Sintering is an important processing step for obtaining the necessary mechanical stability and rigidity of ceramic bulk materials. Both mass and heat transfer are essential in the sintering process. The importance of radiation heat transfer is significantly enhanced at high temperatures according to the well-known Stefan-Boltzmann’s law. In this thesis, we modified the pressure-less spark plasma sintering set-up to generate intense thermal radiation, aiming at rapid consolidation of ceramic bulk materials. This approach was named as “Sintering by Intense Thermal Radiation (SITR)” as only thermal radiation contributed. Firstly, the heat and mass transfer mechanisms during the SITR process were studied by choosing zirconia ceramics as references. The results revealed that the multiple scattering and absorption of radiation by the materials contributed to the heat diffusion. The observed enhanced densification and grain growth can be explained by a multiple ordered coalescence of zirconia nanocrystals using high heating rates. Secondly, the temperature distribution during the SITR process was investigated by both numerical simulation and experimental verifications. It showed that the radiator geometry, sample geometry and radiating area were influencing factors. Besides, the change of material and geometry of the radiators resulted in an asymmetric temperature distribution that favored the formation of SiC foams. The foams had gradient structures with different open porosity levels and pore sizes and size distributions. Finally, ceramic bulk materials were successfully fabricated by the SITR method within minutes. These materials included dense and strong ZrO2 ceramics, Si3N4 foams decorated with one-dimensional nanostructures, and nasal cavity-like SiC-Si3N4 foams with hierarchical heterogeneities. Sufficient densification or formed strong necks were used for tailoring these unique microstructures. The SITR approach is well applicable for fast manufacture of ceramic bulk materials because it is clean and requires low energy consumption and properties can be controlled and tuned by selective heating, heating speed or temperature distribution. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Submitted. Paper 4: Manuscript.</p><p> </p>

Dans le cadre des procédés de chauffage et de trempe réalisés lors d’opération de mise en forme des matériaux, le rayonnement thermique joue un rôle prépondérant. Lors de l’élaboration de modèles numériques permettant la simulation de ces procédés, il est donc nécessaire de disposer d’outils performants pour simuler ce phénomène.La simulation numérique de tels procédés soulèvent de nombreuses problématiques, comme la représentation d’un environnement complexe impliquant plusieurs composants (pièces, bruleurs, buses d’injection, parois), la gestion des divers phénomènes physiques couplés (écoulement, transfert thermiques, ébullition, rayonnement). Dans cette perspective, les méthodes dites « d’immersion », permettant un traitement généraliste de ces divers problèmes, rencontrent depuis quelques années un intérêt grandissant dans la communauté scientifique.C’est dans ce contexte que s’inscrit le projet Thost, au sein duquel est réalisée cette thèse. L’objectif est donc de développer des outils pour la modélisation du rayonnement dans le contexte d’immersion de volume propre au logiciel Thost. Deux approches sont développées : l’une consistant en l’adaptation d’une méthode existante au contexte de l’immersion de volume, l’autre explorant l’élaboration d’une formulation pour un modèle particulier de rayonnement. Les outils développés sont ensuite mis à l’épreuve sur des simulations de cas industriels fournis par nos partenaires. / For heating and quenching operations occurring during material forming processes, thermal radiation is the the predominant physical phenomenon. Hence, when one tries to simulate such processes, it is important to have at disposal powerful tools for the numerical modelling of thermal radiation.The numerical simulation of these processes often rises numerous problems and questions, as the representation of a complex environment, involving several components ( ingots, burners, nozzles, walls), to deal with different coupled physical phenomena ( flow, heat transfer, boiling, thermal radiation). In this regard, some “immersed” numerical methods, allows a generalist treatment of these different problems, have gained popularity and drag interest of the scientific community in the recent years.The Thost project, aiming to produce a software for heat transfer during material forming processes, fits in the framework, and this PhD is part of this project. The goal is therefore to design tools for numerical modelling of thermal radiation within the immersed volume method of the Thost software. Two approaches are presented: one consisting in the adaptation of an existing method to the context of the immersed volume method, another concerning the development of a formulation for a specific model of radiation. These methods are then tested on industrial applications provided by our partners.

