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Personality processes in the development of alcohol problems during the college years and beyondO'Neill, Susan E., January 2004 (has links)
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2004. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 59-72). Also available on the Internet.
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Proximity to Sport-Related Goals and Alcohol Consumption by Student-AthletesGee, Alexandra January 2013 (has links)
No description available.
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An experimental evaluation of alcohol expectancies activation and immediate alcohol consumptionLau, Hoyee Cathy 01 April 2003 (has links)
No description available.
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The role that advertising plays in alcoholic beverage consumption patterns of the youth of Tshwane.Mposi, Zwanga Sonia. January 2014 (has links)
M. Tech. Marketing / The primary objective of this study was to investigate the role that advertising plays in alcoholic beverage consumption patterns of the youth of Tshwane. Several secondary research objectives were set which include: examining the overall alcoholic beverage consumption of young people, the alcoholic beverage types and brands consumed, exposure to alcoholic beverage brand advertising, exposure to media in which alcoholic beverages are advertised, differences between males and females with regards to their consumption of alcoholic beverages as well as the alcoholic beverage types they consume, the relationship between age and alcoholic beverage consumption, income and alcoholic beverage consumption and other factors that can influence young people to consume alcoholic beverages.
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Quantity and frequency of alcohol consumption race-gender differences during late adolescence and early adulthood /McCabe, Staci Eileen. January 2009 (has links)
Thesis (M.A.)--Kent State University, 2009. / Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Oct. 6, 2009) Advisor: C. Andre Christie-Mizell. Keywords: Substance Use; Alcohol; Race; Gender; Life Course Transitions Includes bibliographical references (p. 38-49)
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Effects of Daily Social Support on Tension-Reduction DrinkingBrannan, Deborah L. 01 January 2011 (has links)
Researchers have argued that in times of need having supportive, caring people available can make all the difference between achieving optimum health and well-being or suffering from mental or physical illness (Cobb, 1976; Sarason & Sarason, 1985; Thoits, 1986). The direct-effect model of support postulates that having the knowledge of available relationship resources (i.e., perceived support) and receiving benefits from those relationships (i.e., received support) both have beneficial effects on health behaviors and well-being (Cohen & Wills, 1985). According to the stress-buffering model, when stressors are encountered, the certainty of having available resources, as well as having tangible support resources, is hypothesized to lessen the negative effects of stressors (Cohen, et al., 2000; Cohen &Wills, 1985, Cutrona, 1986; Thoits, 1986). Most of the research that has examined social support effects on drinking-related outcomes has focused on the association between support and alcohol problems, particularly among high risk populations (those who are alcohol dependent, alcohol abusers, or adolescents). Yet, it could be argued that when examining drinking levels, not all consumption is harmful. Of particular concern is drinking that is motivated to reduce negative or stressful experiences. Individuals who use drinking as a method of avoidant coping, or reducing tension drink significantly more alcohol and be at a greater risk for developing later drinking problems (Cooper, Russell, & George, 1988). Research employing daily process methodology has been able to resolve documented methodological inconsistencies (e.g., Greeley & Oei, 1999) by examining the within-person processes between negative experiences and alcohol consumption (Tennen & Affleck, 1996; Tennen, Affleck, Armeli, & Carney, 2000; Mohr et al., 2008). Similarly, these methodologies have been useful to social support researchers in helping to understand social support as a within-person process rather than just an interpersonal event between two individuals. This research was part of a larger study about the influence of alcohol use on daily emotion regulation among 47 moderate-to-heavy drinking adults in the local metropolitan area. Participants carried a personal data assistant (handheld interviewer) for 30 days, responding to surveys three times each day (late afternoon, evening). Each survey probed supportive and negative interpersonal exchanges and drinking behaviors. Prior to the daily diary portion of the study, participants completed the Interpersonal Support Evaluation List, a measure of perceived social support. For purposes of analyses, I examined the extent to which exchanges occurring in an earlier interview predicted subsequent solitary drinking at home using data from 2 of the three interviews (predicting evening and late evening drinking only). My analyses revealed that daily socially supportive exchanges had a significant direct effect on subsequent drinking at home alone. Interestingly, the daily supportive exchanges did not buffer the negative exchanges-later drinking relationship. However, my findings revealed that negative exchanges also resulted in a reduction in subsequent consumption, which contrasts previous studies that used similar methodologies but with heavier drinkers (e.g., Mohr et al., 2001). Further, perceived support was not related to solitary consumption. The results of this study indicate that in healthy adults, positively appraised received support directly reduces solitary consumption. This is an important finding given that received support is difficult to document. At the same time, my results showed that among these types of drinkers, negative exchanges may have a stronger direct effect than positive exchanges on solitary consumption. In non-clinical samples, such as this the relationship between social support and drinking is not straightforward. Thus, using a sophisticated methodology (i.e., daily process methods), this study was able to examine the relationship of drinking and social support on a daily basis; thus, further bridging the gap between social support and the drinking literature.
