The Optical Parametric Oscillator (OPO) has been one of the most versatile source of non-classical states of light. Usual configurations of such devices are a macroscopic second order nonlinear crystals inside an optical cavity. Recently the use of silicon photonics techniques allowed the implementation of high quality factor microcavities and OPOs which include several technological advantages over usual configuration as a small size, bigger bandwidth, CMOS compatibility, facility to engineer the dispersion properties and compatibility with commercial optical fiber communications. Nevertheless the nonlinearity present within these systems is a third order nonlinearity for which theoretical calculations lack in the literature. Here we describe theoretically the quantum properties of the light generated in an OPO with a third order nonlinearity. We showed that the effects of phase modulation (which are not present in the second order nonlinearity) and dispersion are determinant in the way that oscillation and entanglement is produced in the system. Despite of these effects, bipartite and tripartite entanglement is predicted with the use of the Schmidt modes formalism. We also describe the system when there are more modes exited within the cavity and a frequency comb is formed. In such a situation, using again the Schmidt modes formalism, multipartite entanglement was predicted as well. / O oscilador paramétrico ótico (OPO) tem sido uma fonte muito versátil de estados não clássicos da luz. A configuração usual destes OPOs consiste em um cristal macroscópico com não linearidade de segunda ordem no interior de uma cavidade ótica. Recentemente, devido ao desenvolvimento da fotonica de silício, foi possível a implementação de micro- cavidades óticas e OPOs que possuem varias vantagens sobre OPOs usuais. Não entanto a não linearidade destes sistemas é de terceira ordem. Neste trabalho, descrevemos teoricamente as propriedades quânticas da luz gerada num OPO com não linearidade de terceira ordem. Mostra-se que os efeitos de modulação de fase (não presentes na não linearidade de segunda ordem) e a dispersão são determinantes para a geração e o emaranhamento produzido no sistema. Emaranhamento bi e tri partito foi predito teoricamente usando o formalismo de modos de Schmidt. Também foi feita uma descrição quando mais modos da cavidade são excitados gerando um pente de frequência. Nesta situação. e utilizando novamente o formalismo de modos de Schmidt, foi predito emaranhamento multimodo destes sistemas.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-07-25T13:28:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 fernandoaugustocapuzzodelima.pdf: 6152432 bytes, checksum: 3675029f4950888d8c5071bd7d5d4a44 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-25T16:34:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 fernandoaugustocapuzzodelima.pdf: 6152432 bytes, checksum: 3675029f4950888d8c5071bd7d5d4a44 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-25T16:34:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 fernandoaugustocapuzzodelima.pdf: 6152432 bytes, checksum: 3675029f4950888d8c5071bd7d5d4a44 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-26 / Em um cenário de constantes mudanças tecnológicas e sociais, as crescentes complexidades do projeto contemporâneo vêm aumentando significativamente. O uso de softwares com abordagens paramétricas na exploração de projetos tem facilitado a automação dos demorados processos de desenho manual e permitido a introdução de alterações em fases posteriores do projeto. A inclusão do projeto algorítmico na prática projetual leva a necessidade de repensar o processo de projeto com base em conceitos não-lineares, isso porque sua construção está vinculada a um histórico projetual explícito. O enfoque deste trabalho foi o processo de desenvolvimento de um produto (PDP). O objetivo foi propor um modelo de referência de processo, que integrado com os Sistemas Generativos de Projeto (SGP), permitiu entender a sistemática da modelagem tridimensional nos softwares Rhinoceros e Grasshopper. Para que esse objetivo fosse alcançado foi utilizada a metodologia Design Science Research, onde foram analisados dois estudos de caso e desenvolvido um estudo exploratório intitulado de “Mesa dinâmica: uma experiência de mobiliário generativo”. Essa experimentação prática nos permitiu entender o fluxo de informações de um PDP quando associado aos SGP. O ato de tornar o processo explícito pode contribuir como um método estruturado na aplicação dos princípios lógicos do projeto algorítmico, agindo como uma lista de verificação no desenvolvimento de futuros projetos e promovendo uma comunicação mais rápida e eficiente entre os vários projetistas. / The contemporary design complexities have significantly increased in a scenario of continuous technological and social changes. Using parametric approach-based softwares to explore designs helps automating time-consuming hand drawing processes and allows making changes in later stages of the design. The algorithmic design inclusion into design practices leads to the need to rethink the design process based on non-linear concepts, since its construction is linked to an explicit design history. The current study focuses on the product development process (PDP). It has the aim of proposing a process reference model that, in articulation with Generative Design Systems (GDS), allows understanding how threedimensional modeling operates in softwares such as Rhinoceros and Grasshopper. Thus, a Design Sciense Research methodology that included the analysis of two case studies as well as the development of an exploratory study entitled "Dynamic table: a generative furniture experience" was used. This practical experimentation allowed understanding the information flow of a GDS-associated PDP. Making this process explicit may work as a structured method to apply the logical principles of algorithmic design. It may also work as a checklist in the development of future designs and provide faster and more efficient communication between different designers.

