Damage to primary photosynthetic reactions caused by environmental stress can be assessed by measurement of chlorophyll fluorescence induction in intact leaves. This approach was applied in studies of ultraviolet-B photoinhibition of photosynthesis in Pisum sativum L. and Rumex patientia L. leaves. At ultraviolet-B dose rates insufficient to cause inhibition of net photosynthesis, changes in the magnitude of fluorescence transients did occur, which suggested direct effects on chloroplast pigments in Pisum and inhibition of photosynthetic electron transport between the photosystems in both species. Leaves of these two species subjected to a much higher dose rate had a significant reduction of net photosynthesis and changes in the magnitude of fluorescence transients that indicated partial loss of water-splitting capability and direct effects on chloroplast pigments. Ultraviolet radiation-induced changes of photosynthetic thylakoid membranes may be ultimately responsible for these disruptions of the primary photosynthetic reactions.

The diploma thesis aims to map the lived reality of adult intact siblings of people with autism spectrum disorders in the Czech Republic. The theoretical part provides an insight into the current knowledge in the field of autism spectrum disorders and the manifestations thereof, sibling relationships and the impact of autism spectrum disorders on the family in general, and with respect to intact siblings, in particular. In the empirical part I focus on the description and analysis of qualitative research involving five intact siblings of people with autism spectrum disorders aged 28-29. For the purposes of the research, a semi-structured interview had been chosen, subsequently analyzed and interpreted. The interview topics concerned the past and present relationship of the informants to their siblings with ASD, ideas about their common future, the personality of an intact sibling or certain life choices of the informants. The results of the diploma thesis showed an interesting picture of the development of the sibling relationships with people with ASD, which are strongly affected by the nature of the disorder. The research confirmed a severe amount of stress in intact siblings of people with ASD, which stems from many different areas of their living together. It also turned out that living with...

