- Protection of a forced heir and his disinheritance Forced heir is a close relative of testator, who is provided by law with the privilege to be involved in estate in the extent to which the law determines even against the will of the testator. The testator is allowed to exclude this right of forced heir only by dishereditance. The purpose of this thesis is to comprehensively describe issues of forced heir, their protection and dishereditance. In my thesis I highlight the changes arisen due to the new Civil Code but I also deal with the features of these institutes which were not affected by new concept and previous jurisprudence of higher courts can be used. The thesis is composed of five chapters. In the first chapter I shortly define the term forced heir and dishereditance. Because the regulation of forced heir and dishereditance is very traditional in European law, in the second chapter I provide the historical background and development of these institutes. I describe rights of close relatives of testator in ancient Rome, the Middle Ages, and also in Civil Codes which come into existence in last century, but I focus mostly on Common Civil Code of 1811. Current Czech legal regulation of forced heir and dishereditance is divided into third and fourth chapter because of clear arrangement. In the...

Magister Artium - MA / This research dealt with the following cases of relocation that occurred in Rundu, namely: Nkondo village in the 1950s, forced removal to karapamwe Black Township in 1968, and the relocation of Sarusungu and Bangarangandja in 1971 and 1972. The central research aim of this study was to explain why and how relocations occurred and their impact on the communities. The study also aimed to explain the motives of the authorities for the removals. / South Africa

Land ownership in South Africa has long been a source of conflict. The history of forced removals and a racially skewed distribution of land resources have left the new government, which took over in 1994, with a complex and difficult legacy. The new government has developed a land reform programme with three major elements to address the situation of landlessness, tenure insecurity and poverty among black people. The three major elements can be defined as follows: <ul> <li>The redistribution of land to the disadvantaged and poor for productive and residential purposes;</li> <li>Land restitution, which covers restitution of land to those who had been forcefully removed from land after 1913 as a result of racially discriminatory laws and practices and</li> <li>Tenure reform to those whose tenure of land is legally insecure.</li> </ul> The specific purpose of this study is to review the redistribution of land in terms of the implementation of the LRAD (Land Redistribution for Agricultural Development) Sub-programme, which was launched in August 2001. In the first few years of the delivery of LRAD (2001 to 2003), the sub-programme made substantial progress and the DLA (Department of Land Affairs) referred to LRAD as the DLA’s flagship redistribution sub-programme. However, according to academics (Hall, 2003 and 2004; Jacobs, 2003; Wegeriff, 2004 and Lahiff, 2003) and the media (Black Business Quarterly, 2006 and Business Report: Sunday Independent, 2006), the pace of the implementation of LRAD is also slow and the sustainability of many land redistribution projects is poor. The purpose of this study is to review the pace of implementation and the quality of projects transferred through the LRAD Sub-programme in Gauteng Province. Three main factors are identified in this study that contribute to the slow pace of land redistribution in terms of the LRAD Sub-programme. These factors are the bureaucratic processes that government follows to implement LRAD projects, the limited size of the LRAD grants and the formation of group projects. The mentioned critiques and the results of this study also show that there are a variety of factors that have an impact on the sustainability/quality of projects. These factors are: limited financing of projects, lack of start-up capital, lack of agricultural skills, poor design of projects, lack of post-transfer support, group dynamics, crime, and a disregard for environmental factors. To obtain the relevant research information for this study a variety of documents and books regarding land reform and the LRAD Sub-programme were reviewed. Additional information was obtained from the Agricultural Research Council (ARC) and AgriSA with regard to agriculture in Gauteng. Beneficiaries from a sample of 15 LRAD projects and three officials from the Gauteng Provincial Land Reform Office were also interviewed to get their opinions about the pace of implementation of redistribution of projects through the LRAD Sub-programme and also the sustainability of these programmes. The reason for studying land reform in Gauteng is because of its unique features of farming. One of the unique features is the fact that farmland in Gauteng consists mostly of small farms and plots, which are easier for beneficiaries to purchase by means of the limited-size LRAD grants than are big farms in Limpopo, North West, Northern Cape, etc. Other positive features are the good quality of agricultural land, the availability of output markets and supply of inputs. There are also a number of negative factors, which include the facts that 97% of province is urbanised, and that farmland is scarce and expensive. However, a detailed description of the study area is given in section 1.4. Eventually the conclusion was reached that the implementation of LRAD projects in Gauteng is indeed slow because of certain problems in the process of land transfer through the LRAD Sub-programme, the limited LRAD grants compared to the increased land prices and the size of group projects. The mentioned factors that have an impact on the sustainability of LRAD projects are also reviewed through the fieldwork and it has been discovered that it indeed has a big impact on the quality of these projects. The case studies provide a number of recommendations to address the factors impacting on the pace of land redistribution in the province and the factors impacting on sustainability. Some of the recommendations can be implemented by the Gauteng Provincial Land Reform Office itself. The other recommendations will need to be addressed nationally which can then have a positive influence on the delivery and the quality of the implementation of LRAD projects on a national basis as well. Copyright / Dissertation (MInst Agrar)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development / unrestricted