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Glycerol and wineNieuwoudt, Helene Hesta 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Key research areas in modern enology are related to the production of wine of
consistent quality, as well as to the improvement of existing wine quality through the
enhancement of the sensory properties of wine. The formation of glycerol during
alcoholic fermentation is highly relevant to both these issues. Since the early years of
the zo" century, glycerol has been positively associated with the quality of wine and it
is thought to impart important mouth-feel sensations such as "viscosity",
"smoothness" and "body". In general, it is considered that glycerol concentrations
higher than those normally found in wine, can contribute towards the improvement of
wine quality. It has also been suggested that increased concentrations of glycerol
can enhance the aroma of wine. On the basis of these perceptions, several strategies
have been developed to favour the production of glycerol during the fermentation
process and over a period of years, a large volume of data has been collected that
relates to various aspects regarding glycerol production during alcoholic
fermentation.
To date, however, several aspects regarding the relationship between glycerol
and wine quality remain unclear. The reasons for this situation can mainly be
ascribed to the lack of reliable analytical data to serve as a basis for investigating the
relationship between glycerol and wine quality, as well as the preponderance of
empirical and anecdotal evidence. Despite numerous opinions regarding optimal
glycerol concentrations in wine, glycerol is indeed seldom assayed on a routine basis
and targets with respect to specific wine grape cultivars and glycerol concentrations
have largely remained unspecified. To date, very little information regarding glycerol
concentrations in South African wines has been published. The analytical techniques
that are most frequently used for the quantification of glycerol in grape juice,
fermenting must and wine are not easily automated and this aspect placed severe
limitations on the generation of large volumes of analytical data on glycerol
concentrations in these matrices.
This project was undertaken with the aim to holistically address some of the
unresolved issues relating to the relationship between glycerol and wine quality. This
also implied the development and optimisation of analytical techniques suitable for
the rapid and accurate determination of glycerol in fermentation media, as well as in
finished wine. In the first stage of this project a quantitative database was established
that contained the analytical data on the glycerol concentrations of a statistically
significant number of wines of adjudged quality, as well as additional information for
each wine regarding the geographic origin, vintage, routine chemical analyses and
the yeast strain(s) used for the production of the wine. The relevance of glycerol in
wine for the modern South African winemaker was evaluated through the
establishment of a quantitative database that contained the opinions of an expert
panel of 15 South African winemakers, enologists and wine chemists on topics
relating to glycerol in wine.
In the second stage of the project the data captured in the databases were
used to investigate aspects regarding the relationship between glycerol and wine quality. From the data captured in the qualitative database, it was clear that the topic
regarding glycerol in wine was important to the South African winemakers and it was
also evident that there was a need for the development and optimisation of methods
suitable for the routine analysis of the glycerol concentrations in grape juice,
fermenting must and wine. The opinions of the panel members also highlighted the
issue that the mouth-feel property of wine was considered to be an area where the
quality of some wines could be further improved.
