Current hydro-turbines aim to capture the immense energy available in tidal movements, however commonly applied technologies rely on principles more applicable in hydroelectric dams. Tidal stream currents, such as in Coastal Georgia, are not strong enough to make such turbines both efficient and economically viable. This research proposes a novel low-energy vortex shedding vertical axis turbine (VOSTURB) to combat the inefficiencies and challenges of hydro-turbines in low velocity free tidal streams. Some of the energy in tidal streams is extracted naturally from vortex shedding; as water streams past a bluff body, such as pier, low pressure vortices form alternatively on each side, inducing a rhythm of pressure differentials on the bluff body and anything in its wake. VOSTURB aims to capture this energy of the vortices by installing a hydrofoil subsequent to the bluff body. This foil, free to oscillate, translates the vortex energy into oscillatory motion, which can be converted into a form of potential energy. The presented research will act as a 'proof of concept.' It aims to assess such foil motion, or the ability of VOSTURB to capture vortex energy, and begin to assess the amount of tidal energy that can be theoretically harnessed. In this study a small scale model of VOSTURB, a cylindrical bluff body with a hammer shaped hydrofoil, was tested in a hydraulic flume for various mean flow speeds. Tangential accelerations of the foil's center of gravity were obtained through the use of an accelerometer. The acceleration data was analyzed utilizing Fourier analysis to determine the fundamental frequency of the wing oscillations. The available power to be harnessed from the oscillatory motion was then estimated utilizing this fundamental frequency. Ultimately it was found that the frequency of the VOSTURB foil oscillations corresponded highly with the theoretical frequency of vortex shedding for all moderate to high flow speeds. Low speeds were found to produce inconsistent and intermittent small oscillations. This signifies at moderate to high flow speeds, VOSTURB was able to transform some vortical energy into kinetic. The maximum average power obtained 8.4 mW corresponded to the highest flow velocity 0.27 m/s. Scaled to Rose Dhu prototype conditions this represented 50 W at a flow velocity of 0.95m/s, the maximum available at Rose Dhu. Although it was ascertained that VOSTURB could consistently capture some of the vortical energy; the percentage of which could not be calculated with certainty. Thus, the average kinetic power assessments of the foil were compared to the available power of the mean flow for each flow speed calculated by two methods: (1) over the foil's swept area; (2) the area of fluid displaced by the bluff body immediately in front of the foil. The maximum efficiency of the foil, found for the fastest flow speed was at 18% and 45% respectively. It was found that both average foil power, available flow power, and efficiency all decreased with a decrease in flow velocity. This study can serve as only a preliminary study for the effectiveness of VOSTURB as a hydro-turbine for tidal power. In the experiments, the foil was allowed to oscillate freely with little resistance. Future testing of VOSTURB needs to observe whether the vortex energy can overcome the resistive torque introduced by a generator to induce oscillatory motion as well as further optimize the foil design. While the testing in this project assesses the kinetic energy or power of the vortex shedding, this future testing will provide insight into the actual work that can actually be converted into potential energy or power. Complementing this research, both a Harmonic Analysis of Least Squares (HAMELS) and a Complex Empirical Orthogonal Function (CEOF) Analysis was conducted on available surface height and current velocity data separately from an available Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) model of Coastal Georgia. Such analysis were conducted to observe spatial and temporal tidal patterns advantageous to a possible prototype installation of a tidal turbine such as VOSTURB. The more conventional HAMELS analysis, which isolates components of a signal with a certain frequency, identified temporal and spatial patterns attributed to tidal constituents. CEOF analysis, where major patterns of variance are identified not according to prescribed frequencies, was employed to identify any patterns possible not attributed to the tidal constituents. This study was also in part to observe whether the CEOF analysis could identify any patterns of tidal propagation that could not be resolved by the HAMELS analysis. The CEOF and HAMELS analysis of the surface height output produced very similar results: major modes of surface height variation due to the diurnal and semidiurnal tidal constituents propagating up the estuary. The CEOF results did not produce any additional information that could not be found through the HAMELS analysis of the constituents and presented such results in an arguably more convoluted manner. In addition, the surface height analysis provided no direct insight into areas more advantageous to tidal power. The CEOF analysis of the vector current velocity data however did provide some insight. The CEOF of the current data was able to isolate patterns of variance corresponding to the tidal constituents. However, the CEOF was also able to identify local 'hotspots' of high current magnitudes not resolved by HAMELS. These local areas of high current magnitudes, most likely due to changes in hydrodynamic conditions such as channel constrictions, are advantageous for tidal power applications. These general areas could serve as a starting point for the location selection process for a possible prototype installation of VOSTURB if the area was refined more. Ultimately for a prototype installation of VOSTURB, further experimentation and analysis is required for both the turbine design and placement, such as a power conversion methodology for the turbine and a more spatially resolute set of data to perform a CEOF analysis on. With these tasks completed, the prototype installation will be part of a larger effort between the Georgia Institute of Technology and the Girl Scouts of America to create completely sustainable "Eco-Village" on Rose Dhu Island, GA. With an extensive community outreach planned to educate the public, Rose Dhu, along with championing hydrokinetic energy, will serve as a paradigm for sustainable design and energy.