Os contêineres metálicos foram desenvolvidos para a utilização no setor de logística e transporte, mas por sua escala adaptável à das edificações e pela mobilidade e praticidade de instalação, tiveram sua utilização apropriada também pelo setor da construção civil. Essas instalações possuem diversas qualidades ambientalmente amigáveis, mas seu aspecto térmico é extremamente insuficiente: sem isolamento térmico, demandam alta carga térmica de refrigeração e aquecimento, no verão e inverno, respectivamente e, consequentemente, um alto consumo energético. Tal característica foi crucial para que se determinassem como objetivos da presente pesquisa investigar o comportamento térmico dessas construções metálicas, avaliar seus parâmetros de desempenho, conforto e estresse térmicos, por meio de uma ampla coleta de dados experimentais. O experimento com duração de um ano - contou com três tipologias de contêiner em escala real, sendo o primeiro em aço Tipo X sem isolamento térmico, o segundo com um isolamento térmico para o fenômeno da condução e o terceiro com isolamento térmico para o fenômeno da radiação. Os diferentes tipos de tratamentos térmicos proporcionaram melhorias à envoltória dos contêineres, chegando a uma diferença nas temperaturas internas de até 9 °C. Constatou-se a extrema necessidade de adequação do tipo de isolamento térmico dos contêineres ao uso a que tais instalações se destinam escritório ou alojamento, no caso dos canteiros de obras para que as características da envoltória minimizem de fato a demanda ou mesmo atinjam a eliminação da necessidade de condicionamento artificial. / Metal containers were developed to logistics and transportation sector, but as a result of their suitable scale to human occupation, and their mobility and installation convenience, their use was adopted by the construction sector. These installations have many environmentally friendly characteristics, but their thermal performance is extremely unsuitable for habitation: without thermal insulation, the containers have high cooling and heating thermal load, in summer and winter, respectively, and consequently, to achieve thermal comfort, a substantial amount of energy is consumed. This feature was important to determine that the researchs objectives were to investigate metallic constructions thermal performance, calculate their thermal performance parameters, thermal comfort and thermal stress through a wide collection of experimental data. The experiment with duration of one year was conducted in three real scale containers: all of them made of steel (called steel Type X): the first one had no thermal insulation, the second one had insulation for thermal conduction, and the third had a thermal barrier for radiation. This different types of thermal treatment provided improvement to the containers envelopes, achieving a difference in internal temperatures about 9 °C. The findings reveal that thermal insulation needs to correctly respond to the containers intended use office or accommodation, in the case of construction sites so that the envelopes characteristics can have an impact on minimizing energy demand or even eliminate the containers need for artificial heating and cooling.

Les simulations sont utilisées pour concevoir des chambres de combustion industrielles robustes et peu polluantes. Parmi les polluants, l’émission de particules de suies constitue une question sociétale et une priorité politico- industrielle, en raison de leurs impacts néfastes sur la santé et l'environnement. La taille des particules de suies joue un rôle important sur ces effets. Il est donc important de prévoir non seulement la masse totale ou le nombre de particules générées, mais également leur distribution en taille (PSD). De plus, les suies peuvent jouer un rôle important dans le rayonnement thermique. Dans des configurations confinées, la prédiction des transferts de chaleur est une question clé pour augmenter la robustesse des chambres de combustion. Afin de déterminer correctement ces transferts, les flux radiatifs et de conducto-convectifs aux parois doivent être pris en compte. Enfin, la température pariétale est aussi contrôlée par les transferts conjugués de chaleur entre les domaines fluides et solides. L’ensemble de ces transferts thermiques impactent la stabilisation de la flamme, la formation de polluants et la production de suies elle-même. Il existe donc un couplage complexe entre ces phénomènes et la simulation d'un tel problème multiphysique est aujourd'hui reconnu comme un important défi. Ainsi, l'objectif de cette thèse est de développer une modélisation multiphysique permettant la simulation de flammes suitées turbulentes avec le rayonnement thermique et les transferts conjugués de chaleur associés aux parois. Les méthodes retenues sont basées sur la Simulation aux Grandes Échelles (LES), une description en taille des suies, des transferts conjugués et un code Monte Carlo pour le rayonnement. La combinaison de telles approches est réalisable grâce aux ressources de calcul aujourd’hui disponibles afin d’obtenir des résultats de référence. Le manuscrit est organisé en trois parties. La première partie se concentre sur le développement d'un modèle détaillé pour la description de la production de suies dans les flammes laminaires. Pour cela, la méthode sectionnelle est retenue ici car elle permet la description de la PSD. La méthode est validée sur des flammes laminaires éthylène/air. Dans la deuxième partie, un formalisme LES spécifique à la méthode sectionnelle est développé et utilisé pour étudier deux flammes