This study evaluated methods for controlling Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella non-pathogenic bacterial surrogates during the production of marinated non-intact beef products. Hot (~30 degrees C) boneless, beef strip loins (n = 54, Institutional Meat Purchase Specification 180) were inoculated with one of two levels (approximately 5.8 and 1.9 log10 CFU/cm2, hereafter referred to as high- and low-inoculated, respectively) of non-pathogenic, rifampicin-resistant E. coli organisms used to simulate harvest floor contamination. The inoculated beef strip loins were chilled at 2 degrees C for 24 h, and then vacuum packaged and aged for 7 to 24 days at 2 degrees C. The beef strip loins were subjected to one of five treatments or control (no treatment). Spray treatments were: 2.5% L-lactic acid, 5.0% L-lactic acid, 1,050 ppm acidified sodium chlorite, 205 ppm peroxyacetic acid, and tap water. Lactic acid treatments were applied at ~53 degrees C, whereas the other sprays were applied at room temperature (~25 degrees C). Treated and control pieces were tumble marinated using a commercial marinade. Sample counts were collected throughout the experiment to track reductions in inoculated microorganisms as impacted by antimicrobial treatment and processing. For the high-inoculated strip loins, the 5.0% L-lactic acid treatment was most effective (P < 0.05) across treatments and control at reducing surrogate organisms on meat surfaces before marination, producing a 2.6 log10 CFU/cm2 reduction. The water treatment accounted for the least (P < 0.05) reductions across treatments and control of surrogate organisms on the meat surface before marination. Peroxyacetic acid produced the greatest reduction of surface surrogate organisms in the finished, marinated product. The water treatment resulted in greater internalization of surrogate microorganisms when compared to the control. Furthermore, certain less effective antimicrobial sprays such as water may facilitate internalization of surface bacteria, more so than non-treated subprimals. It is important that producers of non-intact beef products focus on using effective antimicrobial sprays that maximize reductions and minimize internalization of surface bacteria into the finished product.

Numerous outbreaks of foodborne illness have been attributed to non-intact beef (e.g., tenderized, marinated, and enhanced) products contaminated with Escherichia coli O157:H7. Organic acids are commonly utilized in the beef industry as antimicrobial interventions, which must be validated to eliminate or reduce E. coli O157:H7 to an undetectable level. Rifampicin-resistant Biotype I E. coli O157:H7 surrogate microorganisms (ATCC BAA-1427, BAA-1428, and BAA-1430) were applied as a cocktail (7.8 log10 CFU/ml) to three beef products (boneless strip loins, top sirloin butts, and bottom sirloin flaps) prior to treatment with an antimicrobial intervention (2.5% Beefxide or 2.9% lactic acid). Products were then subjected to a single or multiple pass tenderization and/or marination process. Beefxide and lactic acid treatments resulted in statistically significant log reductions of the microorganisms (P < 0.05) on the surfaces for all three products. Surrogate microorganisms were recovered from interior samples of all three products after mechanical tenderization. Additionally, surrogate concentrations recovered from flap surface and internal samples taken post-tumbling and marination were statistically similar (P < 0.05). These data indicate that tenderization and marination processes can transfer microorganisms into the interior of whole-muscle cuts, and suggest Beefxide and lactic acid may be similar in their efficacy as an antimicrobial applied as an intervention in the production of non-intact beef products.