Lignocellulosic biomass is an abundant renewable resource targeted for biofuel production. Cellulose and hemicellulose from biomass both contain fermentable sugars and other moieties that can be converted to biofuels or other commodity chemicals. Enzymatic hydrolysis of these biopolymers is a critical step in the liberation of sugars for fermentation into desired products. In nature, anaerobic microbes produce protein nanostructures called cellulosomes that efficiently degrade cellulose substrates by combining multiple enzyme activities onto a scaffolding protein. However, current enzyme cocktails used in industry contain secretomes of aerobic microbes and are not efficient enough to be highly economical. Furthermore, most bio-processes focus on cellulose, rendering hemicellulose under-utilized. The three main objectives of this dissertation are to 1) develop multi-functional, self-assembling protein nanostructures for hemicellulose degradation using the architecture provided by cellulosomes, 2) understand the self-assembly mechanism at conditions for consolidated bioprocessing applications, and 3) compare the effectiveness of structured to non-structured hemicellulases in the hydrolysis of biomass. Xylan is a major type of hemicellulose in biomass feedstocks targeted for biofuel production. Six different xylanosomes were designed for hydrolysis of xylan within multiple biomass substrates using the cohesin-dockerin domain systems from Clostridium thermocellum, Clostridium cellulovorans, and Clostridium cellulolyticum. Each two-unit structure contained a xylanase for internal cleavage of the xylan backbone and one side-chain acting enzyme, either a ferulic acid esterase or bi-functional arabinofuranosidase/xylosidase. Expansion to three-unit xylanosomes included a family 10 or 11 xylanase, a bi-functional arabinofuranosidase/xylosidase, and bi-functional ferulic acid esterase/acetylxylan esterase. These multi-functional biocatalysts were used to degrade hemicellulose-rich wheat arabinoxylan and cellulose-containing destarched corn bran. Synergistic release of soluble sugars and ferulic acid was observed with select xylanosomes and in some cases required addition of an endoglucanase and cellobiohydrolase for enhanced hydrolysis. Furthermore, a putative ferulic acid esterase gene from the soil bacterium Cellvibrio japonicus was characterized and its role in xylan hydrolysis investigated. Information for the development of stable and functional cellulosome-like biocatalysts in metabolically-engineered microbes was collected using surface plasmon resonance. The protein-protein interaction of cohesin and dockerin domains for xylanosome self-assembly was examined at various temperatures and in the presence of ethanol to mimic different hydrolysis and fermentation processes and found to retain high affinities at the selected conditions. Moreover, the high-affinity interaction of cohesin and dockerin domains in the presence of non-specific proteins eliminated the need for protein purification for xylanosome construction. In addition to development of the first cellulosome-like biocatalysts targeted for hemicellulose degradation, this dissertation provides insight on possible improvements for the enzymatic hydrolysis of biomass, as well as the applicability of xylanosomes in consolidated bioprocessing.