Αντικείμενο της εργασίας είναι η αποτίμηση των φυσικών και μηχανικών παραμέτρων του βραχώδους υλικού από μερικά μαγματικά πετρώματα (δακίτης, περιδοτίτης και γρανίτης), καθώς και κάποιων μεταμορφωμένων πετρωμάτων (γνεύσιος). Η δειγματοληψία των γεωϋλικών έγινε στις περιοχές (α) Αγίων Θεοδώρων και Σχίνου Κορινθίας και (β) Πισοδερίου Φλώρινας. Στην πρώτη περιοχή πάρθηκαν μεγάλων διαστάσεων δείγματα (block samples), ενώ στη δεύτερη (Πισοδέρι) τα δείγματα προέρχονται από δειγματοληπτικές γεωτρήσεις, που έγιναν στα πλαίσια της γεωτεχνικής μελέτης θεμελίωσης ανεμογεννητριών (Αιολικό πάρκο). Από κάθε θέση δειγματοληψίας διαμορφώθηκαν, με εργαστηριακό αδαμαντοτρύπανο (απλή καροταρία), αδαμαντοτροχό και συσκευή λείανσης, σημαντικός αριθμός κυλινδρικών δοκιμίων για τον εργαστηριακό προσδιορισμό των φυσικών, δυναμικών και μηχανικών παραμέτρων του βραχώδους υλικού. Συνολικά, οι εργαστηριακές δοκιμές που εκτελέστηκαν ήταν: • Πενήντα πέντε (55) δοκιμές προσδιορισμού του πορώδους n (%), της ξερής πυκνότητας ρd (kN/m3), της κορεσμένης πυκνότητας ρsat (kN/m3), του λόγου κενών e και του δείκτη κενών Iν (%). • Είκοσι τέσσερες (24) δοκιμές προσδιορισμού της ταχύτητας διάδοσης των επιμήκων κυμάτων Vp (m/sec). • Τριάντα οκτώ (38) δοκιμές προσδιορισμού της σκληρότητας SHV με τη χρήση της σφύρας Schmidt (τύπου L). • Είκοσι τρεις (23) δοκιμές προσδιορισμού του δείκτη σημειακής φόρτισης Ιs(50) (MPa). • Επτά (7) δοκιμές προσδιορισμού της αντοχής σε μονοαξονική θλίψη σc (MPa) με σύγχρονη μέτρηση και προσδιορισμό του μέτρου ελαστικότητας (Εt) και τoυ λόγου Poisson (v). • Δέκα (10) δοκιμές προσδιορισμού της αντοχής σε τριαξονική θλίψη. Μετά την ολοκλήρωση των εργαστηριακών δοκιμών ακολούθησε στατιστική επεξεργασία των αποτελεσμάτων των παραμέτρων που προσδιορίστηκαν, με τη σχεδίαση των ιστογραμμάτων κατανομής των τιμών και την εκτίμηση των βασικών στατιστικών παραμέτρων. Επίσης, έγινε η εφαρμογή απλών στατιστικών μοντέλων συσχετισμών και διατυπώθηκαν εμπειρικές σχέσεις που περιγράφουν την αλληλεξάρτηση των διαφόρων παραμέτρων του βραχώδους υλικού για τα συγκεκριμένα πετρώματα. / The aim of this thesis is the valuation of physical and mechanical properties of the rocky material, some of igneous rocks (dacite, peridotite and granite), as well as some of metamorphic rocks (gneiss). The sampling was held in the districts of (a) Agion Theodore and Schinos Korinthos (b) Pissoderi Florina. In the first district was collected large rock samples (block samples), while in the second site (Pissoderi), the samples come from research drillings that carried out under the geotechnical research foundation of a wind farm (Wind Turbines). In every sampling site, five to six cylindrical samples were formed on average, by using laboratory core drill (laboratory karotaria), diamond drill and grinding apparatus, so as to define the physical, dynamical and mechanical properties of intact rock. More specifically the following laboratory tests were conducted:  Fifty five (55) tests for porosity, n (%), dry density, ρd (kN/m3), saturated density, ρsat (kN/m3), void ratio, e, and void index, Iν (%).  Twenty four (24) tests for sound velocity of primary waves, Vp (m/sec).  Thirty eight (38) SHV tests.  Twenty three (23) point load tests.  Seven (7) uniaxial compressive tests with determination of modulus of deformation Et (MPa) and Poisson ratio, ν.  Ten (10) triaxial tests of rock material constant mi determination. After the completion of the laboratory tests statistics, elaboration was followed of the results examined in this thesis, by designing histograms of the results and the evaluation of basic statistical parameters. Also, application of simple statistical models has become and so were formulated empirical relations, which describe the interdependence of the parameters of the rocky material for these types of rocks.

This study investigated the difference in stress levels of stress factors according to the structure or type of family. The relatedness of the ranking of stress factors within and across three family types and the relationship between level of stress and number of years in current family type were also examined. Important aspects of this study were using three family types, using families seeking counseling as the subjects, and investigating numerous stress factors across family types. These research techniques avoided the limitations of previous research which investigated only one family type, thus isolating special stress issues for a certain family type where those special issues actually might not differentiate among family types. Also, considering numerous stress factors at one time, rather than only a few factors, indicated relative levels of stress as well as absolute stresses that families are likely to experience. Targeting families who had sought counseling should give counselors a more realistic view of clients and their problems.