An experimental study of turbulent forced convection heat transfer to water flowing in a vertical annular passage is reported in this paper. The study investigates the influence of eccentricity (ranging from 0% to 80%) and diameter ratio (ranging from 1.5 to 4.0) upon the heat transfer phenomena occurring at the inner boundary of the annular passage. Dimensionless heat transfer parameters calculated from measurements made at the two locations corresponding to the maximum and minimum separation of the inner and outer boundaries of the annular passage are correlated in terms of the Reynolds number, the eccentricity and the diameter ratio. Analysis of the correlations indicates that eccentricity affects the heat transfer phenomena occurring at the two locations on the inner boundary of the annular passage in different fashions; increasing eccentricity causes the heat transfer to increase at the location corresponding to the maximum separation of the boundaries and causes the heat transfer to decrease at the location corresponding to the minimum separation of the boundaries. The magnitude of the increase or decrease in heat transfer is dependent upon the diameter ratio; at a particular level of eccentricity, the greater variations in heat transfer occur at the smaller diameter ratios. Ranges in which eccentricity does not influence heat transfer are found in connection with the larger diameter ratios. Moody friction factors calculated from measurements made with concentric annular passages are correlated as a function of Reynolds number. / Thesis / Master of Engineering (ME)

Thesis advisor: Kathleen Bailey / Recent times have seen the world fall far short of its responsibility to protect and support refugees in crisis. Recognizing this reality, policymakers and scholars are beginning to push for a reassessment of the traditional solutions to refugee crises implemented by states, the United Nations, and non-governmental organizations. This manuscript aims to shed light on how these policymakers can coalesce around more effective solutions in the future. To do so, it will analyze three case studies of refugee crises in Jordan: the Palestinians, Iraqis, and Syrians. The cases will seek to answer how and why Jordan chose to “solve” each crisis in the ways that it did. It will then assess how various “solutions”—meaning policies, programs, or partnerships aimed at improving the livelihoods of refugees—have affected each group of refugees differently. The effectiveness of these solutions will depend on a number of factors which constrain or enable Jordan’s ability to support refugees. Ultimately, the findings reveal that some solutions will remain unattainable to refugees in the near future. Others solutions, however, are evolving in ways that open doors to new, alternative solutions which possess significant potential to deliver the rights and meet the needs of the world’s refugees more effectively. In a world fraught by the persistence of global refugee crises, it will offer a few reasons why we should believe current United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Filippo Grandi, when he says there is “some hope.” / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2019. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Scholar of the College. / Discipline: Political Science.

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Communities affected by climate impacts, political or cultural conflicts and rapid demographic shifts are the most vulnerable to the effects of poverty, disease and communal violence. Addressing their needs through appropriate architectural responses can help them to recover social, economic and environmental well-being. This thesis defines strategies to address the challenges involved in the design of spaces after three causes of forced migration: natural disaster, conflict and urban development. The methodology is based on literature review which served as theoretical background to work in three design competitions related to shelter after natural disasters, refugee camps and slums. The need to provide accommodation after a natural disaster is essential. Therefore, a shelter that can be transported and deployed quickly and effectively, and that contemplates the uniqueness and complexity of the event, is studied in this thesis. Refugee camps have become the protective and safe place that provide shelter, food and health safety to all kinds of survivors and refugees. Due to the complexity of the problems related to this forced migration situation, the presence of refugee camps tends to be longer than the expected. Therefore, a design that contemplates this duality of time and that addresses peoples' needs and rights is part of this research. Slums are often related to deprivation and socio-spatial exclusion and due to the lack of security of tenure, they are vulnerable to evictions caused by redevelopment pressures, gentrification processes and episodes of ethnic cleansing. Therefore, a neighborhood's transformation with cohesive public spaces and incremental housing prototypes is proposed in this thesis. Through the study of architectural responses to natural disaster, refugee camps and slums design considerations related to the site, the culture and the urban context are established as guidelines. In addition, a time-based design strategy, a dual design approach and a multiple scales design strategy are defined as essential to give an architectural response to forced-displaced communities. / Master of Architecture