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This dissertation called The Analysis of Support of Solar Energy in Jihocesky Kraj by the European Union is focused right on one field of alternative sources of energy, which is very debated topic these days. The purpose of this dissertation paper is to describe the current situation in the exploitation of solar energy in Jihočeský kraj. Afterwards, the evaluation of photovoltaic power station to measure if the capital investment into alternative sources of energy presents profitable chance.

No description available.

Les tensioactifs dérivés de sucres représentent la principale famille de tensioactifs bio-sourcés et constituent de bons candidats pour substituer les tensioactifs dérivés du pétrole puisqu'ils sont issus de ressources renouvelables et peuvent être autant, voire plus performants dans diverses applications, comme la formulation (détergents, cosmétiques,…), la récupération assistée du pétrole ou des minéraux, etc. Différentes propriétés amphiphiles permettent de caractériser la performance des tensioactifs dans de telles applications, comme la concentration micellaire critique, la tension de surface à la concentration micellaire critique, l'efficience et le point de Krafft. Prédire ces propriétés serait bénéfique pour identifier plus rapidement les tensioactifs possédant les propriétés désirées. Les modèles QSPR sont des outils permettant de prédire de telles propriétés, mais aucun modèle QSPR fiable dédié à ces propriétés n'a été identifié pour les tensioactifs bio-sourcés, et en particulier les tensioactifs dérivés de sucres. Au cours de cette thèse, de tels modèles QSPR ont été développés. Une base de données fiables est nécessaire pour développer tout modèle QSPR. Concernant les tensioactifs dérivés de sucres, aucune base de données existante n'a été identifiée pour les propriétés ciblées. Cela a donné suite à la construction de la première base de données de propriétés amphiphiles de tensioactifs dérivés de sucres, qui est en cours de valorisation. L'analyse de cette base de données a mis en évidence différentes relations empiriques entre la structure de ces molécules et leurs propriétés amphiphiles, et permis d'isoler des jeux de données les plus fiables et au protocole le plus homogène possibles en vue du développement de modèles QSPR. Après établissement d'une stratégie robuste pour calculer les descripteurs moléculaires constituant les modèles QSPR, qui s'appuie notamment sur des analyses conformationnelles des tensioactifs dérivés de sucres et des descripteurs des têtes polaires et chaînes alkyles, différents modèles QSPR ont été développés, validés, et leur domaine d'applicabilité spécifié, pour la concentration micellaire critique, la tension de surface à la concentration micellaire critique, l'efficience et le point de Krafft. Pour les trois premières propriétés, des modèles quantitatifs performants ont pu être obtenus. Si les descripteurs quantiques ont apporté un gain prédictif important pour la tension de surface à la concentration micellaire critique, et un léger gain pour la concentration micellaire critique, aucun gain n'a été observé pour l'efficience. Pour ces trois propriétés, des modèles simples basés sur des descripteurs constitutionnels des parties hydrophile et hydrophobe de la molécule (comme des décomptes d'atomes) ont aussi été obtenus. Pour le point de Krafft, deux arbres de décision qualitatifs, classant la molécule comme soluble ou insoluble dans l'eau à température ambiante, ont été proposés. Les descripteurs quantiques ont ici aussi apporté un gain en prédictivité, même si un modèle relativement fiable basé sur des descripteurs constitutionnels des parties hydrophile et hydrophobe de la molécule a aussi été obtenu. Enfin, nous avons montré comment ces modèles QSPR peuvent être utilisés, pour prédire les propriétés de nouvelles molécules avant toute synthèse dans un contexte de screening, ou les propriétés manquantes de molécules existantes, et pour le design in silico de nouvelles molécules par combinaison de fragments. / Sugar-based surfactants are the main family of bio-based surfactants and are good candidates as substitutes for petroleum-based surfactants, since they originate from renewable resources and can show as good as, or even better, performances in various applications, such as detergent and cosmetic formulation, enhanced oil or mineral recovery, etc. Different amphiphilic properties can characterize surfactant performance in such applications, like critical micelle concentration, surface tension at critical micelle concentration, efficiency and Kraft point. Predicting such properties would be beneficial to quickly identify surfactants that exhibit desired properties. QSPR models are tools to predict such properties, but no reliable QSPR model was identified for bio-based surfactants, and in particular sugar-based surfactants. During this thesis, such QSPR models were developed. A reliable database is required to develop any QSPR model. Regarding sugar-based surfactants, no database was identified for the