To date, there has been little research into the role of microbial community structure in the functioning of the soil ecosystem and on the links between microbial biomass size, microbial activity and key soil processes that drive nutrient availability. The maintenance of structural and functional diversity of the soil microbial community is essential to ensure the sustainability of agricultural production systems. Soils of the same type with similar fertility that had been under long-term organic and conventional crop management in Canterbury, New Zealand, were selected to investigate relationships between microbial community composition, function and potential environmental impacts. The effects of different fertilisation strategies on soil biology and nitrogen (N) dynamics were investigated under field (farm site comparison), semi-controlled (lysimeter study) and controlled (incubation experiments) conditions by determining soil microbial biomass carbon (C) and N, enzyme activities (dehydrogenase, arginine deaminase, fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis), microbial community structure (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis following PCR amplification of 16S and 18S rDNA fragments using selected primer sets) and N dynamics (mineralisation and leaching). The farm site comparison revealed distinct differences between the soils in microbial community structure, microbial biomass C (conventional > organic) and arginine deaminase activity (organic > conventional). In the lysimeter study, the soils were subjected to the same crop rotation (barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), maize (Zea mays L.), rape (Brassica napus L. ssp. oleifera (Moench)) plus a lupin green manure (Lupinus angustifolius L.) and two fertiliser regimes (following common organic and conventional practice). Soil biological properties, microbial community structure and mineral N leaching losses were determined over 2½ years. Differences in mineral leaching losses were not significant between treatments (total organic management: 24.2 kg N per ha; conventional management: 28.6 kg N per ha). Crop rotation and plant type had a larger influence on the microbial biomass, activity and community structure than fertilisation. Initial differences between soils decreased over time for most biological soil properties, while they persisted for the enzyme activities (e.g. dehydrogenase activity: 4.0 and 2.9 µg per g and h for organic and conventional management history, respectively). A lack of consistent positive links between enzyme activities and microbial biomass size indicated that similarly sized and structured microbial communities can express varying rates of activity. In two successive incubation experiments, the soils were amended with different rates of a lupin green manure (4 or 8t dry matter per ha), and different forms of N at 100 kg per ha (urea and lupin) and incubated for 3 months. Samples were taken periodically, and in addition to soil biological properties and community structure, gross N mineralisation was determined. The form of N had a strong effect on microbial soil properties. Organic amendment resulted in a 2 to 5-fold increase in microbial biomass and enzyme activities, while microbial community structure was influenced by the addition or lack of C or N substrate. Correlation analyses suggested treatment-related differences in nutrient availability, microbial structural diversity (species richness or evenness) and physiological properties of the microbial community. The findings of this thesis showed that using green manures and crop rotations improved soil biology in both production systems, that no relationships existed between microbial structure, enzyme activities and N mineralisation, and that enzyme activities and microbial community structure are more closely associated with inherent soil and environmental factors, which makes them less useful as early indicators of changes in soil quality.

The analysis of large intact proteins and complex biological samples containing drug molecules is a common complicated task for many scientists. However, due to the importance of these molecules, there is a growing interest in pharmaceutical and medicinal research to develop rapid, highly sensitive and efficient analytical techniques. The advantages of capillary electrophoresis (CE) in combination with mass spectrometry (MS) provide a powerful analytical tool. However, further improvement and development of these techniques are required to extend their utility and to meet the challenges of selected analytes. Thus, the scope of this thesis deals with the development of novel analytical methods to achieve efficient and high performance analysis of peptides, intact proteins, digests of complex samples and basic pharmaceutical drug compounds in biological matrices. Implementation of CE for routine analysis of proteins and complex samples is constrained by the partial adsorption to the capillary wall. Consequently, the use of surface modified capillaries is required to control the surface properties and prevent analyte adsorption. In this thesis, analyte adsorption was successfully prevented using tailored covalent cationic (M7C4I) and electrostatic cationic (PVPy-Me) coatings. Rapid and efficient separations of peptides, proteins and digests of complex samples such as cerebrospinal fluids were obtained with these coatings. The M7C4I coating showed a distinct ability to handle large intact proteins with a molecular size of over 0.5 MDa. The highest peak efficiencies and surprisingly high peak stacking effects were obtained by adding salts to the protein samples. The effect of salt additives on peak efficiencies of intact proteins was further demonstrated and compared using different surface modified capillaries. Additionally, rapid CE-ESI-MS quantification of pharmaceutical drug molecules in human plasma was performed after a SCX-SPE sample preparation method using the M7C4I coating. In conclusion, the results presented in this thesis show the strong potential of CE in combination with MS using electrospray ionization (ESI) for the analysis of peptides and large intact proteins and the applicability for clinical monitoring of the levels of pharmaceutical drug molecules in human plasma with high sensitivity and efficiency. / Felaktigt tryckt som Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology 734

