Socially excluded localities are found all over the Czech Republic. They are whole neighbourhoods, houses or streets, usually situated on the outskirts of towns, threatened by a symbolic, territorial, cultural, economic and social exclusion. The inhabitants of the socially excluded localities usually have debts with the town, which is the reason why they were moved to this locality. Problems that frequently occur in the socially excluded localities include insufficient education, high unemployment rate, financial problems and a high occurrence of socially pathological phenomena. Drawing on the facts obtained, it is possible to recommend social services that missing here at present. At the same time, the results of this thesis may serve to social workers as a detailed survey of the social situation of the locality in question.

Model checking problems suffer from state space explosion. State space explosion is the number of states in the graph increases exponentially with the number of variables in the state description. Searching the large graphs required in model checking requires an efficient algorithm. This dissertation explores several methods to improve an externalmemory search algorithm for model checking problems. A tool implementing these methods is built on top of the Murphi model checker. One improvement is a state cache for immediate detection leveraging the properties of state locality. A novel type of locality, intralayer locality is explained and shown to exist in a variety of search spaces. Another improvement, partial delayed duplicate detection, exploits interlayer locality to reduce search times. An automatic partitioning function is described that allows hash-based delayed duplicate detection to be used without domain knowledge of the state space. A phased delayed duplicate detection algorithm combining features of hash-based delayed duplicate detection and sorting-based delayed duplicate detection is explained and compared to the other methods.

No description available.

Em anuros o canto de anúncio é um mecanismo primário de isolamento reprodutivo e possui relevância para taxonomia do grupo. O grupo de espécies Boana pulchella possui cerca de 40 espécies e tem seu monofiletismo indicado por evidencia molecular, abriga um subgrupo informal composto pelas formas de perto relacionadas à B. polytaenia, com 12 espécies. Destas, quase todas têm seus cantos de anúncio descritos, porem problemas nesses registros incluem baixo tamanho amostral, falta de variáveis relevantes e limitação e obsolescência das tecnologias de registro e analises. Tendo em vista a importância da vocalização para a taxonomia em anuros, e desta para diversas áreas da biologia em geral, é relevante e necessário uma avaliação/reavaliação acústica da identificação de várias populações e espécies do grupo de B. polytaenia para uma compreensão da sua riqueza e padrões de distribuição. Analisamos e comparamos dados acústicos de populações de B. cipoensis, provenientes de sua localidade tipo (Cipó) e da Serra da Canastra e de B. bandeirantes originárias de três populações. Também avaliamos os espécimes e cantos de populações de Atibaia (SP) e Passos (MG), com potencial de descrição de espécies novas. Os cantos de anúncio foram registrados com gravadores digitais e microfones direcionais; foram analisadas variáveis como duração do canto, pulsos por nota, duração dos pulsos, notas por canto, duração das notas, faixa de frequência dominante (mínima e máxima) e pico de frequência. Para determinações especificas, espécimes foram comparados com topotipos e com a descrição original, a partir de análises morfométricas. Testes estatísticos padrões foram utilizados para avaliar a eventual significância das diferenças nas variáveis acústicas e morfométricas analisadas. Resultados apontam para uma população isolada que possivelmente representa uma espécie nova na Serra da Mantiqueira, bem como caracteriza diversas populações de B. bandeirantes e B. polytaenia; também estende a 9 distribuição de B. beckeri para o Município de Passos (MG) e B. stenocephala para região da Serra da Canastra (MG); e descreve pela primeira vez o repertório acústico de B. cipoensis da Serra do Cipó, localidade tipo / In anurans the advertisement call is a primary mechanism of reproductivity isolation and has relevance for the groups taxonomy. The species group Boana pulchella has around 40 species and have their monophyletism indicate by molecular evidence, covers an informal subgroup composed by species close related to B. polytaenia, with 12 species. From which, almost all have advertisement calls described, although problems in these registers includes small sample size, lack of relevant variables and limitation and obsolesce of the technologies of register and analyses. In view of the importance of vocalization to anuran taxonomy, and that for a variety of areas of biology in general, it is relevant and necessary an evaluation/revaluation acoustic of the identity of many populations and species from the group B. polytaenia to a understanding of its richness and distribution patterns. We analyse and compare acoustic data from populations of B. cipoensis from its type locality (Cipó) and from Canastra Mountain Range and B. bandeirantes from three populations. We also evaluated populations from Atibaia (SP) and Passos (MG), with the potential to describe new species. The advertisement calls were registered with digital recorders and directional mics; variables were analysed such as call duration, pulses per note, pulse duration, notes per call, note duration, dominant frequency range (minimum and maximum) and peak frequency. To specific determinations species were compared with topotypes and with the original descriptions, through morphometric analyses. Standard statistical tests were used to evaluate the eventual significance of the difference on the acoustic and morphometric variables analysed. Results show an isolated population which possibly represents a new species on Mantiqueira Mountain Range, as well as characterizing many populations of B. bandeirantes and B. polytaenia; also extends the distribution of B. beckeri to the municipality of Passos (MG) and B. stenocephala to 11 Canastra Mountain Range region (MG); and describe for the first time the acoustic repertoire of B. cipoensis from Cipó Mountain Range, its type locality