turbulentes : une flamme jet non-prémélangée et une flamme swirlée pressurisée confinée. Les champs de température et de fraction volumique de suies sont comparés aux données expérimentales. De bonnes prédictions sont obtenues et l’évolution des particules de suies dans de telles flammes est analysée à travers l'étude de l’évolution de leur PSD. Dans ces premières simulations, les pertes de chaleur aux parois reposent sur des mesures expérimentales de la température aux parois, et un modèle de rayonnement simple. Dans la troisième partie, une approche Monte Carlo permettant de résoudre l'équation de transfert radiatif avec des propriétés radiatives détaillées des phases gazeuse et solide est utilisée et couplée au solveur LES. Cette approche est appliquée à l'étude de la flamme jet turbulente. La prédiction des flux thermiques est comparée aux données expérimentales et la nature des transferts radiatifs est étudiée. Ensuite, une modélisation couplée de la combustion turbulente prenant en compte la production de suies, les transferts conjugués de chaleur et le rayonnement thermique est proposée en couplant les trois codes dédiés. Cette stratégie est appliquée pour la simulation du brûleur pressurisé confiné. L'approche proposée permet à la fois de prédire la température des parois et la bonne stabilisation de la flamme. Les processus de formation de suies se révèlent être affectés par la modélisation des transferts thermiques. Ceci souligne l’importance d’une description précise de ces transferts thermiques dans les développements futurs de modèles de production de suies et leur validation. / Numerical simulations are used by engineers to design robust and clean industrial combustors. Among pollutants, soot control is an urgent societal issue and a political-industrial priority, due to its harmful impact on health and environment. Soot particles size plays an important role in its negative effect. It is therefore important to predict not only the total mass or number of emitted particles, but also their population distribution as a function of their size. In addition, soot particles can play an important role in thermal radiation. In confined configurations, controlling heat transfer related to combustion is a key issue to increase the robustness and the life cycle of combustors by avoiding wall damages. In order to correctly determine these heat losses, radiative and wall convective heat fluxes must be accounted for. They depend on the wall temperature, which is controlled by the conjugate heat transfer between the fluid and solid domains. Heat transfer impacts the flame stabilization, pollutants formation and soot production itself. Therefore, a complex coupling exists between these phenomena and the simulation of such a multi-physics problem is today recognized as an extreme challenge in combustion, especially in a turbulent flow, which is the case of most industrial combustors. Thus, the objective of this thesis is to develop a multi-physics modeling enabling the simulation of turbulent sooting flames including thermal radiation and wall heat transfer. The retained methods based on Large-Eddy Simulation (LES), a soot sectional model, conjugate heat transfer, a Monte Carlo radiation solver are combined to achieve a stateof- the-art framework. The available computational resources make nowadays affordable such simulations that will yield present-day reference results. The manuscript is organized in three parts. The first part focuses on the definition of a detailed model for the description of soot production in laminar flames. For this, the sectional method is retained here since it allows the description of the particle size distribution (PSD). The method is validated on laminar premixed and diffusion ethylene/air flames before analyzing the dynamics of pulsed diffusion flames. In the second part, an LES formalism for the sectional method is developed and used to investigate two different turbulent flames: a non-premixed jet flame and a confined pressurized swirled flame. Predicted temperature and soot volume fraction levels and topologies are compared to experimental data. Good predictions are obtained and the different soot processes in such flames are analyzed through the study of the PSD evolution. In these first simulations, wall heat losses rely on experimental measurements of walls temperature, and a coarse optically-thin radiation model. In the third part, to increase the accuracy of thermal radiation description, a Monte Carlo approach enabling to solve the Radiative Transfer Equation with detailed radiative properties of gaseous and soot phases is used and coupled to the LES solver. This coupled approach is applied for the simulation of the turbulent jet flame. Quality of radiative fluxes prediction in this flame is quantified and the nature of radiative transfers is studied. Then, a whole coupled modeling of turbulent combustion accounting for soot, conjugate heat transfer and thermal radiation is proposed by coupling three dedicated codes. This strategy is applied for a high-fidelity simulation of the confined pressurized burner. By comparing numerical results with experimental data, the proposed approach enables to predict both the wall temperature and the flame stabilization. The different simulations show that soot formation processes are impacted by the heat transfer description: a decrease of the soot volume fraction is observed with increasing heat losses. This highlights the requirement of accurate description of heat transfer for future developments of soot models and their validation.