Multi-hull vessels have been considered for high-speed, military and commercial applications for decades. More recently the trimaran vessel, with three hulls, has captured interest among naval ship designers and stakeholders. A definition of multi-hulls is introduced as a continuum with monohulls on one end, catamarans on the other, and trimarans in-between. A review of methods to assess intact and damaged stability follows in addition to an overview of current research in the area of dynamic stability for monohulls and trimarans. An investigation of intact stability characteristics for multi-hulls along the continuum is presented and their trends are examined. Next, a series of trimaran configurations are modeled in CAD with subdivision to determine their allowable KG according to USN deterministic criteria and using quasi-static methods. A response surface model was determined for allowable KG as a function of center hull length to beam, side hull beam to draft, transverse position, and displacement for use as a rule of thumb measure and potential optimization constraint. / Master of Science / Ships which have more than one hull are called multi-hulls. In contrast to a monohull, which comprises of a single hull form, catamarans, trimarans, quadramarans, and pentamarans consist of two, three, four, and five hulls respectively and make up the multi-hull group of ships. Multi-hulls have been considered for high-speed, military and commercial applications for decades. More recently trimaran ships, with three hull forms, have captured interest among naval ship designers and stakeholders. This thesis provides a definition of multi-hulls as a continuum with monohulls on one end, catamarans on the other, and trimarans in-between. An assessment of ship stability quantifies a ship’s risk of capsize in a particular loading condition and environment. The intact ship condition is assessed as well as damaged ship conditions where the certain compartments are subject to flooding from the sea. Initially, a quasi-static method is first undertaken where the ship characteristics are computed at discrete motion points of interest and integrated. This thesis includes a review of quasi-static methods employed by United States and British navies to assess intact and damaged stability. Additionally, an overview of current research in the area of dynamic stability for monohull and trimaran. Assessing stability using dynamic methods involves a more detailed assessment of extreme events a ship may encounter in its lifecycle. These assessments were beyond the scope of this thesis. The first investigation of this thesis assessed the intact stability characteristics for multi-hulls along the continuum, including a monohull, five trimarans, and a catamaran. Trends were examined and the effect of displacement distribution between hulls on stability characteristics was analyzed. The results of the first investigation set the bounds for a more detailed investigation of trimaran geometric parameters affecting intact and damaged stability. The second investigation established a design of experiments to formulate a series of trimaran configurations consisting of a center hull, two side hulls and cross deck structure joining the hulls from above. This series of trimaran hull forms varied particular parameters that were determined to be influential to intact and damaged stability. Each hull form configuration was modeled using three-dimensional CAD software with subdivision defining compartments to be flooded. The maximum center of gravity was determined which would satisfy all stability criteria published by the United States Navy for each intact and damaged condition. After tabulating the data, a response surface model was determined for maximum vertical center of gravity as a function of center hull ratios, side hull ratios, and the transverse distance between the center and side hulls. The response surface model is intended for use as a rule of thumb measure and potential constraint for optimization.

The translocation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 as well as the impact of water washing and partial or complete surface trimming as possible pathogen reduction strategies were evaluated for vacuum-packaged beef subprimals destined for non-intact use. Cap-on and cap-off beef top sirloin butts were inoculated with two levels of E. coli O157:H7! a high-inoculum at approximately 10^4 CFU/cm^2 and a low-inoculum at approximately 10^2 CFU/cm^2. Following inoculation, the subprimals were vacuum packaged and stored for either 0, 14, or 28 days. Upon opening, the following sites were evaluated: exterior of the bag, purge, the inoculation site on the subprimal, the area adjacent to the inoculation site, and the surface opposite from the inoculation site. The following treatments then were applied: water wash, water wash followed by full-surface trimming, water wash followed by partial-surface trimming, full-surface trimming, full-surface trimming followed by water wash, partial-surface trimming, and partial-surface trimming followed by water wash. For both high and low inoculated top sirloin butts, contamination of adjacent and opposite surfaces was found after vacuum packaging. Of the treatments applied, water washing alone and partial-surface trimming were the least effective for both high and low inoculated subprimals. Full trimming, with or without a water wash, proved to be the most effective treatment used to reduce E. coli O157:H7 to non-detectable levels.