targeted properties. This motivated the elaboration of the first database of amphiphilic properties of sugar-based surfactants. The analysis of this database highlighted various empirical relationships between the chemical structure of these molecules and their amphiphilic properties, and enabled to isolate the most reliable datasets with the most homogeneous possible protocol, to be used for the development of the QSPR models. After the development of a robust strategy to calculate molecular descriptors that constitute QSPR models, notably relying upon conformational analysis of sugar-based surfactants and descriptors calculated only for the polar heads and for the alkyl chains, different QSPR models were developed, validated, and their applicability domain defined, for the critical micelle concentration, the surface tension at critical micelle concentration, the efficiency and the Kraft point. For the three first properties, good quantitative models were obtained. If the quantum chemical descriptors brought a significant additional predictive power for the surface tension at critical micelle concentration, and a slight improvement for the critical micelle concentration, no gain was observed for efficiency. For these three properties, simple models based on constitutional descriptors of polar heads and alkyl chains of the molecule (like atomic counts) were also obtained. For the Krafft point, two qualitative decision trees, classifying the molecule as water soluble or insoluble at room temperature, were proposed. The use of quantum chemical descriptors brought an increase in predictive power for these decision trees, even if a quite reliable model only based on constitutional descriptors of polar heads and alkyl chains was also obtained. At last, we showed how these QSPR models can be used, to predict properties of new surfactants before synthesis in a context of computational screening, or missing properties of existing surfactants, and for the in silico design of new surfactants by combining different polar heads with different alkyl chain

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Petróleo e gás natural são recursos naturais não renováveis que possuem grande participação na matriz energética mundial e tendência de crescimento na matriz nacional, cujo marco regulatório limita-se a definir critérios técnicos e procedimentais sem incorporar o modelo de sustentabilidade instituído pela Constituição Federal de 1988. A natureza finita dos recursos não renováveis, como o petróleo e o gás natural, exige uma visão do planejamento de sua exploração de longo prazo na definição dos objetivos e metas. Essa perspectiva de longo prazo traduz uma das preocupações do desenvolvimento sustentável: a garantia de direitos para as futuras gerações. Assim, ao procurar fornecer elementos para a tradução do modelo de desenvolvimento sustentável no arcabouço institucional e legal da indústria petrolífera vigente no Brasil, o presente trabalho busca contribuir para o aprimoramento da regulação petrolífera nacional e a qualidade de vida das gerações presentes e futuras. E, mais do que propor a elaboração de um projeto de lei, como modalidade de implantação de uma política pública, queremos contribuir para o fortalecimento das práticas e ações governamentais voltadas para a aplicação do desenvolvimento sustentável, consoante apregoa a Constituição Federal brasileira. Trata-se aqui de demonstrar, através de metodologia quali-quantitativa, a tese de que é possível incorporar o princípio constitucional de desenvolvimento sustentável na atividade de exploração e produção de petróleo e gás natural, formulando uma política pública que incorpore, no regime de propriedade do petróleo, a variável ambiental e o uso intergeracional que já haviam sido e continuam sendo aplicados a algumas fontes renováveis de energia. Inicialmente, identificamos a composição da matriz energética brasileira desde a inserção do petróleo como uma questão de Estado a partir dos anos 50 do século XX. Em seguida, analisamos a concepção legal e doutrinária para propor, então, a conceituação de um modelo de desenvolvimento energético sustentável, estruturante para a proposição de uma política nacional para a indústria petrolífera. Com base nessa conceituação, analisamos o marco regulatório e os procedimentos institucionais praticados atualmente para identificar as lacunas existentes no ordenamento a serem supridas pela política nacional proposta. A partir da análise dos contextos legal e institucional, e das políticas energética e ambiental, propomos a tradução de conceitos, objetivos, princípios e instrumentos num projeto de lei de Política Nacional de Uso Sustentável das Reservas de Petróleo e Gás Natural. Concluímos tecendo considerações gerais e específicas sobre a proposição aqui formulada com vistas ao aprimoramento do modelo nacional de gestão de recursos energéticos e ao fomento das discussões voltadas para a sustentabilidade das políticas públicas e as práticas privadas enraizadas na exploração irracional de recursos não renováveis / Petroleum and natural