La thèse traite des modalités contemporaines de l’engagement public, à partir d’une recherche menée dans un collectif d’habitants du quartier de la Duchère à Lyon. Elle propose une sociologie des épreuves de vigilance des habitants pour renouveler les cadres d’analyse de l’activité politique en banlieue. Elle entend mettre au jour les conditions concrètes d’émergence et d’exercice de la critique sociale en s’intéressant de façon pragmatique aux compétences déployées par les habitants engagés dans ces épreuves de vigilance. La recherche centre son attention sur le rapport au monde spécifique qui peut se déployer à travers ce type d'engagement dans la localité. Nous proposerons ici une sociologie liant sociologie politique et sociologie urbaine qui permette de rendre compte des divers cheminements qu’emprunte la vigilance. L’analyse doit notamment passer par la reconsidération de l’expérience de la quotidienneté comme expérience politique. Elle prendra en compte également le rapport à l’histoire du quartier qu’entretiennent les habitants de la Duchère, celle-ci faisant figure de ville nouvelle depuis les années soixante. Elle s’attachera enfin à la réflexivité qui s’exerce localement autour du travail social. / This thesis is about the contemporary modalities of public engagement. By focusing on an inhabitants' collective in a disadvantaged neighbourhood in Lyon's suburb called « La Duchère », it offers a sociological analysis of the inhabitants' experiencing vigilance and so it aims to renew the analysis patterns of political activity in such neighbourhoods called « banlieue » in France. By employing a pragmatist perspective to investigate the inhabitants' abilities involved in different vigilance processes, it offers an analysis of the practical conditions of emergence and exercise of social critic. By researching the specific relationship to the world that can spread through this type of locality engagement, we'll propose a sociology crossing political and urban analysis to expose the multiple ways vigilance can take. To do so we need to rethink the day-to-day experience as a political experience. We will also consider the specific inhabitants' relation to the neighbourhood's history, “La Duchère”, as it's being defined as a “new town” since the 60's. Finally, we'll be focusing on the reflexivity locally exercised around social work.