Closely jointed greywacke rock masses are widespread throughout both the North and South Islands of New Zealand and much of New Zealand's infrastructure is constructed upon greywacke rock masses. This thesis deals with determining the rock mass strength of unweathered closely jointed New Zealand greywacke rock masses. Currently, the estimation of rock mass strength and deformability is reasonably well predicted through the use of such empirical failure criteria as the Hoek-Brown failure criterion and empirical expressions to predict deformability. However, previous studies upon predicting the strength and deformability of unweathered closely jointed New Zealand greywacke rock masses has shown that existing empirical methods of determining strength and deformability are unsatisfactory. The problem with predicting rock mass strength and deformability moduli of New Zealand greywacke and the lack of adequate data to calibrate a failure criterion was the starting point for this work. The objective of this thesis was to increase the knowledge of intact and defect properties of closely jointed greywacke, develop reliable rock mass data with which to calibrate a failure criterion and improve the ability to estimate the rock mass strength of greywacke rock masses. A review of existing failure criteria for rock masses was conducted and of these criteria, the Hoek-Brown rock mass failure criteria was selected to calibrate to both the intact rock and rock mass failure data, because of its broad acceptance in the rock mechanics community. A database of greywacke properties was developed based on previous studies upon unweathered greywacke around New Zealand and is attached to the thesis as an Appendix. The database included descriptions of greywacke defect properties and mechanical properties of the intact rock and joints. From this database, inputs could be justified for numerical modelling and later analyses of failure criteria. Records from the construction archives of the Benmore and Aviemore hydroelectric power projects in the South Island of New Zealand were reviewed to obtain information and results from a series of shear tests carried out on unweathered closely jointed greywacke in the 1960s. Data on rock mass strength at failure and rock mass deformability were extracted from these records to assess the predictability of the failure criterion and deformability expressions. Problems experienced during the shear tests at the Aviemore dam site created doubt as to the actual rock mass strengths achieved at failure. The behaviour of these tests was studied using the finite difference code FLAC. The work was aimed at investigating the potential for transfer of shear force between the two concrete blocks sheared in each test and the impact shear force transfer had upon the likely normal stresses beneath each block at failure. The numerical modelling results indicated that a combination of preferential failure occurring in one direction, and doubt in the actual normal load applied to the concrete blocks during testing lead to premature failure in the blocks sheared upstream. The blocks sheared in the opposite direction failed at normal stresses that are reflective of the strength of an unweathered greywacke rock mass, but these results could be explained by failure occurring along defects therefore not satisfying the assumptions of homogeneity typically required of a rock mass failure criterion. The Hoek-Brown failure criterion for intact rock was investigated by fitting it to the largest intact greywacke datasets. For a full set of test data (i.e. including tensile data), the Mostyn & Douglas (2000) variant of the Hoek-Brown failure criterion gave the best fit for a full set of rock mass data. A multiple regression method was developed which improved the fitted curve to intact data in the tensile region and gave the best estimate of tensile strength if no existing lab results for tensile strength were available. These results suggest that the Hoek-Brown failure criterion is significantly limited in its applicability to intact NZ greywacke rock. Hoek-Brown input parameters different to those suggested by Hoek et al (2002) are recommended for using the Hoek-Brown failure criterion for intact NZ greywacke. For closely jointed NZ greywacke rock masses, the results from the shear tests at Aviemore and Benmore were separated into different GSI classes and Hoek-Brown envelopes fitted to the datasets by multiple regression. Revised expressions were proposed for each Hoek-Brown input parameter (mb, s, ab) as a function of the GSI. The resulting revised Hoek-Brown failure envelopes for NZ greywacke offer a significant improvement on the existing criterion used to predict the strength of NZ greywacke intact rock and rock masses. The differences in the behaviour of the reaction blocks that failed before the test blocks and the reduction in rock strength due to sliding along defects from that predicted could be reasoned from recorded observations and the behaviour of the concrete blocks during the shear tests. This study has clearly illustrated the need for continued research in this area. This includes (1) a means of assessing the role of defects upon the shear strength of closely jointed greywacke rock mass into a failure criterion, (2) further modelling of the in-situ shear tests by a discrete element procedure to expressly determine the role of the defect on failure, (3) more testing on rock masses to obtain more data to calibrate a rock mass failure criterion, and (4) more studies on predicting the strength of extremely disturbed rock masses.

The theoretical part of the thesis deals with the education of pupils with special needs. It describes the term of integration, its types, forms and grades. Subsequently it focuses on possible problems of integration process and concentrates on integration according to the type and level of individual disability. The practical part reflects the integration process from the classmates? point of view. It presents data from the questionnaire survey made by the author of the thesis and compares them with the data collected with the same questionnaire in 2008 by o.s. Rytmus.