gas are non renewable natural resources that have a great participation in the global energy matrix and growth trend in the national matrix, whose regulatory framework is restricted to technical and procedural criteria without incorporating the model of sustainability established by the Federal Constitution of 1988. The finite nature of non-renewable resources, such as oil and natural gas, requires a vision of planning for their long-term exploration in the definition of goals and objectives. This long-term prospect represents one of the concerns of sustainable development that of guaranteeing the rights of future generations. So, when seeking to provide elements to translate of the model of sustainable development into the institutional and legal framework of the existing oil industry in Brazil it tries to contribute to the improvement of the national petroleum regulation and the quality of life for present and future generations. And more than proposing drawing up a bill, as a means of implementing a public policy, it aims to contribute to the strengthening of governmental actions and practices directed at implementing sustainable development, as proclaimed by the Brazilian Federal Constitution. Here it is a matter of demonstrating, through qualitative and quantitative methodology, the thesis that it is possible to incorporate the constitutional principle of sustainable development into the activity of exploration and production of oil and natural gas, formulating a public policy that incorporates, in the ownership of oil, the environmental variable and intergenerational use which had been and still are applied to some renewable sources of energy. Initially, we identified the composition of the Brazilian energy matrix since the inclusion of oil as a matter of state in the 1950s. Next, we analysed the legal and doctrinary concept and then proposed the concept of a model of sustainable energy development, a structuring element for the proposition of a national policy for the petroleum industry. Based on this concept, we analysed the regulatory framework and institutional procedures currently in force to identify the existing gaps in planning to be filled by the proposed national policy. Based on the analysis of the legal and institutional contexts, and energy and environmental policies, we propose the transformation of concepts, objectives, principles and instruments into a bill of law of National Policy on Sustainable Use of Reserves of Oil and Natural Gas. We conclude with general and specific considerations on the proposition made here with a view to improving the national model of management of energy resources and the fostering of discussions focused on the sustainability of public policies and private practices rooted in the irrational exploration of non-renewable resources.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Petróleo e gás natural são recursos naturais não renováveis que possuem grande participação na matriz energética mundial e tendência de crescimento na matriz nacional, cujo marco regulatório limita-se a definir critérios técnicos e procedimentais sem incorporar o modelo de sustentabilidade instituído pela Constituição Federal de 1988. A natureza finita dos recursos não renováveis, como o petróleo e o gás natural, exige uma visão do planejamento de sua exploração de longo prazo na definição dos objetivos e metas. Essa perspectiva de longo prazo traduz uma das preocupações do desenvolvimento sustentável: a garantia de direitos para as futuras gerações. Assim, ao procurar fornecer elementos para a tradução do modelo de desenvolvimento sustentável no arcabouço institucional e legal da indústria petrolífera vigente no Brasil, o presente trabalho busca contribuir para o aprimoramento da regulação petrolífera nacional e a qualidade de vida das gerações presentes e futuras. E, mais do que propor a elaboração de um projeto de lei, como modalidade de implantação de uma política pública, queremos contribuir para o fortalecimento das práticas e ações governamentais voltadas para a aplicação do desenvolvimento sustentável, consoante apregoa a Constituição Federal brasileira. Trata-se aqui de demonstrar, através de metodologia quali-quantitativa, a tese de que é possível incorporar o princípio constitucional de desenvolvimento sustentável na atividade de exploração e produção de petróleo e gás natural, formulando uma política pública que incorpore, no regime de propriedade do petróleo, a variável ambiental e o uso intergeracional que já haviam sido e continuam sendo aplicados a algumas fontes renováveis de energia. Inicialmente, identificamos a composição da matriz energética brasileira desde a inserção do petróleo como uma questão de Estado a partir dos anos 50 do século XX. Em seguida, analisamos a concepção legal e doutrinária para propor, então, a conceituação de um modelo de desenvolvimento energético sustentável, estruturante para a proposição de uma política nacional para a indústria petrolífera. Com base nessa conceituação, analisamos o marco regulatório e os procedimentos institucionais praticados