The quantitative database contained the information on the glycerol
concentrations of 450 commercial South African table wines of adjudged quality. The
premium cultivars Chardonnay, Chenin blanc, Sauvignon blanc, Cabernet
Sauvignon, Merlot, Shiraz and Pinotage were used for the purpose of investigating
the relationship between glycerol concentration and wine quality. The wines
represented a wide variety of wine styles, including dry white, off-dry white, dry red
and late harvest wines. The average glycerol concentration was significantly
associated with the wine style. In white wines the average glycerol concentration was
much lower than in the red wines (6.82 gIL versus 10.49 gIL, respectively). No
significant relationship between the final glycerol concentration and the geographic
origin, vintage and the yeast strain used for the fermentation was found. Wine quality
could not be significantly associated with glycerol concentration in the red wines. In
the white wines, the relationship between glycerol concentration and wine quality was
significant, but due to the very small differences in the average glycerol
concentrations of the wines of different quality ratings, the statistical significance is
probably of little practical value.
The effect of glycerol on the volatility of a selection of esters and higher alcohols
was also investigated. Solid-phase microextraction, followed by gas chromatography,
was used to analyse the composition of the headspace at equilibrium between the
liquid phase and the gas phase of a model wine, and a dry white wine that contained
a basal concentration of 5.4 gIL glycerol. Results showed that incremental increases
in the glycerol concentrations over a range of 1 -10 gIL in the model wine and in a
Chenin blanc wine, were not accompanied by a proportional increase or decrease in
the abundance of the aroma components in the headspace. The volatile components
tested were isoamyl acetate, ethyl butyrate, ethyl valerate, ethyl lactate, ethyl
hexanoate, hexyl acetate, isoamyl alcohol and isobutanol. For all the volatile
components tested, the difference between the headspace composition of samples
containing the lowest glycerol concentration, and those containing the highest
glycerol concentration, was not significant. However, sufficient experimental evidence
was obtained to indicate that increasing glycerol concentrations had an effect on the
volatility of aroma components, and that the effect is of a complex and non-linear
nature.
In the third phase of the work Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR)
was used to establish and optimise methods for the accurate and rapid quantification
of glycerol in wine. For this purpose calibrations were developed for the quantification
of glycerol in dry wine and late harvest wines. The accuracy of prediction was
evaluated by means of the standard error of prediction that was 0.38 gIL for the dry
wines and 0.65 gIL for the sweet wines. Large variations are introduced in the FT-IR spectra of wine by factors such as process technology, cultivar and geographic
origin, and this variation can have an effect on the accuracy of the analytical data
generated when employing FT-IR spectroscopy. Using glycerol prediction in wine as
a model system, principal component analysis of the FT-IR spectra was done in order
to establish quality control measures for the detection of poorly predicted, or outlier
samples. A classification model, based on principal component analysis, was
established that enabled the interpretation and classification of the outlier samples in
the data set in 100% of the cases tested. This work forms the basis for expanding the
quality control measures for the detection of wines of which the FT-IR spectra are
highly unnatural, as well as for establishing quality control measures to ensure that
accurate analytical data are generated when FT-IR is used.
FT-IR spectroscopy was also used to develop a rapid screen for the evaluation of
the fermentation profiles of wine yeasts. For this purpose, a selection of wine yeasts,
which included commercial wine yeasts frequently used in winemaking in South
Africa, as well as a selection of hybrid Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeasts, that were
obtained through a selective breeding strategy aimed at increasing glycerol
concentrations were used. Calibrations necessary for the accurate quantification of
glycerol, volatile acidity, ethanol, reducing sugar and glucose, in Chenin blanc must
and a synthetic must were developed and optimised. This work forms the basis upon
which the scope of the analysis, both in terms of the number of components that can
be measured, as well as the medium in which the yeasts are being evaluated, can be
enlarged. This would be valuable for future applications in both the research as well
as the industrial environment. The method that was developed serves to illustrate
how this application can play a supportive role in yeast development programmes,
through the speeding up of the initial stages of yeast strain evaluation. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Navorsing in moderne wynkunde is sterk gefokus op die produksie van wyn waarvan
die kwaliteit van In volhoubare goeie peil is, sowel as die verdere verbetering van
bestaande wynkwaliteit, deur In verhoging van die sensoriese eienskappe van wyn.
