixed effects of contemporary groups (754 and 1,066 for MAM to MMR), the random effect of sire and covariates for direct and maternal additive effects (gi, gm), individual and maternal heterosis (hi, hm) and individual and maternal recombination losses (ri, rm) according to the comprehensive model of Dickerson. Additionally MMR included the permanent environment random effect of the animal. For direct additive and non-additive effects there was a good fit between the estimates of MAM and MMR, but not for maternal effects, where we found discrepancies between them. A positive effect of gi was found for A/A and S/S, and a negative effect for N/ N. For all breed combinations and ages the effects of hi were positive and the effects of ri were negative. The zebu breed showed a negative gm for all ages, however A/A showed positive additive and non-additive effects for all ages. Maternal non-additive effects (hm and rm) were positive, and these effects were bigger for S/S and N/N compared to A/A. Best combinations of additive effects is achieved with British breeds, but higher values of heterosis and recombination losses are obtained with the Zebu breed. The advantage of using crossbred females in growth is maintained until three-year-old of age for British x British and British x Continental combinations. This advantage for the Zebu x British combinations is maintained but the proportions of the former are lower than the second. Maternal additive and non-additive effects have effect on growth up to thirty-six months for all breed combinations. Keywords: additive effects, beef cattle, crossbreeding, heterosis, non-additive effects / Este trabalho foi dividido em duas partes complementarias. O objetivo da primeira foi comparar modelos para ajuste do peso ao desmame de bovinos cruzados e verificar diferenças que facilitariam a tomada de decisões para uso dos de melhor ajustamento. Foram utilizados 4003 registros, correspondentes a 39 genótipos produzidos do cruzamento entre as raças Aberdeen Angus (A/A), Salers (S/S) e Nelore (N/N) com a raça Hereford (H/H), da Facultad de Agronomia UDELAR do Uruguai entre os anos de 1993 e 2002 provenientes de dois experimentos. Foram comparados nove modelos mistos, que partindo do modelo aditivo incorporaram gradativamente efeitos não aditivos, além de serem também considerados em todos os modelos os efeitos fixos grupo contemporâneo, sexo e categoria da vaca, as covariáveis idade ao desmame (linear) e peso ao nascimento e o efeito aleatório de reprodutor. Modelos que incluem efeitos aditivos e de dominância não são suficientes para explicar o desempenho de genótipos cruzados. A incorporação de interações epistáticas diretas e maternas é necessária para o planejamento de sistemas de cruzamentos. Modelos que estimam efeitos epistáticos médios entre raças têm menor capacidade de detectar diferenças entre combinações raciais para peso ao desmame que aqueles que estimam interações epistáticas para cada combinação racial. A segunda parte do estudo teve como objetivo obter estimativas de efeitos aditivos e não aditivos para crescimento de bovinos cruzados H/H, A/A, S/S e N/N do nascimento até os três anos de idade. Foram analisados 67.674 registros de peso de 4.050 animais, classificados em 39 genótipos diferentes, progênie de 143 touros e pertencentes aos mesmos experimentos. Foram utilizados um modelo multicaracterística (MAM) para pesos trimestrais do nascimento até os trinta e seis meses de idade e um modelo de medidas repetidas (MMR) com registros do nascimento até os 1.227 dias de idade. No MAM foram utilizados 45.794 pesos divididos em treze características e no MMR todas elas. Em ambos os modelos se considerou o efeito fixo do grupo de contemporâneo (754 para MAM e 1.066 para MMR) o efeito aleatório do reprodutor e covariáveis para efeitos aditivos diretos e maternos (gi, gm), heterose individual e materna (hi, hm) e perdas