Simulações acopladas do escoamento reativo e dos processos de transferência de calor para o estudo de chamas são problemas dispendiosos computacionalmente. A transferência de calor por radiação em processos de combustão, devido às elevadas temperaturas, é o processo de troca energética dominante. Ainda, o comportamento altamente irregular do coeficiente de absorção com o comprimento de onda se constitui em uma dificuldade adicional na modelagem da transferência radiativa em meios participantes. Para contornar essa dificuldade modelos espectrais foram desenvolvidos com o objetivo de simular o comportamento de um gás real. Dentre esses modelos destacam-se o gás cinza (GG: Gray Gas), o mais simples, que negligencia o comportamento espectral do coeficiente de absorção, e o modelo da soma-ponderada-de-gases-cinza (WSGG: Weighted-Sum-of-Gray-Gases) onde a integração sobre todo o espectro é substituída por um número finito de gases cinza. Com o avanço de ferramentas computacionais, principalmente códigos CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics), abordagens computacionais se tornaram atrativas frente ou em complemento às abordagens experimentais. Desse modo, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo a aplicação dos modelos WSGG e GG com novas correlações na simulação detalhada de chamas difusivas laminares de metano diluído com dióxido de carbono e nitrogênio com o código CFD comercial ANSYS/Fluent. Foram desenvolvidas rotinas de usuário (UDF: User-Defined Functions) para o acoplamento dos modelos espectrais ao código CFD. A verificação das rotinas de usuário foi realizada comparando os resultados obtidos via simulação Fluent com dados obtidos pelo modelo WSGG com um código FORTRAN próprio desenvolvido pelo grupo de pesquisa do Laboratório de Radiação Térmica (LRT/UFRGS) para o problema unidimensional de superfícies negras e infinitas preenchidas por um meio não-isotérmico e não-homogêneo. Os erros encontrados para o fluxo de calor radiativo nas superfícies e para o termo fonte radiativo ao longo do meio foram da ordem de 1% indicando o funcionamento correto das rotinas UDF acopladas ao Fluent. Por fim, as rotinas foram aplicadas na simulação numérica para chamas de potência constante com diluição dos reagentes e os dados obtidos com a solução numérica foram comparados com dados experimentais para a fração radiante e fluxo de calor radiativo. Os desvios médios encontrados para o fluxo de calor radiativo ficaram em torno de 10% para todas as chamas, excetuando as chamas com diluição de CO2 de 30%, 40% e 50%, em volume, para as quais os desvios médios ficaram em torno de 15%. O termo fonte para as chamas apontou para a predominância da emissão do meio em relação à absorção. Todas as chamas estudadas se encontram no regime opticamente fino (optically thin) para o qual, segundo apontam estudos da literatura, a escolha do modelo espectral possui impacto pequeno em resultados globais da chama como a temperatura e a concentração das espécies na mistura. Nesse aspecto os resultados encontrados concordaram com a previsão da literatura, entretanto para a transferência radiativa, o modelo GG se mostrou sensivelmente menos preciso em comparação ao modelo WSGG, principalmente para a fração radiante e para o fluxo radiativo na região da pluma aquecida, indicando a dependência do modelo espectral adotado. / Coupled simulations of the reactive flow with the heat transfer processes for flame studying are computationally demanding problems. The radiative transfer in combustion processes is the main heat transfer mechanism due to the high temperatures involved. However, the highly irregular behavior o f the absorption coefficient with the wavenumber composes in an additional difficulty on modeling the radiative transfer in participating media. In order to overcome this issue, spectral models were developed with the objective of simulate the behavior of real gases. Some of the most known models are the gray gas (GG) for which the spectral behavior of the radiative properties of the medium is neglected and the weighted-sum-of-gray-gases (WSGG) for which the integration over the entire spectrum is replaced by a summation over a finite number of gray gases with constant absorption coefficients. With the development of computational tools, mainly Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) codes, numerical approaches became attractive instead or in complement of experimental set ups. In this way, the present work aims to couple the WSGG and the GG models with new correlations in a detailed simulation of diffusive laminar flames of methane diluted with carbon dioxide and nitrogen with the commercial CFD code ANSYS/Fluent. User-defined functions (UDF) were developed to the coupling of the spectral models. The verification was carried out through the WSGG model by comparing the Fluent solution with a solution obtained with a FORTRAN code developed by the Thermal Radiation Laboratory (LRT/UFRGS) research group for the one-dimensional system of black surfaces filled with a non-homogeneous and non-isothermal medium. The deviations for the radiative heat flux for the walls and the radiative heat source along the domain were of 1% or