Die vorming van gliserol tydens alkoholiese fermentasie het betrekking op beide
hierdie aspekte. In Opvatting wat wyd gehuldig word en wat reeds sedert die vroeë
jare van die 20e eeu geld, impliseer dat gliserol In positiewe bydrae lewer tot
wynkwaliteit. Oor die algemeen word dit beskou dat gliserolvlakke hoër as wat
normaalweg in wyn aangetref word, kan bydra om die kwaliteit van die wyn nog
verder te vehoog. Daar is ook spekulasie dat verhoogde gliserolvlakke in wyn die
intensiteit van die aroma van wyn kan verhoog. Hierdie opvattings het tot gevolg
gehad dat veskeie strategieë ontwikkel is om die gliserol vlakke wat tydens die
fermentasieproses gevorm word, te verhoog.
Baie min inligting oor die gliserolinhoud van Suid-Afrikaanse wyn is tot onlangs
gepubliseer. Ten spyte van die opvattings oor gliserol en wynkwaliteit wat reeds oor
In lang tydperk gehuldig word, bly sekere aspekte van die verwantskap tussen
gliserol en wynkwaliteit nog steeds onduidelik. Redes vir hierdie situasie kan
hoofsaaklik toegeskryf word aan die totale afwesigheid van betroubare en
substansiële eksperimentele data wat as basis kan dien vir die evaluering van die
algemene opvattings aangaande die verwantskap tussen gliserol en wynkwaliteit. Die
inligting wat wel beskikbaar is, is verder ook oorwegend van In empiriese aard.
Huidig word gliserol selde op In roetine basis in die analitiese laboratorium bepaal,
hoofsaaklik omdat die bestaande metodes tydrowend is en nie maklik geoutomatiseer
kan word nie.
In hierdie studie is In kwantitatiewe databasis opgestel waarin die inligting ten
opsigte van die gliserolvlakke van 450 kommersiële Suid-Afrikaanse tafelwyne
waarvan die kwaliteit beoordeel is, vervat is. Die kultivars Chardonnay, Chenin blanc,
Sauvignon blanc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Shiraz en Pinotage is gebruik vir
hierdie doel en die seleksie van wyne was verteenwoordigend van In wye
verskeidenheid wynstyle, insluitende droë wit-, halfdroë wit-, droë rooi- en laatoeswyne.
Die gemiddelde gliserolvlakke in die witwyne was heelwat laer as die
gemidelde gliserolvlakke in die droë rooiwyne (6.82 gIL teenoor 10.49 gIL,
onderskeidelik). Geen beduidende verwantskap kon aangetoon word tussen die
gliserolkonsentrasie in die wyn en die geografiese oorsprong, oesjaar, en die gisras
wat gebruik is in die produksie van die wyn nie. Die kwaliteit van rooiwyn kon nie
beduidend met die gliserolkonsentrasie geassosieer word nie. In die geval van wit
wyn was die verwantskap statisties beduidend, maar die verskille was klein en
moontlik nie van veel praktiese waarde nie.
Die aktualiteit van gliserol vir die moderne Suid-Afrikaanse wynmaker is
geëvalueer op grond van die opinies van In paneel van 15 Suid-Afrikaanse kundiges, rakende aspekte wat verband hou met die algemene opvattings oor gliserol en wyn.
Die paneel het bestaan uit wynmakers, wynkundiges en chemici. Die opinie van die
panel is deur middel van "n vraelys bekom en is vervat in "n kwalitatiewe databasis.
Die resultate van hierdie menigspeiling het getoon dat gliserol wel vir die Suid-
Afrikaanse wynmakers belangrik is en dit het ook die behoefte uitgewys vir die
ontwikkeling en optimisering van metodes wat geskik is vir die roetine analyses van
gliserol in wyn.