A pesquisa envolve uma escola da Rede Pública Municipal de Ribeirão Preto-SP que participou de um Projeto denominado Curtas de Animação, promovido pelo Núcleo de Cinema de Animação de Campinas-SP e financiado pelo Instituto Algar, no ano de 2010. Um dos produtos finais gerados nessa escola foi um curta de animação de quatro minutos e onze segundos de duração. O referido projeto teve duas fases. A primeira incluiu vários alunos do Ensino Fundamental que foram envolvidos por pesquisas e aulas sobre a localidade. Aspectos históricos, culturais e relacionados ao meio ambiente foram priorizados. Na segunda fase, participaram treze alunos e esta pesquisadora (que atuava como professora de História na escola). Junto com a equipe do Núcleo de Cinema de Animação de Campinas, esse grupo iniciou um processo de produção de um curta de animação denominado pelos alunos como Ribeirão Preto - terra do café. A pesquisa foca no contexto do estudo da imagem e da produção imagética feita pelos próprios alunos no Projeto. As questões principais são: Como a leitura e a produção de material imagético pelos alunos podem colaborar (ou não) com o aprendizado e o interesse pelo estudo da História e Geografia local? Passado o tempo da realização do projeto, o que ficou do conhecimento de História e Geografia da localidade para os alunos participantes? A pesquisa busca estudar como a produção de material pelos alunos pode colaborar na aprendizagem de conhecimentos da História e Geografia local, possibilitada pelo Projeto Curtas de Animação, além de descrever e compreender todas as etapas do processo de produção do curta de animação, analisar, sob a ótica dos alunos, quais os impactos na aprendizagem dos conhecimentos de História e Geografia local e compreender as habilidades na leitura de imagens diversas. O referencial teórico abrange tanto as pesquisas realizadas no âmbito do estudo das imagens como as pesquisas relativas ao seu uso no ensino de História e Geografia. Três questionários abrangendo as três fases do processo de produção do curta de animação foram aplicados a quatro alunos participantes do Projeto. O resultado dos mesmos é analisado à luz das referências, com foco na questão do Ensino de História e Geografia local. A imagem faculta a percepção do espaço em suas mudanças e permanências, semelhanças e diferenças, tendo em vista seu uso para o estudo da localidade. No entanto os livros didáticos não viabilizam este uso, devido ao fato de estamparem representações de espaços, muitas vezes, distantes da realidade do aluno, principalmente daquele que não vive nos grandes centros urbanos. Os resultados obtidos procuram apontar para uma abordagem da questão das imagens no Ensino de História e Geografia, passando pelo pensar sobre a imagem, por si, e pelo caminho percorrido pelo seu uso e assimilação como documento histórico e das representações da paisagem geográfica, assim como da sua produção em sala de aula. / The present research involved a school from the public network of the city of Ribeirão Preto, which took part in a Project called Curtas de Animação (Animated shorts) in 2010. The project was promoted by the Núcleo de Cinema de Animação de Campinas SP (Center of Animation Movies of Campinas SP) and sponsored by Algar Institute. One of the final products at the aforementioned school was an animated short four minutes and eleven seconds long. The project consisted of two phases. In the first phase, several middle school students had classes and carried out researches about the municipality. The focus was on historical, cultural and environmental aspects. The second phase had the participation of thirteen students and the researcher (who worked as a History teacher at the school). Along with the staff of the Núcleo de Cinema de Campinas, this group began the production of an animated short named by the students Ribeirão Preto terra do café (Ribeirão Preto the land of coffee). This research focuses on the context of such production. The main questions are: How can reading and producing visual material help (or not) students to learn and get interested in studying local History and Geography? After the project ended, what knowledge of the local History and Geography remained for the participating students? The research looks at how the production of material by the students, as it was made possible through the Project Curtas de Animação, can help the learning process and improve the knowledge about local History and Geography. It also describes and explains all the steps in the process of the production of the animated short; analyses, from the students perspective, what were the impacts on the acquisition of knowledge about the local History and Geography and looks at the skills used for reading different images. The theoretical frame of reference covers both researches on the use of images, as well as the ones about the use of images in History and Geography classes. Three questionnaires covering the three steps of the production process of the animated short were applied to four students who participated in the Project. The results were analyzed according to the references, with special emphasis on the issue of teaching local History and Geography. Images provide a perception of the way the space shifts or stays the same, of its similarities and differences, in view of their use for studying the locality. However, textbooks do not enable this use, since they often picture representations of spaces that are far from the students reality, especially from those who do not live in large urban centers. The results seek an approach for the use of images in teaching History and Geography by reflecting about the image itself and about the path taken during its use and its assimilation as a historical document or a representation of the geographical landscape, as well as its production in the classroom.