less, indicating the correct coupling between the UDF routines and the CFD code. Finally, the UDF were applied in the solution of constant power flames with fuel diluted with carbon dioxide and nitrogen. The obtained data was then compared with experimental measurements for the radiant fraction and the radiative heat flux along the flame axis. The average deviations found were in order of 10% for all flames, except for the flames with 30%, 40% and 50% of CO2 dilution, in volume, for which the deviatioms found were in order of 15%. The radiative heat source was plotted and indicated for the medium emission predominance in comparison with the medium absorption. All flames studied were optically thin flames for which, studies pointed, the spectral model have minor impact over global results as flame temperature and mixture concentration. For this aspect the results found showed agreement with the literature studies predictions, however the GG model showed itself less accurate in comparison with the WSGG model for the radiant fraction and the radiative heat flux computations. So the spectral models have influence on the radiative transfer even if its effect on flame structure can be negligible.

This dissertation focuses on near-field radiative transfer, which can be defined as the discipline concerned with energy transfer via electromagnetic waves at sub-wavelength distances. Three specific subjects related to this discipline are investigated, namely nearfield thermal radiation, nanoscale-gap thermophotovoltaic (nano-TPV) power generation and optical characterization. An algorithm for the solution of near-field thermal radiation problems in one-dimensional layered media is developed, and several tests are performed showing the accuracy, consistency and versatility of the procedure. The possibility of tuning near-field radiative heat transfer via thin films supporting surface phononpolaritons (SPhPs) in the infrared is afterwards investigated via the computation of the local density of electromagnetic states and the radiative heat flux between two films. Results reveal that due to SPhP coupling, fine tuning of near-field radiative heat transfer is possible by solely varying the structure of the system, the structure being the film thicknesses and their distance of separation. The coexistence of two regimes of near-field thermal radiation between two thin films of silicon carbide is demonstrated via numerical simulations and an asymptotic analysis of the radiative heat transfer coefficient. The impacts of thermal effects on the performances of nano-TPV power generators are investigated via the solution of the coupled near-field thermal radiation, charge and heat transport problem. The viability of nano-TPV devices proposed so far in the literature, based on a tungsten radiator at 2000 K and indium gallium antimonide cell, is questioned due to excessive heating of the junction converting thermal radiation into electricity. Using a convective thermal management system, a heat transfer coefficient as high as 105 Wm-2K-1 is required to maintain the junction at room temperature. The possibility of characterizing non-intrusively, and potentially in real-time, nanoparticles from 5 nm to 100 nm in size via scattered surface wave is explored. The feasibility of the characterization framework is theoretically demonstrated via a sensitivity analysis of the scattering matrix elements. Measurements of the scattering matrix elements for 200 nm and 50 nm gold spherical particles show the great sensitivity of the characterization tool, although an ultimate calibration is difficult with the current version of the experimental set-up.

The aim of this thesis is the modeling of surface directional thermal radiation and angular correction on the LST by using empirical and physical methods as well as the analysis of field validation. The work has conducted to some conclusions. The directional emissivity of natural surfaces was obtained from MODIS emissivity product and then used in the split-window algorithm for angular correction on LST. The parameterization models of directional emissivity and thermal radiation were developed. As for the non-isothermal pixels, the daytime-TISI method was proposed to retrieve directional emissivity and effective temperature from multi-angular middle and thermal infrared data. This was validated using an airborne dataset. The kernel-driven BRDF model was checked in the thermal infrared domain and its extension was used to make angular normalization on the LST. A new model, namely FovMod that concerns on the footprint of ground sensor, was developed to simulate directional brightness temperature of row crop canopy. Based on simulation result of the FovMod, an optimal footprintfor field validation of LST was obtained. This thesis has systematically investigated the topic of directional thermal radiation and angular correction on surface temperature and its findings will improve the retrieval accuracy of temperature and emissivity from remotely sensed data and will also provide suggestion for the future design of airborne or spaceborne multi-angular thermal infrared sensors and also for the ground measurement of surface parameters.