por recombinação individual e materna (ri, rm) segundo o modelo completo de Dickerson. MMR adicionalmente incluiu o efeito aleatório do ambiente permanente do animal. Para efeitos aditivos e não aditivos diretos se verificou bom ajuste entre as estimativas do MAM e MMR, não ocorrendo o mesmo para efeitos maternos que tiveram maior dificuldade em serem estimados. Observaram-se gi positivos para A/A e S/S e negativos para N/N. Para todas as combinações raciais, em todas as idades, hi incrementa o peso e ri o reduz. A raça zebuína apresentou gm negativos para todas as idades, entretanto A/A apresentou efeitos aditivos e não aditivos positivos em todas elas. Em combinações de S/S e N/N com H/H, hm e rm foram positivas e de maior magnitude do que para as britânicas. Melhores combinações de efeitos aditivos foi obtida com raças britânicas, no entanto maiores valores de heterose e perdas por recombinação foram obtidas com a raça zebuína. A vantagem da utilização de fêmeas cruzadas no crescimento foi mantida até os três anos de idade para combinações britânicas x britânica e britânica x continental. Esta vantagem em combinações zebuína x britânica foi mantida embora as proporções da primeira fossem menores que as da segunda. Efeitos aditivos e não aditivos maternos tem incidência no crescimento até os trinta e seis meses para todas as combinações raciais.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The aim of this work was to estimate the General and Specific Combining Ability of basil, analyzing yield components and the main chemical compounds of the essential oil. The experiment was conducted at the Research Farm "Campus Rural da UFS", located in the São Cristóvão county, Sergipe. Four cultivars with different chemical compositions were chosen to realize diallel crosses. The F1 seeds and the parents were planted in field using a complete randomized block design, with three replications. The data were submitted to the diallel analysis of Griffing model 2 and the means were grouped using the Scott-Knott test (p ≤ 0.05). The following characteristics were evaluated: plant height, crown diameter, length and width of leaves, dry weight of leaves, essential oil content and yield, and the content of the main chemical compounds. The analysis of variance for the combining ability showed that the General Combining Ability (GCA) effects presented significant differences and that the Special Combining Ability (SCA) effects of the crosses were significant, except for the length and width of leaves. For almost all characters both additive and non-additive effects influenced the performance of hybrids. / Este trabalho teve como objetivo estimar a Capacidade Geral e Específica de Combinação de manjericão, analisando o teor de óleo essencial e dos principais compostos químicos no óleo essencial. O experimento foi conduzido na Estação Experimental "Campus Rural da UFS", localizado no município de São Cristóvão, Sergipe. Quatro cultivares com composição química divergentes foram escolhidas e realizou-se os cruzamentos dialélicos. As sementes F1 e os parentais foram plantadas em blocos casualizados, com três repetições. Os dados foram submetidos à análise dialélica de Griffing modelo 2 e as médias foram agrupadas pelo teste de Skott-Knott (p<0,05). Avaliou-se as seguintes características: altura de planta, diâmetro de copa, comprimento e largura de folha, massa seca de folha, teor e rendimento de óleo essencial e o teor dos principais constituintes químicos. A análise de variância para a capacidade de combinação mostrou que os efeitos da Capacidade Geral de Combinação (CGC) apresentou diferenças significativas e que os efeitos da Capacidade Específica de Combinação (CEC) dos cruzamentos foram significativos, exceto para comprimento e largura de folha. Para quase todas as características ambos, efeitos aditivos e não aditivos, influenciaram a performance dos híbridos.