Au cours de ce travail, nous avons mis au point une nouvelle interface CE/MALDI-MS automatisée, équipée d’une cellule UV/visible déportée, et d’une distribution automatique de matrice intégrée. Ce nouveau système a été évalué sur des mélanges différents de protéines entières, de digestats de protéines et d’anticorps monoclonaux (mAbs). Les résultats obtenus lors de cette évaluation ont montré la complémentarité de la nouvelle interface avec les systèmes analytiques classiques. De plus, nous avons montré la première séparation et analyse de mAbs entier par CE/MALDI-MS. Dans un second travail, la nouvelle interface a été utilisée pour effectuer la première analyse Top Down de proteine entière et de mAbs par collecte et enrichissement de fraction. Cette stratégie a montré la répétabilité du système permettant de séparer des analytes d’intérêt et d’enrichir les dépôts MALDI jusqu'à de très hautes quantités d’analytes permettant l’obtention de spectre Top Down. Au cours du troisième travail, le nouveau système CE/MALDI-MS a été utilisé dans une stratégie originale à 2 dimensions de séparation et de collecte d’isoformes de mAbs entiers ou partiellement digérés suivi d’infusions et analyses à l’aide du nanosprayer CESI. Pour cela, nous avons mis au point des conditions électrophorétiques dit « asymétriques » séparant les mAbs dans des conditions très salées mais collectés dans un milieu compatible avec l’ESI-MS. Cette stratégie inédite a permis d’effectuer la première séparation et caractérisation de mAbs par CE-MS. Parallèlement, nous avons mis au point le premier dosage plasmatique d’ITPP par MALDI-TOF MS et surtout la création de CEToolbox, une application Androïd gratuite pour smartphone et tablette permettant le calcul des principales grandeurs mathématiques pour la caractérisation et l’optimisation des séparations par électrophorèse capillaire. / In this work, we developed a new interface CE/MALDI-MS automated, equipped with a UV/visible cell remote, and integrated automatic distribution of matrix. This new system has been evaluated on different mixtures of intact protein, digested protein and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The results obtained during this evaluation showed the complementarity of the new interface with conventional analytical systems. Furthermore, we have shown the first separation and analysis of mAbs by CE/MALDI-MS. In a second work, the new interface was used to perform the first Top Down analysis for intact protein and mAbs by fraction collection and enrichment. This strategy has shown the repeatability of the system for separating analytes and the enrichissment the MALDI deposits up to very high amounts compatible for Top Down approach. In the third work, the new system CE/MALDI-MS has been used in an original 2-dimensional strategy of separating and collecting intact mAbs isoforms or partially digested followed by infusions and analyzes with CESI nanosprayer. For this, we have developed electrophoretic condition so-called "asymmetric" allowing the separation of mAbs under very salty conditions but collected in a totally compatible solution with ESI-MS. This novel strategy allowed for the first separation and characterization of mAbs by CE-MS. Meanwhile, we have developed the first plasma level of ITPP by MALDI-TOF-MS and particularly the creation of CEToolbox as a Free Android application for smartphone and tablet enabling the calculation of the main mathematical quantities for characterization and optimization of CE separations.

The work deals with the influence of pupils with special educational needs (SEN) on their intact pupils. Over the last few years, the number of pupils with SEN in regular classes has increased. In some classes, there are even more pupils with SEN, so it is important to monitor the influence of it has on their intact classmates. Pupils with SEN also bring with them support measures (such as assistants) or a greater workload for teachers. All this somehow affects intact pupils and the aim of the work is to describe what the influence is. The work is divided into two parts. In the theoretical part I describe the importance of individual actors of the school class for its proper functioning, safe climate and how they can interact with each other. I also deal with inklusive education, what are the main principles, I describe inklusive education in the Czech Republic, who are pupils with SEN, what support they can receive in a regular class. The research part was conducted through mixed research, specifically a questionnaire survey and an interview, with the respondents being primary school teachers. The research showed that pupils with SEN can have both positive and negative effects. Intact students can teach a lot, such as tolerance and respect. Intact students also get acquainted with the differences...