Submitted by Leonardo Cavalcante (leo.ocavalcante@gmail.com) on 2018-06-08T09:59:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Arquivototal.pdf: 3643438 bytes, checksum: 6fd84d23d2fc6cbabb0990fff76832f1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-08T09:59:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Arquivototal.pdf: 3643438 bytes, checksum: 6fd84d23d2fc6cbabb0990fff76832f1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-16 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Introduction: The planet's climate change may raise the average temperature in all regions of Brazil. As there has been an increase in the insertion of technological innovations of communication and information (news ICT) in educational institutions, which can contribute to the increase in thermal radiation, it is therefore important to investigate how this increase in these environments may interfere with the comfort and performance of students. In the equation formulated by Fanger (1970), the thermal radiation factor is represented by the mean radiant temperature (Trm), but its impact on thermal comfort is often ignored. The globe temperature (Tg) is one of the variables of the equations for the calculation of the mean radiant temperature. It corresponds to the temperature that allows evaluating the level of thermal radiation of the existing surfaces in an environment where a significant difference between the globe temperature and the temperature of the air can demonstrate some increase of thermal radiation in the work environment. Objective: To investigate if the behavior of the globe temperature in relation to the air temperature (Tg-Ta), observing the variation of the mean radiant temperature, could have repercussion in the performance of students in intelligent teaching environments in areas of the Brazil's regions. Methods: The methodological procedures adopted in this work consisted of the following steps: analysis of thermal variables: Trm and (Tg-Ta); analysis of students' performance, analysis of architectural elements and construction of the mathematical model. The study was carried out in computerized laboratories with News ICT in the following institutions: UFPI, Teresina-Piauí (A); UFSC, Florianópolis-Santa Catarina (B); UnB, Brasília-Federal District (C); UNIVASF, Petrolina-Pernambuco (D); ICMC, São Carlos-SP (E); UFAM, Manaus-Amazonas (F); CE of the PM, João Pessoa, Paraíba (G). The students answered a questionnaire adapted from the Bateria de Provas de Raciocínio (BPR-5) on three consecutive days at different temperatures, while the thermal conditions were measured and the design and architectural elements were analyzed. Results: It was verified that in the three consecutive days, there was no heat exchange by radiation between the student and his environment in the laboratories of institutions C and F, demonstrating that in the other laboratories of institutions A, B, E and G there was heat exchange by radiation. It is noteworthy that in the laboratory of institution G this heat exchange was more pronounced, such that the mean radiant temperature at any given time exceeded the globe temperature at 2.25°Chcg/ 𝜀𝑔𝜎. However, their architectural analysis signaled that the design was adequate. So probably, the heat sources inside the laboratory should have provided increased thermal radiation, given that the number of students and laptops were representative. Thus, in the sense of confirming these findings, it was verified through the mathematical modeling that with each increase of one degree in the difference between the globe temperature and the air temperature (Tg-Ta), the students' performance in the computer laboratory of the Institution G decreased by around 29%. Therefore, the higher the mean radiant temperature, the higher the thermal radiation in this laboratory, and this increase may compromise student performance. Conclusion: Productivity may change due to changes in air temperature in air-conditioned teaching environments, as has already been demonstrated by international publications. In this specific case, if Tg >> Ta, the thermal radiation may possibly interfere with the performance of people present in environments equipped with technological innovations in communication and information (News ICT). / Introdução: As alterações climáticas do planeta poderão elevar ainda mais a temperatura média em todas as regiões do Brasil, e como tem havido um crescimento da inserção de inovações tecnológicas de comunicação e informação (news ICT) em ambientes de ensino, o que pode colaborar para o aumento da radiação térmica, torna-se assim importante investigar como esse aumento nesses ambientes poderá interferir no conforto e desempenho de estudantes. Na equação formulada por Fanger (1970), o fator de radiação térmica é representado pela temperatura radiante média (Trm), mas