Orientador: Flávio Caldas da Cruz / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T00:14:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nery_MarinaTrad_M.pdf: 8701569 bytes, checksum: 94cd9456a3956cb1553345343461b95e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Esta tese reporta o projeto e a construção de um oscilador paramétrico óptico continuo de frequência unica e sintonizável em torno de 846 nm. 0 cristal responsável pela conversão de frequências e o MgO:PPSLT (Tantalato de Lftio periodicamente polado e dopado com 1% de Oxido de Magnésia), e este e bombeado por ate 6 W de um laser continuo emitindo em 532 nm. Um dos objetivos do experimento e a geração de segundo harmônica, a partir de luz infravermelha, resultando em radiação na região espectral do azul, mais ,precisamente em 423 nm, necessária para experimentos de aprisionamento e resfriamento de átomos neutros de Cálcio. Para isso foi montada uma cavidade em anel unicamente ressonante para o feixe sinal e foi observada oscilação do dispositivo em uma potencia limiar próxima de 5 W, mais alta do que o calculada previamente. Foi possível observar a emissão de 30 m W de radiação do feixe sinal o que representa uma potencia de 30 W dentro da cavidade, ja que o espelho de saída era 99,9% refletor. Também foi possível observar luz azul devido a geração de segundo harmônica (sem Casamento de fase) dentro do cristal PPSLT. Ao longo deste trabalho são apresentados cálculos detalhados da cavidade óptica, das curvas de sintonia do cristal por temperatura e periodicidade da grade e do ganho paramétrico óptico. Acreditamos que o alto limiar de oscilação do dispositivo esteja relacionado a perdas devidas ao efeito fotorrefrativo no cristal, produzido pelo laser de bombeio, já que as perdas da cavidade devido aos espelhos e ao cristal eram baixas. Esta hipótese deve ser melhor investigada em futuras implementação de OPOs bombeados por altas potencias na região espectral do visível / Abstract: This thesis reports the design and construction of an continuously tunable and single frequency optical parametric oscillator around 846 nm. The crystal responsible for the frequency conversion is MgO: PPSLT (periodically poled lithium tantalate doped 1% of magnesium oxide), pumped with up to 6 W by a continuous-wave laser emitting at 532 nm. One goal of the experiment is the second harmonic generation from infrared light, resulting in radiation in the blue spectral region, more precisely 423 nm, necessary for experiments of cooling and trapping of neutral calcium atoms. A ring cavity resonant only for the signal beam was mounted and oscillation has been observed with a threshold of 5 W, higher than previously calculated. It was observed 30 mW ofradiation from the signal representing an intracavity power of 30 W, given the output coupler reflectivity of 99.9% reflector. We also observed blue light due to second harmonic generation (without phase matching) within the crystal PPSLT. Throughout this work we present detailed calculations of the optical cavity, temperature tuning curves for the crystal period of the poling grate and the optical parametric gain. We believe that the observed high threshold is related to losses due to the photorefractive effect in the crystal produced by the pump laser, since other losses due to the cavity mirrors and the crystal were very low. This hypothesis should be further investigated in future implementations of OPOs pumped by high powers in the visible spectral region / Mestrado / Física / Mestra em Física

3-D computational modelling of the human spine provides a sophisticated and cost-effective medium for bioengineers, researchers, and ergonomics designers in order to study the biomechanical behaviour of the human spine under different loading conditions. Developing a generic parametric computational human spine model to be employed in biomechanical modelling introduces a considerable potential to reduce the complexity of implementing and amending the intricate spinal geometry. The main objective of this research is to develop a 3-D parametric human spine model generation framework based on a command file system, by which the parameters of each vertebra are read from the database system, and then modelled within commercial 3-D CAD software. A novel data acquisition and generation system was developed as a part of the framework for determining the unknown vertebral dimensions, depending on the correlations between the parameters estimated from existing anthropometrical studies in the literature. The data acquisition system embodies a predictive methodology that comprehends the relations between the features of the vertebrae by employing statistical and geometrical techniques. Relations amongst vertebral parameters such as golden ratio were investigated and successfully implemented into the algorithms. The validation of the framework was carried out by comparing the developed 3-D computational human spine models against various real life human spine data, where good agreements were achieved. The constructed versatile framework possesses the capability to be utilised as a basis for quickly and effectively developing biomechanical models of the human spine such as finite element models.