Die invloed van gliserol op die vlugtigheid van "n seleksie van hoëralkohole en
esters is ondersoek in "n model wyn sowel as "n wit wyn, waarvan die basiese
gliserolkonsentrasie 5.4 gIL was. Soliede-fase mikroekstraksie van die gasfase van
wyn is opgevolg met "n gaschromatografiese analise. Resultate het getoon dat "n
stapsgewyse toename in die gliserol konsentrasie, oor "n konsentrasie reeks van 0 -
10 gIL in die model wyn, en 0 - 15 gIL in die wit wyn, nie gepaard gegaan het met "n
reglynige toename of afname in die konsentrasie van die aromakomponente nie. Vir
al die komponente wat ondersoek is, was die samestelling van die gasfase in
monsters wat die laagste gliserol konsentrasie gehad het, teenoor dié wat die
hoogste gliserol konsentrasie gehad het, nie beduidend nie. Nietemin het die
resultate getoon dat gliserol wel "n effek het op die vlugtigheid van die aroma
komponente wat in hierdie ondersoek gebruik is, maar dat die aard van die effek
kompleks en nie-liniê is.
Fourier-transformasie-infrarooispektroskopie (FT-IR) is gebruik om die metodes
vir die analise van gliserol in wyn sodanig te optimiser, dat vinnige en akkurate
bepalings op "n roetine basis in wyn gedoen kan word. Kalibrasies is ontwikkel vir die
kwantifisering van gliserol in droëwyn en laatoeswyn. Die standaard voorspellingsfout
van die kalibrasies wat ontwikkel is, was 0.38 gIL in droëwyn en 0.65 gIL in die geval
van laatoeswyn. Inherente variasie in die FT-IR-spektra word deur eksterne faktore
soos die proses tegnologie wat gebruik is om die wyn te berei, die kultivar en
geografiese oorsprong van die wyn veroorsaak en hierdie variasie kan "n effek hê op
die voorspelingsakkuraatheid van FT-IR spektroskopie. Om die effek van hierdie
variasie op die akkuraarheid van die analitiese data te evalueer, is die voorspelling
van gliserol as modelsisteem gebruik. Hoofkomponentanalise van die FT-IR spektra
is gedoen om dié wyne met onnatuurlike FT-IR-spektra te identifiseer, ten einde
beheer oor die akkuraatheid van die analitiese data uit te oefen. "n Verdere model
wat ook gebaseer is op hoofkomponentanalise van die FT-IR-wynspektra is ontwikkel
vir die interpretasie en klassifikasie van wynmonsters met onnatuurlike FT-IRspektra.
Met die model wat ontwikkel is kon onnatuurlike wynmonsters met "n
akkuraatheid van 100% gëidentifiseer word. Hierdie werk vorm die basis waarop
kwaliteitsbeheer verder uitgebrei kan word sodat wyne met onnatuurlike spektra
gëidentifiseer kan word, sowel as om te verseker dat akkurate data gegenereer word
as FT-IR as analitiese metode gebruik word vir die kwantifisering van gliserol in wyn.
FT-IR spektroskopie is ook gebruik om "n vinnige skandeerproses te ontwikkel
waarmee die fermentasieprofiele van wyngiste geëvalueer kan word. Die seleksie giste wat vir hierdie doel gebruik is, sluit kommersiële Suid-Afrikaanse wyngiste in,
sowel as hibriede Saccharomyces cerevisia-giste wat normaalweg hoër vlakke van
gliserol tydens die fermentasieproses produseer. Kalibrasies is ontwikkel vir die
akkurate kwantifisering van gliserol, vlugtige suur, alkohol, reduserende suiker en
glukose, in Chenin blanc-mos sowel as in 'n sintetiese medium. Hierdie werk vorm
die basis waarop verdere uitbreidings gedoen kan word, sodat meer metaboliete
gemeet kan word en 'n groter verskeidenheid van fermentasiemedia gebruik kan
word. Hierdie ontwikkeling is waardevol vir toekomstige toepassings in die
navorsings- sowel as die industriële omgewing. Die metode wat ontwikkel is illustreer
ook hoe hierdie toepassing 'n ondersteunende rol kan speel in wyngisontwikkelingsprogramme
deur die aanvanklike evalueringsproses van die giste te
versnel.