Genomic prediction of single-crosses is a promising tool in maize breeding, increasing genetics gains and reducing selection time. A strategy that can increase accuracy is applying multiple-trait genomic prediction using selection indices, which take into account the performance under optimal and stress conditions. Moreover, factors such as dominance, structural variants, and population structure can influence the accuracy of estimates of genomic breeding values (GEBV). Therefore, the objectives were to apply genomic prediction (i) including multi-trait models, (ii) incorporating dominance deviation and copy number variation effects, and (iii) controlling population structure in maize hybrids. Hence, we used two maize datasets (HELIX and USP), consisting of 452 and 906 maize single-crosses. The traits evaluated were grain yield, plant and ear height, stay green, and four selection indices. From multi-trait GBLUP and GK, using the combination of selection indices in MTGP is a viable alternative, increasing the selective accuracy. Furthermore, our results suggest that the best approach is predicting hybrids including dominance deviation, mainly for complex traits. We also observed including copy number variation effects seems to be suitable, due to the increase of prediction accuracies and reduction of model bias. On the other hand, adding four different sets of population structure as fixed covariates to GBLUP did not improve the prediction accuracy for grain yield and plant height. However, using nonmetric multidimensional scaling dimensions and fineSTRUCTURE group clustering increased reliability of the GEBV for GY and PH, respectively. / Predição genômica de híbridos simples é uma promissora ferramenta no melhoramento de milho, pois permite aumentar os ganhos genéticos por unidade de tempo, principalmente por reduzir o tempo de seleção. Uma estratégia que pode aumentar a acurácia das predições genômicas é realizar esta para múltiplos caracteres considerando os mesmos simultâneamente, ou utilizar índices de seleção, os quais captam a performance dos genótipos tanto em condições ótimas como em condições de estresse. Além disso, fatores como dominância, variantes estruturais, e estruturação populacional podem influenciar a acurácia de estimativas dos valores genéticos genômicos (VGG). Portanto, os objetivos foram aplicar predição genômica em híbridos de milho (i) incluindo modelos multi-trait, (ii) incorporando desvios de dominância e efeitos da variação no número de cópias, e (iii) controlando a estruturação populacional. Para isto, dois conjuntos de milho (HELIX e USP) foram utilizados, consistindo de 452 e 906 híbridos simples. Os caracteres avaliados foram produtividade de grãos, altura de planta e espiga, senescência, e quatro índices de seleção. A partir das análises multi-trait dos modelos GBLUP e GK, pôde-se concluir que a combinação dos índices é uma alternativa viável, aumentando a acurácia seletiva. Além disso, os resultados sugerem que o melhor método é a predição de híbridos incluindo desvios de dominância, principalmente para caracteres complexos. Observou-se também que incluir efeitos relacionados a variação no número de cópias indica ser adequado, devido ao aumento da acurácia e redução do viés nos modelos de predição genômica. Por outro lado, a acurácia de predição não aumentou quando se adicionou quatro diferentes conjuntos de estruturação como covariáveis fixas no modelo GBLUP. No entanto, usando o escalonamento multidimensional não métrico e o agrupamento do fineSTRUCTURE aumentaram a confiabilidade de estimação do VGG para produtividade de grãos e altura de plantas, respectivamente.

Organic matter (OM) is often considered the “currency” for ecosystem processes, such as respiration and primary production. OM in aquatic ecosystems is derived from multiple sources, and is a complex mixture of thousands of different chemical constituents. Therefore, it is difficult to identify all the sources of OM that enter and exit aquatic ecosystems. As humans develop undisturbed land, the rate at which terrestrial OM (e.g.soil and plants) and associated nutrients (e.g.nitrogen) enters rivers has increased. Increased nutrients may lead to increased primary production from aquatic plants and algae, potentially causing eutrophication and harmful algal blooms. In this study, I identified and characterized different sources of OM in four watersheds of Northeastern Utah with multiple land covers such as cities, forests, and crops. I expected OM in watersheds with human-altered land cover would have more OM produced instream by algae and other primary producers, than OM in less disturbed watersheds, which typically have OM from terrestrial sources. I found that OM at river sites with high human impact had high amounts of OM from instream primary production, but there was also OM produced in-steam at sites with low human impact. The greatest differences in OM across watersheds was due to wastewater treatment effluent. I also measured microbial consumption rates of algal derived and terrestrially derived DOM in experimental streams to quantify how much faster algal derived OM was consumed than terrestrial OM. I found algal derived OM was consumed extremely fast, so fast that realistic measurements of its consumption in some river ecosystems may not be possible. It is important to identify and characterize sources of OM to rivers, so watershed manager scan devise effective OM reduction plans appropriate for the constituent of concern unique to that watershed or region. Constituents of concern associated with OM include pathogens affiliated with manure, toxins in harmful algal blooms, metals, and pharmaceuticals from wastewater treatment effluent. Each pollutant requires a unique mitigation strategy and therefore the first step to pollution mitigation is source identification.