Given Sociologys central concern with social interaction, the complexity, pace and intensity of social modernization creates a tremendous theoretical burden for investigating the modern social dynamic. Furthermore, three core themes are foundational to a sociological perspective concerned with intersubjectivity: social action, social order and social change. In this research, a Habermasian discursive approach to the study of the modern social dynamic holds significant potential for examining and critiquing Sociologys grounding issues or themes. My research presents the best case for using a Habermasian approach to understanding and theorizing family within contemporary pluralistic societies. By design, I did not utilize or focus upon the extensive secondary literature critical of Habermas thought and writing. Accordingly, Habermas social philosophy provides the theoretical framework for addressing three sociological problems: understanding the communicative basis of the social dynamic, interconnecting family with larger social formations, and studying Canadian families empirically.<p>In order to address these problems, a communicative sociological perspective is used to analyze each of Sociologys three focal themes: the discursive interlinking of social interaction through consensus formation (Chapter Two); the moral and legal nature of a communicatively produced solidarity for creating and maintaining social order (Chapter Three); and the communicative foundation of social change and emancipation within both private and public spheres of social life (Chapter Four). Prima facie evidence was found for the relevance of a Habermasian perspective through an empirical analysis of concordant familial relationships within Canada using the General Social Survey. Logistic regression reveals a distinct but complex profile of Canadian married couples who engage in democratic discourse as they construct a common family life-project together.<p>Habermas theory of communicative action and discourse theory reconstruct the normative basis for establishing and maintaining peaceful, cooperative and consensual relationships with both proximal and distal others. Through the use of everyday language to reach understanding and agreement within our communicative sociations with others, we have the capacity to establish egalitarian forms of family life and friendly forms of global coexistence. Habermas social philosophy provides a communicative lens through which to better understand, assess and address the conditions, problems and potentials of modern social life, whether at the level of family or global society. On the one hand, the discursive nature of communicative sociation reveals the fertile but fragile nature of the internal connection between Sociologys focal themes, between solidarity and justice, between ethical and moral life, between social and functional integration, between morality and law, and between family and system. On the other hand, our communicative practices have a productive force capable of establishing, reproducing and renegotiating new ways of accomplishing goals and meeting needs, new solidarities and responsibilities, and new motivations and attitudes.<p>According to a Habermasian approach to the sociological perspective, democratic discourse enables the voice of the other to be heard, respected, and considered. A communicative sociological approach therefore points to the relational structures which underlie our action coordinating practices. These relational structures emphasize the importance of a democratic relational dynamic, engendered by solidarity and justice, which can be characterized as an intact intersubjectivity. Democratic discourse therefore enables the consensual coordination of social interaction(s) with an other or others ethically and morally, within family and society, even under the pervasive and intensive constraints of a globalized market economy in need of effective moral-political governance.

Given Sociologys central concern with social interaction, the complexity, pace and intensity of social modernization creates a tremendous theoretical burden for investigating the modern social dynamic. Furthermore, three core themes are foundational to a sociological perspective concerned with intersubjectivity: social action, social order and social change. In this research, a Habermasian discursive approach to the study of the modern social dynamic holds significant potential for examining and critiquing Sociologys grounding issues or themes. My research presents the best case for using a Habermasian approach to understanding and theorizing family within contemporary pluralistic societies. By design, I did not utilize or focus upon the extensive secondary literature critical of Habermas thought and writing. Accordingly, Habermas social philosophy provides the theoretical framework for addressing three sociological problems: understanding the communicative basis of the social dynamic, interconnecting family with larger social formations, and studying Canadian families empirically.<p>In order to address these problems, a communicative sociological perspective is used to analyze each of Sociologys three focal themes: the discursive interlinking of social interaction through consensus formation (Chapter Two); the moral and legal nature of a communicatively produced solidarity for creating and maintaining social order (Chapter Three); and the communicative foundation of social change and emancipation within both private and public spheres of social life (Chapter Four). Prima facie evidence was found for the relevance of a Habermasian perspective through an empirical analysis of concordant familial relationships within Canada using the General Social Survey. Logistic regression reveals a distinct but complex profile of Canadian married couples who engage in democratic discourse as they construct a common family life-project together.<p>Habermas theory of communicative action and discourse theory reconstruct the normative basis for establishing and maintaining peaceful, cooperative and consensual relationships with both proximal and distal others. Through the use of everyday language to reach understanding and agreement within our communicative sociations with others, we have the capacity to establish egalitarian forms of family life and friendly forms of global coexistence. Habermas social philosophy provides a communicative lens through which to better understand, assess and address the conditions, problems and potentials of modern social life, whether at the level of family or global society. On the one hand, the discursive nature of communicative sociation reveals the fertile but fragile nature of the internal connection between Sociologys focal themes, between solidarity and justice, between ethical and moral life, between social and functional integration, between morality and law, and between family and system. On the other hand, our communicative practices have a productive force capable of establishing, reproducing and renegotiating new ways of accomplishing goals and meeting needs, new solidarities and responsibilities, and new motivations and attitudes.<p>According to a Habermasian approach to the sociological perspective, democratic discourse enables the voice of the other to be heard, respected, and considered. A communicative sociological approach therefore points to the relational structures which underlie our action coordinating practices. These relational structures emphasize the importance of a democratic relational dynamic, engendered by solidarity and justice, which can be characterized as an intact intersubjectivity. Democratic discourse therefore enables the consensual coordination of social interaction(s) with an other or others ethically and morally, within family and society, even under the pervasive and intensive constraints of a globalized market economy in need of effective moral-political governance.