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Characterisation and improvement of whiskey yeastLa Grange-Nel, Karin 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Scotch whiskey is of two main types, namely Scotch malt whiskey, made from malted
barley alone, or Scotch grain whiskey, made from cereals, such as wheat or maize,
together with malted barley. In both processes, the enzymes from the barley are
responsible for starch conversion and should always be derived entirely from the
malted barley. No exogenous enzymes are allowed to be added to any mashing.
The enzymes involved in the conversion process to fermentable sugars, are the aand
p-amylases, limit dextrinase and p-glucosidase.
Maize, on the other hand, contains no enzyme activity, therefore enzymes need
to be added when producing whiskey from maize alone. In other whiskey-producing
countries where maize is freely available and cheaper than barley, the use of
exogenous enzymes are allowed in the mashing process and is crucial for the
formation of fermentable sugars from complex carbohydrates. The cost of the
enzymes, however, can push the production cost of whiskey to higher levels.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae does not have any amylolytic activity, but is an
excellent fermenter and produces favourable organoleptic notes, which makes it very
suitable for producing potable spirit. Efforts have been made to genetically improve
industrial strains, relying on classical genetic techniques followed by the selection of
broad traits, such as ethanol tolerance, absence of off-flavours and
carbohydrate/starch utilisation. No strain has thus far been selected for total starch
degradation during the fermentation of whiskey mash.
Over the last decade, considerable progress has been made in the development
of genetically improved strains for the distilling, wine, brewing and baking industries.
The expression of heterologous genes introduced a new dimension in approaches to
the genetic improvement of industrial strains. It would therefore be cost-effective to
use a yeast strain that can produce active and sufficient enzymes to ferment raw
starch efficiently to alcohol without lowering the quality of the end product. No such
strain has been developed to date, but the continuous improvement of starch-utilising
strains has made this goal more achievable.
Two a-amylase genes, namely LKA 1 and LKA2, were previously isolated from
Lipomyces kanonenkoae. In this study, we selected 4 strains on the basis of criteria
that are important for whiskey-specific strains. The selected strains were
transformed with LKA 1, as well as with a combination of LKA 1 and LKA2 genes. The
wine yeast VIN13 was included in the transformation of LKA1 and LKA2 because of
its rapid fermentation rate. The genes were integrated into the genomes of the yeast
strains and were stable after many generations. Assays showed that a significant
increase in enzyme activity was induced in the whiskey strains, compared to the
untransformed strains. The strains also showed good fermentation ability in whiskey
fermentations, although optimum alcohol production was still not achieved. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Skotse whiskey bestaan uit 2 tipes, nl. mout whiskey, gemaak slegs van mout d.w.s.
gars wat die mout proses ondergaan het, en graan whiskey wat gemaak word van
gewasse soos mielies of koring, waarby mout gevoeg word. Die ensieme afkomstig
van die mout is verantwoordelik vir die omsetting van stysel na fermenteerbare
suikers en geen eksogene ensieme mag by die gars- of graanmengsel gevoeg word
nie. Die ensieme wat betrokke is by die omsetting van stysel, is die a- en ~-
arnitases, limiet dekstrinase en ~-glukosidase.
Mielies bevat geen ensiemaktiwiteit nie, dus moet ensieme by die proses gevoeg
word indien slegs mielies vir die vervaardiging van whiskey gebruik word. In whiskey
produserende lande waar mielies vryelik beskikbaar is en goedkoper is as gars, word
eksogene ensieme by die graanmengsel gevoeg vir die vrystelling van
fermenteerbare suikers vanaf komplekse koolhidrate. Die hoë koste van die ensieme
kan egter die produksiekoste van whiskey verhoog.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae besit geen amilolitiese aktiwiteit nie, maar is 'n
uitstekende fermenteerder en produseer gewensde organoleptiese geure. Om
hierdie redes is S. cerevisiae baie geskik vir die produksie van drinkbare etanol.