seu impacto sobre o conforto térmico é muitas vezes ignorado. A temperatura de globo (Tg) é uma das variáveis das equações para o cálculo da temperatura radiante média e a mesma corresponde a temperatura que permite avaliar o nível de radiação térmica das superfícies existentes em um ambiente donde uma diferença significativa entre a temperatura de globo e a temperatura do ar pode demonstrar certo aumento da radiação térmica no ambiente de trabalho. Objetivo: Investigar se a relação entre a temperatura de globo e a temperatura do ar (Tg-Ta), observando a variação da temperatura radiante média, poderá ter repercussão no desempenho de estudantes em ambientes inteligentes de ensino (News ICT) em áreas das regiões brasileiras. Métodos: Os procedimentos metodológicos adotados neste trabalho consistiram nas etapas: análise das variáveis térmicas: trm e (tg-ta); análise do desempenho dos estudantes, análise dos elementos arquitetônicos e construção do modelo matemático. O estudo foi realizado em laboratórios de informática climatizados com News ICT nas seguintes instituições: UFPI, Teresina-Piauí (A); UFSC, Florianópolis-Santa Catarina (B); UnB, Brasília-Distrito Federal (C); UNIVASF, Petrolina-Pernambuco (D); ICMC, São Carlos-SP (E); UFAM, Manaus-Amazonas (F); CE da PM, João Pessoa, Paraíba (G). Os estudantes responderam a um questionário adaptado da Bateria de Provas de Raciocínio (BPR-5) em três dias consecutivos a diferentes temperaturas, enquanto as condições térmicas eram medidas e o projeto e elementos arquitetônicos eram analisados. Resultados: Constatou-se que nos três dias consecutivos só não houve troca de calor por radiação entre o estudante e seu ambiente nos laboratórios das instituições C e F, demonstrando que nos outros laboratórios das instituições A, B, D, E e G houve troca de calor por radiação. Ressalta-se que no laboratório da instituição G essa troca de calor foi mais acentuada, tal que a temperatura radiante média em dado instante superou a temperatura de globo em 2,25 °C hcg/ 𝜀𝑔𝜎. Entretanto, sua análise arquitetônica sinalizou que o projeto tinha mais aspectos positivos.Logo, provavelmente as fontes de calor no interior do laboratório devem ter proporcionado aumento da radiação térmica, haja vista que o número de estudantes e laptops eram representativos. Assim, no sentido de confirmar esses achados, constatou-se através da modelagem matemática que a cada aumento de um grau na diferença entre a temperatura de globo e a temperatura do ar (Tg-Ta), o desempenho dos estudantes no laboratório de informática da instituição G diminuía em torno de 29%, constatando que, quanto maior a temperatura radiante média, maior será a radiação térmica nesse laboratório, e esse aumento poderá comprometer o desempenho dos estudantes. Conclusão: Como a produtividade pode sofrer alterações devido às mudanças de temperatura do ar em ambientes de ensino climatizados, conforme já comprovado por publicações internacionais, neste caso específico, se Tg>>Ta, possivelmente a radiação térmica poderá interferir no desempenho das pessoas presentes em ambiente providos de inovações tecnológicas de comunicação e informação (News ICT).

Dans le procédé de refusion à l’arc sous vide, la structure et la dynamique de l’arc électrique conditionnent les distributions spatiales d’énergie et de courant au sommet du lingot refondu. Ces distributions impactent fortement les champs de température et de vitesse du métal liquide, qui gouvernent les conditions de solidification du lingot et donc la qualité finale du produit. Une étude par mesures optiques, de la dynamique de l’arc aux longues échelles de temps lors de refusions industrielles d’alliages de titane a été entreprise. Cette analyse a été effectuée par une méthode qualitative, à l’aide d’enregistrements vidéo, et par une nouvelle méthode de diagnostic quantitative développée spécifiquement dans ce travail, à base de photodiodes. L’analyse de la dynamique de l’arc confirme la présence d’un mouvement d’ensemble de l’arc électrique lors de refusions d’alliages de titane et montre une forte corrélation entre la dynamique observée et l’intensité du brassage électromagnétique imposé. Nos résultats ont de plus permis de prédire la dynamique probable de l’arc dans des conditions non étudiées et de proposer de possibles origines à la dynamique observée. Enfin, une première approche de modélisation de cette dynamique dans le logiciel de simulation RAVEL est proposée afin d’étudier son impact sur la solidification du lingot. Ce travail présente également une modélisation détaillée des rayonnements thermiques émis au sommet du lingot, basée sur la méthode des radiosités / In the vacuum arc remelting process, the structure and dynamics of the electric arc are responsible for the spatial distributions of energy and current at the top of the remelted ingot. Those distributions