The main aim of this Thesis is to examine how the rock mass and intact rock properties influence the excavatability of rock in surface mine. One of the most important decisions in the design of surface mine is the selection of mine equipment and plant. Now that increasing effort is being invested in the design and manufacture of continuous surface miners it is appropriate to examine how their performance can be related to the physical properties of the rock mass and intact rock.Over the years many attempts have been made to develop a means of assessing the excavatability of rock. Most of them are based on an empirical rating system whilst some authorities still propose the use of seismic velocity as a direct predictor of the rippability of a rock mass. On the other hand there are a number of classical models which have been developed to define the cutting force required at the pick or tooth of continuous miners.Whilst these methods have been applied with various degrees of success to the design of excavation systems there is no generally acceptable method of defining the excavatability or cuttability of a rock mass in terms of the machine power required to generate a particular rate of production.An attempt is made to overcome this deficiency by recording the intact and rock mass properties at Limestone quarry in Retznei, Austria; Openpit Gold Mines in Meekatharra and Mt Gibson of Western Australia and Openpit Coal Mine in Air Laya, Indonesia, where VASM-2D and Bucket Wheel Excavator O&K SchRs(800/1.2)15 or O&K S630 were in use in the first mine sites and Air Laya respectively to use this data to examine the relationships between the relevant dimensionless groups developed from a dimensional analysis of the problem.The dimensionless groups are obtained by examining the factors which influence the productivity of a surface miner. These include intact rock and rock ++ / mass properties, and machine power required for a particular rate of production and lead to the development of dimensionless groups namely, Rock Cuttability Index (RCI), Rock Mass Factor (RMF), Brittleness Index (BI), Rock Excavatability Index. The monitoring of machine power was carried out at Mt. Gibson and Air Laya mines.As a part of this study, field seismic tests were carried out at Mt. Gibson and Air Laya with the intention of seeking the most appropriate method of this type of test and analysis for excavation purposes. The test results indicate that borehole tests are the most promising and the output of seismic velocity obtained from a built-in program seismograph needs further thorough examination.The analysis of field data at all the sites proved that the most appropriate measure of discontinuities in the rock mass is the mean distance between discontinuities in a direction parallel to the cutting direction of the machine.Since the lateritic rock mass is different to other ordinary rock masses, a modified RMR is proposed. This is done by adjusting classification criteria on spacing and condition of discontinuity. The results proved that the discontinuity spacing obtained from the proposed method warrants wide application of the power cutting model developed.The RMR, Q-System and Excavatability Index are used to assess the performance of the continuous surface miners investigated. The results indicated that the Excavatability Index is the most acceptable criterion for the excavatability assessment.The outcome of this research has confirmed the significance of the RCI as a predictor of cutting performance of mechanical machines. The relationship between the RCI and REI can be used to good effect in analysing the performance of operating machines. A good example of this is given in the analysis of the performance of the BWE at the Mae Moh mine in Thailand.