This research examines the correlation between government Ineptitude and the rise of internal displacement as an international phenomenon by using Burma, Colombia and Sudan as models for the crisis, as they are nations deeply affected by inefficient governments and constant civil strife. There ls a very strong parallel between the magnitude of displacement and the rote the government plays in igniting, or preventing, conflict in each respective area. These governments have played an active role In the internal displacement crisis by pursuing, encouraging and supporting policies of forced migrations. Internal displacement, like any other socio-political phenomenon, is a consequence of multiple intricately connected factors, but It Is within domestic governments that the power to constrain or ameliorate the effects of these factors lies, and for this reason they should be looked to when searching for solutions. Analyzing this link can provide a lesson on how the international community should respond to the problem and how reintegration, resettlement and involving local populations in the protection of their own rights, can reduce the crisis.

by Tsang Ka Fai. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 155-168). / ABSTRACT --- p.i-ii / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.iii -iv / ABBREVIATIONS --- p.v / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.vi -viii / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.ix -x / LIST OF TABLES --- p.xi / CHAPTER / Chapter 1 --- INTRODUCTION / Chapter 1.1 --- The Research Problem --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Research Objectives --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3 --- Research Methodology --- p.7 / Chapter 1.4 --- Significance of the Research --- p.9 / Chapter 1.5 --- Organization of the Thesis --- p.10 / Chapter 2. --- RESETTLEMENT PROJECT : A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2 --- The Resettlement Experience in the Developing Countries: A Review of the English Literature --- p.12 / Chapter 2.3 --- The Resettlement Project in China --- p.22 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Little Concern of the Affected People --- p.22 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Deficiencies of IRP Studies --- p.23 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Policy Implementation in China --- p.26 / Chapter 2.4 --- Summary and Conclusion --- p.30 / Chapter 3. --- THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.33 / Chapter 3.2 --- The Political-economic Reality of Post-Mao China: A Call for a Relevant Framework --- p.34 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- The Collapse of a Total Society and the Emergence of an Ungovernable Differentiated Society --- p.34 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- A Shift from Direct to Indirect State Management --- p.37 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- The Requirement to Take Note of Local Interests in a Changing Central-local Relation --- p.39 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- The Emergence of Rural Society with More Diverse Interests and Decision-making Mechanisms --- p.40 / Chapter 3.3 --- The Actor-Network Approach --- p.45 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- General Background --- p.45 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Its Arguments --- p.47 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- The Role of Space --- p.57 / Chapter 3.4 --- Implications for the Study of IRP Implementation in China --- p.63 / Chapter 3.5 --- Summary --- p.68 / Chapter 4. --- A DESCRIPTION OF THE SETTING / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.70 / Chapter 4.2 --- Overview of the TGP --- p.71 / Chapter 4.3 --- Historical Background of TGR --- p.76 / Chapter 4.4 --- Basic Characteristics of Zigui County --- p.85 / Chapter 4.5 --- Implications of the Setting for Actor-network Analysis: A Preliminary Statement --- p.92 / Chapter 4.6 --- Summary --- p.95 / Chapter 5. --- INTEGRATED POPULATION RESETTLEMENT IN ZIGUI COUNTY: AN ACTOR-NETWORK APPROACH / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.95 / Chapter 5.2 --- Setting the Scene: The Actor-world --- p.97 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Major Actors involved in Zigui Resettlement Project --- p.97 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Mechanism of Non-human Actors: State Allocation and Mobilization --- p.104 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Social Atmosphere --- p.109 / Chapter 5.3 --- Process of Translation: The IRP Implementationin Tongshuwan Village --- p.115 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Problematization: The Establishment of IRP as Obligatory Passage Point (OPP) --- p.117 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Interessement: Keep the Local Residents on Track --- p.122 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Enrolment: To Make the Local Residents Cooperated --- p.129 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- Mobilization: The Success of Translation --- p.140 / Chapter 5.4 --- Summary --- p.142 / Chapter 6 --- SUMMARY & CONCLUSIONS / Chapter 6.1 --- Summary of the Findings --- p.144 / Chapter 6.2 --- Research limitations --- p.147 / Chapter 6.3 --- Implications of the Study --- p.150 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- Theoretical Advancement --- p.151 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- Policy Recommendation --- p.152 / Chapter 6.4 --- Directions for Future Research --- p.154 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.155 / Cited Yearbooks & Local Gazettes --- p.155 / Other Publications --- p.156