Navorsingspogings om industriële rasse geneties m.b.v. klassieke genetiese
metodes te verbeter, kom wydverspreid in die literatuur voor. Dit sluit in die seleksie
van rasse met 'n verskeidenheid van eienskappe soos etanol toleransie, die
afwesigheid van afgeur produksie en koolhidraat/stysel benutting. Geen ras is egter
tot op hede geselekteer vir totale stysel afbraak gedurende fermentasie nie.
Groot vordering is gedurende die laaste dekade gemaak in die ontwikkeling van
genetiese verbeterde rasse vir die wyn- stokery- en brouers industrieë. Die uitdruk
van heterogene gene in gisrasse gee 'n nuwe dimensie aan die genetiese
verbetering van industriële rasse. Die gebruik van 'n gisras wat aktiewe en
genoegsame ensieme produseer om rou stysel te fermenteer, sonder om die kwalitiet
van die eindproduk nadelig te beïnvloed, kan die produksiekoste van whiskey
aansienlik verminder. Geen gisras met hierdie eienskap is tot op hede ontwikkel nie,
maar die voortdurende verbetering van rasse om stysel af te breek maak hierdie doel
meer bereikbaar.
Twee a-amilase gene, nl. LKA 1 en LKA2 is voorheen uit Lipomyces
kononenkoae geïsoleer. In hierdie studie is 4 gisrasse geselekteer op grond van die
kriteria wat nodig is vir whiskey giste. Die geselekteerde rasse is getransformeer met
LKA 1 sowel as 'n kombinasie van LKA 1 en LKA2 gene. Die wyngis VIN13 is
ingesluit by die transformasie met die LKA1 en LKA2 gene, omrede VIN13 bekend is
as 'n vinnige fermenteerder. Die gene is geïntegreer in die genoom van die
verskillende gisrasse en is stabiel na vele generasies. Die getransformeerde rasse
het 'n betekenisvolle verhoging in ensiemaktiwiteit teenoor die nie-getransformeerde rasse getoon. AI die transformante het ook goeie fermentasie vermoë getoon in
whiskey fermentasie proewe. Optimum alkoholproduksie is egter nie verkry nie.
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ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION IN A VILLAGE IN NORTH INDIADorschner, Jon Peter January 1981 (has links)
Culture plays a significant role in defining how alcohol is consumed and in determining the attitudes of the nonconsuming population toward the consumer. While the mechanics of the relationship between alcohol consumption and culture have been extensively investigated in the industrialized world, there is a paucity of studies concerning developing nations. This study contributes to available data by examining in detail alcohol consumption within one North Indian caste group, the Rajputs. The Rajputs have played a unique role in Indian history, first as conquering invaders and later as martial rulers sworn to defend Hindu India. In the subject village, which is over 80 percent Rajput, they are the principal landholders and control the power structure. A survey of a variety of jatis within the village also confirmed their reputation as heavy drinkers. Investigation of the Rajput in relation to other jatis revealed significant differences in childrearing practices, family structure, marriage, religiosity and sex role differentiation between the two groups. This was seen to result in a different basic personality being evident in Rajputs and non-Rajputs. The Rajputs' ongoing ties to their marital past were found to dictate that Rajput males express their martiality by repressing a broad range of intense emotions, including fear, loneliness and despair, and that they restrict the expression of intimacy in personal relationships. Family life, childrearing, marriage and sexual relationships were all subordinated to this overriding concern. Alcohol plays a crucial role in this cultural scheme in that it is viewed as a culturally-sanctioned "escape valve," its consumption resulting in "disinhibiting" behavior not usually associated with the stoic Rajput personality. Evidence of this assigned role was seen in the high associations of alcohol consumption with the release of violence and sexual passions and its function as a social lubricant providing the means for the individual Rajput to function in social situations in which he feels uncomfortable. The sociocultural roles assigned to the consumption of alcohol in Rajput culture were found to bear a striking resemblance to those found in North American culture, specifically in the United States.