The rationale for the choice of the topic is embedded in the researcher’s practical experience. It is a fact that divorce has a definite influence on all children; however it has become clear to the researcher that the degree to which parents are able to handle their divorce minimises these effects on the children. In this research the researcher explored whether children tend to adjust to divorce with less difficulty when they are able to maintain the family relations. The procedure of obtaining the information required for the research was done through utilising both the qualitative and quantitative approaches. The researcher has done an in-depth study of a family who succeeded in minimising the impact of changing from an intact family to a divorced family. The dominant approach was done in the form of a case study and the data was collected through unstructured interviews and observations. The interviews were recorded and the responses analysed in terms of themes and sub-themes. For the quantitative data standardised measuring instruments, namely the Hudson Scales for children’s attitude towards their parents, were used to explore the parent-child relationship after divorce. These responses were analysed according to the prescribed format by Perspective College. At the end of the study the researcher was able to draw conclusions and make recommendations to professionals involved in working with families that go through a divorce, on the aspects that can make the transition during parental divorce less traumatic. / Dissertation (MSD (Play Therapy))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Social Work and Criminology / unrestricted

No description available.

Le Sous-comité de la conception et de la construction navale de l'Organisation maritime internationale (OMI) a entrepris l'élaboration de critères de stabilité intacts de deuxième génération (SGISC). Le SGISC est une règle supplémentaire qui complète les règles actuelles.En outre, ces critères sont structurés en trois niveaux, à savoir le premier niveau, le deuxième niveau et l'évaluation directe. Les procédures d'évaluation directe pour chaque échec de stabilité sont développées avec la technologie de pointe la plus avancée disponible soit par analyse numérique, soit par travail expérimental pour une analyse quantitative. Dans cette thèse, on présente une implémentation des niveaux 1 et 2 du SGISC dans le solveur hydrostatique, une approche expérimentale pour le navire en détresse dans une tempête et des simulations RANS du même critère. En conclusion, il est possible de mettre en oeuvre les critères de stabilité du navire intact de deuxième génération dans le code de stabilité GHS ©, un code couramment utilisé par les industriels dans le domaine. Cinq navires ont été considérés pour vérifier cette mise en oeuvre. Une méthode expérimentale utilisant une grande soufflerie et une méthode de calcul CFD simplifiée ont été appliquées sur deux modèles. Dans les deux cas, les résultats montrent que l'angle de roulis maximal atteint par les deux navires étudiés est inférieur à celui donné par le calcul réglementaire. La méthode expérimentale est certainement plus proche de la réalité et le calcul CFD reste conservateur sans être aussi contraignant que la réglementation. En conclusion les méthodes expérimentale et numérique développées et utilisées dans ce travail de thèse peuvent être proposées pour l’évaluation directe du critère. / The Sub-Committee of Ship Design and Construction of International Maritime Organisation (IMO) has undertaken the development of Second Generation Intact Stability Criteria (SGISC). The GISC is an additional rule that complement present rules. Five failure modes will be address in SGISC are excessive roll in dead ship condition, pure loss of stability, broaching, parametric roll, and excessive acceleration. Moreover, these criteria are structured in three levels namely, first level, second level and direct assessment. Direct assessment procedures for every stability failure are developed with the most advanced state-of-the art technology available either by numerical analysis or experimental work for quantitative analysis. In this thesis, implementations of Level 1 and Level 2 of the SGISC in the hydrostatic solver, experimental approached for dead ship condition and RANS simulation are presented.In conclusion, it was possible to implement the stability criteria of the intact second-generation vessel in the GHS © code of stability, a code commonly used by industrialists in the field. Five vessels were considered to verify this implementation. An experimental wind tunnel method and a simplified CFD calculation method were used on two different models. In both cases, the results show that the maximum roll angle reached by the two vessels studied is lower than the one given by the regulatory calculation. The experimental method is certainly closer to reality and the calculation CFD remains conservative without being as binding as the regulation.Therefore, the two approaches, numerical and experimental can be proposed to be used for Direct Assessment of the criterion.