atualmente para identificar as lacunas existentes no ordenamento a serem supridas pela política nacional proposta. A partir da análise dos contextos legal e institucional, e das políticas energética e ambiental, propomos a tradução de conceitos, objetivos, princípios e instrumentos num projeto de lei de Política Nacional de Uso Sustentável das Reservas de Petróleo e Gás Natural. Concluímos tecendo considerações gerais e específicas sobre a proposição aqui formulada com vistas ao aprimoramento do modelo nacional de gestão de recursos energéticos e ao fomento das discussões voltadas para a sustentabilidade das políticas públicas e as práticas privadas enraizadas na exploração irracional de recursos não renováveis / Petroleum and natural gas are non renewable natural resources that have a great participation in the global energy matrix and growth trend in the national matrix, whose regulatory framework is restricted to technical and procedural criteria without incorporating the model of sustainability established by the Federal Constitution of 1988. The finite nature of non-renewable resources, such as oil and natural gas, requires a vision of planning for their long-term exploration in the definition of goals and objectives. This long-term prospect represents one of the concerns of sustainable development that of guaranteeing the rights of future generations. So, when seeking to provide elements to translate of the model of sustainable development into the institutional and legal framework of the existing oil industry in Brazil it tries to contribute to the improvement of the national petroleum regulation and the quality of life for present and future generations. And more than proposing drawing up a bill, as a means of implementing a public policy, it aims to contribute to the strengthening of governmental actions and practices directed at implementing sustainable development, as proclaimed by the Brazilian Federal Constitution. Here it is a matter of demonstrating, through qualitative and quantitative methodology, the thesis that it is possible to incorporate the constitutional principle of sustainable development into the activity of exploration and production of oil and natural gas, formulating a public policy that incorporates, in the ownership of oil, the environmental variable and intergenerational use which had been and still are applied to some renewable sources of energy. Initially, we identified the composition of the Brazilian energy matrix since the inclusion of oil as a matter of state in the 1950s. Next, we analysed the legal and doctrinary concept and then proposed the concept of a model of sustainable energy development, a structuring element for the proposition of a national policy for the petroleum industry. Based on this concept, we analysed the regulatory framework and institutional procedures currently in force to identify the existing gaps in planning to be filled by the proposed national policy. Based on the analysis of the legal and institutional contexts, and energy and environmental policies, we propose the transformation of concepts, objectives, principles and instruments into a bill of law of National Policy on Sustainable Use of Reserves of Oil and Natural Gas. We conclude with general and specific considerations on the proposition made here with a view to improving the national model of management of energy resources and the fostering of discussions focused on the sustainability of public policies and private practices rooted in the irrational exploration of non-renewable resources.

Orientador: Waldir Antonio Bizzo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T16:24:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lenco_PauloCesar_M.pdf: 12412560 bytes, checksum: 2fe0a120404124d18710c15e24d16375 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Resumo: Com a inovação tecnológica houve um aumento crescente no consumo de energia devido ao aumento das necessidades individuais e coletivas. Isso trouxe a necessidade de criar novas fontes de energia. A utilização intensiva de combustíveis fósseis tem causado o aumento da poluição ambiental e a degradação e escassez de recursos naturais não renováveis. A formação de gases poluentes, tais como oCO, COz, e os NOx, tem causado grande preocupação e contribuído para fenômenos como o aquecimento global ou formação de ozônio atmosférico. Com a crescente emissão desses gases e de compostos nocivos, as alternativas viáveis são as escolhas de combustíveis renováveis e a adoção de mecanismos minimizantes da formação. A formação de óxidos de nitrogênio, através do mecanismo de Zeldovich, é fornecida por altas temperaturas locais e disponibilidade de oxigênio. Estes fatores, por sua vez, sofTem influência da fluidodinâmica da combustão e a distribuição do tempo de residência. Este trabalho estudou a emissão e a formação de NOx e CO em uma câmara de combustão cilíndrica isolada termicamente, queimando GLP (gás liquefeito de petróleo) e etanol vaporizado. Foram utilizadas o mesmo tempo de residência, a mesma potência específica, temperaturas