strongly impact the ingot temperature field and the liquid metal velocity field, which govern the ingot solidification conditions, hence the final product quality. A study based on the optical measurement of the electric arc dynamics at a long time-scale during vacuum arc remelting of titanium alloys was undertaken. This analysis was performed either qualitatively using melt video recordings, or quantitatively by a new specifically developed diagnostic technique based on the use of photodiodes. The analysis of the electric arc dynamics confirmed the presence of an ensemble arc motion during vacuum arc remelting of titanium alloys and showed a strong correlation between the observed dynamics and the magnitude of the imposed electromagnetic stirring. Furthermore, our results allow to predict the arc dynamics in non-studied conditions and to propose possible origins for the observed behaviors. Finally, a first simulation of the influence of the arc behavior is proposed in order to study its impact on the ingot solidification. This work comprises also a detailed modelling of the thermal radiation at the ingot top, based on the radiosity method

Ce manuscrit traite du rayonnement thermique à l’échelle nanométrique et du contrôle de l’échange d’énergie radiative entre deux corps, afin d’augmenter les performances de conversion énergétique des systèmes thermophotovoltaïques (TPV). Les bases du rayonnement thermique et de la conversion photovoltaïque sont tout d’abord rappelées. Les flux rayonnés par des émetteurs multicouches supportant des phénomènes d’interférence sont ensuite calculés numériquement. Ces phénomènes permettent de contrôler le spectre d’émission et donc l’optimisation d’un émetteur sélectif pour des applications TPV. Il s’avère important de prendre en compte l’évolution en température des propriétés optiques des matériaux constituant l’émetteur. Il est démontré que le contrôle des phénomènes d’interférences au sein des structures multicouches sur substrat métallique permet d’obtenir des émissivités spectrale et totale hémisphérique 20 fois supérieures à celles du substrat seul. Le chapitre suivant est dédié au rayonnement thermique en champ proche entre un émetteur semi-infini et une couche mince. Cette configuration est proche d’un système TPV, où l’émetteur semi-infini peut être assimilé au corps rayonnant, et le film à une cellule PV. Différent phénomènes sont analysés : le comportement des résonances de polaritons de surface, l’absorption spatiale de la puissance radiative en champ proche et les phénomènes d’interférences dans le régime de transition champ proche-champ lointain. Ces phénomènes peuvent être mis à profit pour la conception de spectres optimisés. Dans le dernier chapitre, les performances de systèmes TPV en champ proche (TPV-CP) sont simulées numériquement à l’aide d’un code couplé transport des charges-rayonnement. Les modèles basés sur l’hypothèse de faible injection utilisés généralement pour simplifier le problème du transport des charges électriques dans la cellule PV sont évalués en détails. Différentes architectures de cellules permettant d’optimiser les performances du système sont présentées en conclusion. Ces travaux offrent un nouvel éclairage sur le rayonnement des structures multicouches et leur application à la conversion thermophotovoltaïque. / This thesis deals with thermal radiation at nanoscale in order to increase the energy conversion performances of thermophotovoltaic systems (TPV) The basics of thermal radiation and of photovoltaic energy conversion are recalled first. The flux radiated by few-layers emitters supporting interference phenomena are then calculated numerically. These phenomena allows controlling the emission spectrum, and thus the optimization of a selective emitter for TPV application. The next chapter is dedicated to near-field thermal radiation between a semi-infinite emitter and a flat film. This configuration is close to a TPV system, where the semi-infinite emitter can be related to the radiating body, and the film to the photovoltaic device. Different phenomena are analyzed: the behavior of the surface polariton resonances, the spatiale absorption of the radiative power and the interference phenomena in the near-to-far field transition regime. These phenomena can be used to design optimal spectra. In the last chapter, the performances of TPV system under near-field regime (NFR-TPV) are numerically simulated with a coupled charge transport/thermal radiation code. The models based on the low-injection approximation commonly used to simplify the charge transport problem inside the PV device are evaluated in details. Several cell architectures optimizing the performances of the system are then presented. All these results shed new light on thermal radiation of multilayers and their application to thermophotovoltaic conversion.