Le confort des véhicules automobiles est un élément stratégique et économique lors de leurs développements. L’un des enjeux de demain est la personnalisation du confort, qui ne pourra être atteinte qu'avec des modèles numériques originaux de pointe. En effet, il faudrait être capable de prendre en compte la diversité anthropométrique des occupants au niveau mondial. Dans ce contexte, Faurecia, équipementier de sièges d’automobile et leader dans ce domaine, souhaite optimiser son processus de conception, au moyen d’outils numériques permettant d’analyser le confort dès les premières étapes de la conception. Cependant, à l’heure actuelle, aucun outil numérique n’est disponible pour valider le confort du dossier. Le but de cette étude est donc de développer un outil numérique d’évaluation du confort du dos pour la conception des sièges en tenant compte des différences interindividuelles. Cet outil repose sur le développement d’un modèle biomécanique paramétré du tronc. Tout d’abord, une campagne d’essais a permis d'identifier la reproductibilité d’assise d’un volontaire dans une position standardisée (position, répartition de pression). Un modèle paramétré en éléments finis du tronc a été développé et permettra de simuler ces conditions expérimentales. Le modèle a été validé d’un point de vue géométrique et le maillage a été analysé. Pour valider complètement le modèle et pour permettre son utilisation par les équipementiers, des positions assises, dont la courbure du rachis est connue, devront être simulés. Puis, le modèle sera évalué pour l’analyse du confort par comparaison des cartographies de pression à l’interface homme/siège. / The comfort of motor vehicles is a strategic and economic element in their developments. One of the future challenges is the individual comfort, which can only be achieved with original digital models. Indeed, we should be able to take into account the diversity of anthropometric occupants in the worldwide. In this context, Faurecia, automotive seating manufacturer and leader in this field, wishes to optimize its design process through digital tools to analyze comfort in the early design steps. However, at present, no digital tool is available to validate the comfort of the backrest. The purpose of this study is to develop a numerical assessment tool for the comfort of the backrest design taking into account individual differences. This tool is based on the development of a biomechanical trunk model. Firstly, a test campaign allowed identifying the sitting reproducibility of a volunteer in a standardized position (position, pressure distribution). A parametric finite element model of the trunk was developed and will allow simulating these experimental conditions. The model was validated from a geometrical point of view and the mesh was analyzed. To fully validate the model and allow its use by OEMs, sitting positions which the spine curvature is known will be simulated. Then the model will be evaluated for the comfort analysis by comparison of the pressure maps to the human/seat interface.

In a real-time system, it is crucial to ensure that all tasks of the system holdtheir deadlines. A missed deadline in a real-time system means that the systemhas not been able to function correctly. If the system is safety critical, this canlead to disaster. To ensure that all tasks keep their deadlines, the Worst-CaseExecution Time (WCET) of these tasks has to be known. This can be done bymeasuring the execution times of a task, however, this is inflexible, time consumingand in general not safe (i.e., the worst-casemight not be found). Unlessthe task is measured with all possible input combinations and configurations,which is in most cases out of the question, there is no way to guarantee that thelongest measured time actually corresponds to the real worst case.Static analysis analyses a safe model of the hardware together with thesource or object code of a program to derive an estimate of theWCET. This estimateis guaranteed to be equal to or greater than the real WCET. This is doneby making calculations which in all steps make sure that the time is exactlyor conservatively estimated. In many cases, however, the execution time of atask or a program is highly dependent on the given input. Thus, the estimatedworst case may correspond to some input or configuration which is rarely (ornever) used in practice. For such systems, where execution time is highly inputdependent, a more accurate timing analysis which take input into considerationis desired.In this thesis we present a framework based on abstract interpretation andcounting of possible semantic states of a program. This is a general methodof WCET analysis, which is language independent and platform independent.The two main applications of this framework are a loop bound analysis and aparametric analysis. The loop bound analysis can be used to quickly find upperbounds for loops in a program while the parametric framework provides aninput-dependent estimation of theWCET. The input-dependent estimation cangive much more accurate estimates if the input is known at run-time. / PROGRESS

Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’étude mathématique de la sensibilité paramétrique de la méthode de réduction de modèles par projection connue sous le nom de POD pour Proper Orthogonal Decomposition. Dans beaucoup d’applications de la mécanique des fluides,la base de projection (base POD) calculée à un paramètre caractéristique fixe du problème de Navier-Stokes, est utilisée à la suite pour construire des modèles d’ordre réduit ROM-POD pour d’autres valeurs du paramètre caractéristique. Alors, la prédiction du comportement de ce ROM-POD vis-à-vis du problème initial est devenue cruciale. Pour cela, nous avons discuté cette problématique d’un point de vue mathématique. Nous avons établi des résultats mathématiques de sensibilité paramétrique des erreurs induites par application de la méthode ROM-POD. Plus précisément, notre approche est basée sur l’établissement d’estimations a priori de ces erreurs paramétriques, en utilisant les méthodes énergétiques classiques. Nos résultats sont démontrés pour les deux problèmes de type Burgers et Navier-Stokes. Des validations numériques de ces résultats mathématiques ont été faites uniquement pour le problème de type Burgers. / In this thesis, we are interested in the mathematical study of the parametric sensitivity of the reduced order model method known as the POD method (proper orthogonal decomposition). In several works applied to fluid mechanics, the POD modes are computed once and for all in association with a fixed parameter that characterize the equations of the fluid mechanics : Navier-Stokes system. Then, these modes are used in order to compute reduced order models (ROM) associated to these equations, for different parameter values. So, one needs a tool for predicting the behavior of the reduced order model with respect to the complete problem, when the parameter’s value is changing. We have discussed this problem from a mathematical point of vue. In fact, we have established mathematical results on the parametric sensitivity of the errors induced by applying the ROM-POD method. More precisely, our work is based on developing a priori estimations of these parametric errors, by using classical techniques of energy estimation.Our results are proved for the two problems of Burgers and Navier-Stokes. Numerical validations are established only in the case of the Burgers equation.

The use of CAM system to create tool s trajectories in outline of simple geometry depends directly of knowledge and ability from user in how to maintain the information and make use of available riches from these systems. The parametric program requires a solid knowledge in CN programming and the results referring to CNC machine s performance are directly connect to the way of programming to obtain these results. The aim of this study was to develop a practice s analysis between parametric program and a CAM system in a specific CNC machine, based on acting time and speed of tool s progress to each programming method. The counting of time was accomplished through CNC controller, which shows the execution time of each program from its beginning until receiving or reading the stop command. The comparison between these programming methods created results that depend of the programming way, but who receive interference of controller s technologies recourses to put in action the CNC axis machine. With these testing, it was possible to demonstrate, by means of parametric programs, an increase of 65% in performance, when compared to other programming methods. / A utilização de sistemas CAM para a geração de trajetórias de ferramenta em contornos de geometria simples depende diretamente do conhecimento e da capacidade do usuário na alimentação das informações e na utilização dos recursos disponíveis desses sistemas. A programação paramétrica exige uma base sólida no conhecimento da programação CN e os resultados que se referem ao desempenho da máquina CNC estão diretamente ligados à forma de programação para a obtenção desses resultados. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver uma análise de desempenho entre a programação paramétrica e um sistema CAM em uma máquina CNC específica, com base nos tempos de execução e velocidade de avanço da ferramenta para cada método de programação. A contagem de tempo foi realizada através do controlador CNC, que indica o tempo de execução de cada programa a partir do seu início até o recebimento ou leitura do comando de parada. A comparação entre esses métodos de programação gerou resultados que dependem diretamente da forma de programação, mas que recebem interferência dos recursos tecnológicos do controlador para o acionamento dos eixos da máquina CNC. Com essas experimentações, foi possível demonstrar, através de programas paramétricos, um aumento no desempenho em até 65% quando comparado a outros métodos de programação.

This paper surveys four distinct approaches to frontier estimation of multi-output (and simultaneously multi-input) technologies, when nothing but noisy quantity data are available. Parametrized distributions for inefficiency and noise are necessary for identification of inefficiency, when only cross-sectional data are available. In other respects suitable techniques may differ widely, as is shown. A final technique presented rigorously exploits the possibilities from panel-data by dropping parametrization of distributions as well as functional forms. It is illustrated how this last technique can be coupled with the others to provide a state-of-the-art estimation procedure for this setting. (author's abstract) / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

Une classe générale de statistiques de rangs basées sur la fonction caractéristique est introduite afin de tester l'hypothèse composite d'appartenance à une famille de copules multidimensionnelles. Ces statistiques d'adéquation sont définies comme des distances fonctionnelles de type L_2 pondérées entre une version non paramétrique et une version semi-paramétrique de la fonction caractéristique que l'on peut associer à une copule. Il est démontré que ces statistiques de test se comportent asymptotiquement comme des V-statistiques dégénérées d'ordre quatre et que leurs lois limites s'expriment en termes de sommes pondérées de variables khi-deux indépendantes. La convergence des tests sous des alternatives générales est établie, de même que la validité du bootstrap paramétrique pour le calcul de valeurs critiques. Le comportement des nouveaux tests sous des tailles d'échantillons faibles et modérées est étudié à l'aide de simulations et est comparé à celui d'un test concurrent fondé sur la copule empirique. La méthodologie est finalement illustrée sur un jeu de données à plusieurs dimensions.