de saída dos gases de 1O00°C e 1175°C, e diversos números de rotação do queimador. Estes dados foram relacionados com a formação do oxido de nitrogênio na câmara de combustão. Em dois números de rotação específicos foram medidas o campo de temperatura e a distribuição de concentração de NOx, CO e O2, no interior da câmara de combustão / Abstract: The technological innovation caused a growing increase in the energy consumption because the individual and collective needs increased. Then it was necessary to create new energy sources. The intensive use of fossil fuels use has caused environmental pollution, besides degradation and shortage of natural resources. The generation of pollutant gases, such as CO, CO2, and NOx, has caused great concem and also has contributed to the global warming or generation of atmospheric ozone. To struggle with the rising emission ofthose gases, viable altematives are using renewable fuels and emission and formation minimization mechanisms. Nitrogen oxides formation, by the Zeldovich mechanism, occurs by high local temperatures and available oxygen. However, these factors are influenced by combustion fluid dynamics and residence time distribution. This work studied emission and formation of NOx and CO in a cylindrical combustion chamber, thermal insulated, buming LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) and vaporized ethanol. In this equipment were used the same residence time, specific power, exit temperatures of gases 1000°C and 1175°C, and severa! swirl numbers at the bumer. These data were related to the nitrogen oxides formation in the combustion chamber. In two specific swirl numbers, the temperature field and the distribution of NOx, CO and O2 concentration were measured, inside the combustion chamber / Mestrado / Termica e Fluidos / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Dans le contexte du développement durable, l’'utilisation des ressources renouvelables, biodégradable et peu toxique, est particulièrement recherchée. En particulier, la littérature montre que les molécules amphiphiles biosourcées avec une tête sucre, type glycolipides, sont d'excellents candidats pour substituer les tensioactifs pétrochimiques actuellement utilisés massivement en formulation. Pour limiter le criblage expérimental et orienter le choix des synthèses de telles molécules, une démarche prédictive à partir de l'analyse de la structure moléculaire permettrait d'anticiper les propriétés des molécules amphiphiles et d'identifier celles répondant à des propriétés spécifiques recherchées. L'objectif des travaux de thèse est de développer une méthodologie via la synthèse à façon avec modification graduelle de la structure, la caractérisation et l'analyse systématique de glycolipides, dans le but d'identifier des liens pertinents entre leurs propriétés amphiphiles et leurs caractéristiques structurales. Les données expérimentales générées doivent permettent d'établir une base de données comparables et fiables, nécessaire pour le développement de modèles 1 prédictifs. Les résultats ont mis en évidence l'influence significative de certains paramètres de structure sur j les propriétés physico-chimiques, avec des tendances claires, autrement difficiles à observer à partir des données globales non-comparables de la littérature. Ce travail a également démontré l'importance de prendre en considération le comportement des molécules amphiphiles dans l'eau, via la connaissance de leur diagramme de phase, afin de définir sans ambiguïté certaines propriétés telles que la CMC. / In the context of sustainable development, the use of biodegradable and low toxic renewable resources is particularly important. ln particular, the literature shows that the bio-based amphiphilic molecules with a sugar head, or the glycolipids, are excellent substitutes of the petrochemical surfactants used massively in current formulations. To limit the experimental screening and to orient the choice of the syntheses of such molecules, a predictive approach based on the analysis of the molecular structure would make it possible to anticipate the properties of the amphiphilic molecules and to identify those with specific properties. The objective of this work is to develop a methodology through systematic syntheses, characterizations and analyses of glycolipids with gradual structural modifications, with the aim of identifying relevant links between heir amphiphilic properties and their structural characteristics. The obtained experimental data should make it possible to establish a comparable and reliable database, necessary for the development of predictive models. The results showed the significant influence of some structural parameters on the physico-chemical properties with clear trends, which are otherwise difficult to observe by using the non-comparable data collected from the literature. This work also demonstrated the importance of considering the behavior of amphiphilic molecules in water, through knowledge of their phase diagram, which allows for the unambiguous definition of certain properties like the CMC.