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Uso da padronização interna em espectrometria de absorção atômica em forno de grafite na determinação de 'SE' e 'NI' em bebidas não alcoólicas /Oliveira, Adriana Paiva de. January 2005 (has links)
Orientador: José Anchieta Gomes Neto / Resumo: Foram feitos estudos sistemáticos envolvendo padronização interna (PI) em determinações de elementos-traço em bebidas não alcoólicas por espectrometria de absorção atômica em forno de grafite (GFAAS). A influência da composição química das amostras, da concentração do padrão interno, do volume injetado de amostra, da diluição e do desgaste da superfície grafítica ilustraram a potencialidade de PI na melhoria da precisão e da exatidão analítica ou mesmo na minimização de efeitos de amostragem e de matriz. Arsênio e Ge foram avaliados como padrões internos na determinação de Se em água mineral gaseificada, água de coco e leite. Ambos melhoraram o desempenho analítico, seja no aspecto da precisão e exatidão como na minimização dos efeitos de matriz e amostragem. Nesse estudo foram utilizados como modificadores químicos Pd(NO3)2 + Mg(NO3)2 , W/Rh e W associado a co-injeção de Pd(NO3)2. Os desvios padrões relativos (%RSD) obtidos por meio da PI foram 0,5 a 3,5% (As) e de 1,0 a 3,1% (Ge), e na ausência da PI foram de 1,0 a 6,5%. A exatidão do método proposto foi avaliada por meio de teste de adição e recuperação de analito e os valores de recuperação (n=3) obtidos foram 94-109% (As) e 98-104% (Ge) com a PI e de 70-100% sem a PI. As concentrações de Se nessas amostras variaram de 5,0-25 æg L-1. No caso das amostras de água mineral gaseificada houve um aumento de 15% no tempo de vida útil do tubo e um acréscimo na confiabilidade dos resultados, apesar da superfície grafítica deteriorada. Cobalto foi avaliado como padrão interno na determinação de Ni em refrigerante e apresentou potencial para minimizar problemas de amostragem causados por gases dissolvidos. O modificador químico utilizado foi Mg(NO3)2. Os desvios padrões relativos obtidos foram de 0,5 a 3,4% e de 1,0 a 7,0% na presença e na ausência da PI, respectivamente... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Systematic studies of internal standardization (IS) were carried out on the simultaneous determination of trace elements in non-alcoholic beverages by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS). The influence of samples matrices, analyte concentration, injected sample volume, sample dilution and graphite surface degradation showed the potentiality of IS on the improvement of precision and accuracy of results, or in the minimization of matrix and sampling effects. Arsenic and Ge were evaluated as internal standards for the determination of Se in sparkling waters, coconut water and milk. Different chemical modifiers Pd(NO3)2 + Mg(NO3)2 , W/Rh e W + co-injection of Pd(NO3)2 were evaluated. The relative standard deviation (%RSD) obtained by IS were 0.5-3.5% (As) and 1.0-3.1% (Ge), and in the absence of IS were 1.0-6.5%. The accuracy of the proposed method was evaluated by addition-recovery test and the recovery (n=3) were 94-109% (As) and 98-104% (Ge) with the IS and 70-100% without IS. The Se concentrations in these samples varied from 5.0-25 æg L-1. For sparkling waters there was an increase in 15% in the lifetime of atomizer. Cobalt was evaluated as an internal standard in the determination of Ni in soft drinks and it minimized sampling problems caused by dissolved gases. Nitrate magnesium was used as chemical modifier. The relative standard deviation obtained were 0.5-3.4% and 1.0-7.0% in presence and absence of IS, respectively. The accuracy of the proposed method was evaluated by addition-recovery test and the recovery (n=3) were 98-104% and 78-91% with and without IS, respectively... (Complete abstract, access undermentioned electronic address) / Doutor
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