A pesquisa envolve uma escola da Rede Pública Municipal de Ribeirão Preto-SP que participou de um Projeto denominado Curtas de Animação, promovido pelo Núcleo de Cinema de Animação de Campinas-SP e financiado pelo Instituto Algar, no ano de 2010. Um dos produtos finais gerados nessa escola foi um curta de animação de quatro minutos e onze segundos de duração. O referido projeto teve duas fases. A primeira incluiu vários alunos do Ensino Fundamental que foram envolvidos por pesquisas e aulas sobre a localidade. Aspectos históricos, culturais e relacionados ao meio ambiente foram priorizados. Na segunda fase, participaram treze alunos e esta pesquisadora (que atuava como professora de História na escola). Junto com a equipe do Núcleo de Cinema de Animação de Campinas, esse grupo iniciou um processo de produção de um curta de animação denominado pelos alunos como Ribeirão Preto - terra do café. A pesquisa foca no contexto do estudo da imagem e da produção imagética feita pelos próprios alunos no Projeto. As questões principais são: Como a leitura e a produção de material imagético pelos alunos podem colaborar (ou não) com o aprendizado e o interesse pelo estudo da História e Geografia local? Passado o tempo da realização do projeto, o que ficou do conhecimento de História e Geografia da localidade para os alunos participantes? A pesquisa busca estudar como a produção de material pelos alunos pode colaborar na aprendizagem de conhecimentos da História e Geografia local, possibilitada pelo Projeto Curtas de Animação, além de descrever e compreender todas as etapas do processo de produção do curta de animação, analisar, sob a ótica dos alunos, quais os impactos na aprendizagem dos conhecimentos de História e Geografia local e compreender as habilidades na leitura de imagens diversas. O referencial teórico abrange tanto as pesquisas realizadas no âmbito do estudo das imagens como as pesquisas relativas ao seu uso no ensino de História e Geografia. Três questionários abrangendo as três fases do processo de produção do curta de animação foram aplicados a quatro alunos participantes do Projeto. O resultado dos mesmos é analisado à luz das referências, com foco na questão do Ensino de História e Geografia local. A imagem faculta a percepção do espaço em suas mudanças e permanências, semelhanças e diferenças, tendo em vista seu uso para o estudo da localidade. No entanto os livros didáticos não viabilizam este uso, devido ao fato de estamparem representações de espaços, muitas vezes, distantes da realidade do aluno, principalmente daquele que não vive nos grandes centros urbanos. Os resultados obtidos procuram apontar para uma abordagem da questão das imagens no Ensino de História e Geografia, passando pelo pensar sobre a imagem, por si, e pelo caminho percorrido pelo seu uso e assimilação como documento histórico e das representações da paisagem geográfica, assim como da sua produção em sala de aula. / The present research involved a school from the public network of the city of Ribeirão Preto, which took part in a Project called Curtas de Animação (Animated shorts) in 2010. The project was promoted by the Núcleo de Cinema de Animação de Campinas SP (Center of Animation Movies of Campinas SP) and sponsored by Algar Institute. One of the final products at the aforementioned school was an animated short four minutes and eleven seconds long. The project consisted of two phases. In the first phase, several middle school students had classes and carried out researches about the municipality. The focus was on historical, cultural and environmental aspects. The second phase had the participation of thirteen students and the researcher (who worked as a History teacher at the school). Along with the staff of the Núcleo de Cinema de Campinas, this group began the production of an animated short named by the students Ribeirão Preto terra do café (Ribeirão Preto the land of coffee). This research focuses on the context of such production. The main questions are: How can reading and producing visual material help (or not) students to learn and get interested in studying local History and Geography? After the project ended, what knowledge of the local History and Geography remained for the participating students? The research looks at how the production of material by the students, as it was made possible through the Project Curtas de Animação, can help the learning process and improve the knowledge about local History and Geography. It also describes and explains all the steps in the process of the production of the animated short; analyses, from the students perspective, what were the impacts on the acquisition of knowledge about the local History and Geography and looks at the skills used for reading different images. The theoretical frame of reference covers both researches on the use of images, as well as the ones about the use of images in History and Geography classes. Three questionnaires covering the three steps of the production process of the animated short were applied to four students who participated in the Project. The results were analyzed according to the references, with special emphasis on the issue of teaching local History and Geography. Images provide a perception of the way the space shifts or stays the same, of its similarities and differences, in view of their use for studying the locality. However, textbooks do not enable this use, since they often picture representations of spaces that are far from the students reality, especially from those who do not live in large urban centers. The results seek an approach for the use of images in teaching History and Geography by reflecting about the image itself and about the path taken during its use and its assimilation as a historical document or a representation of the geographical landscape, as well as its production in the classroom.

L’information quantique peut être traitée de deux manières fondamentalement différentes: à l’aide de variables discrètes ou continues. Dans cette thèse, nous étudions de manière théorique la réalisation de protocoles d’information quantique dans les systèmes caractérisés par des variables continues. Pour ce faire, nous utilisons les variables modulaires comme outil afin de révéler des structures discrètes dans les états, opérations et observables. Le présent travail est fortement motivé par l’applicabilité expérimentale de nos idées dans des expériences d’optique quantique. Le thème principal de cette thèse est la formulation d’un cadre pour le traitement quantique de l’information dans l’espace des phases grâce aux variables modulaires. L’usage des variables modulaires permet d’encoder des états logique dans des espaces de Hilbert de dimension infinie et de définir des opérations qui permettent de les manipuler. En particulier, nous considérons des protocoles qui impliquent des mesures de variables modulaires qui permettent la lecture d’information discrète codée dans des variables continues. Grâce à ce formalisme, nous montrons comment il est possible de réaliser des tests des propriétés fondamentales de la mécanique quantique comme l’intrication, la non-localité ou la contextualité dans des espaces de Hilbert de dimensions finie ou infinie. Ensuite, nous discutons pourquoi les degrés de liberté transverse des photons sont des candidats naturels pour l’implémentation expérimentale des variables modulaires. À cet effet, nous démontrons comment il est possible d’utiliser l’effet Talbot - un effet d’interférence de champ proche - afin d’encoder de l’information discrète dans la distribution spatiales des photons. Finalement, nous montrons pour la première fois comment produire des photons intriqués de dimension arbitraire de manière déterministe en utilisant la conversion paramétrique et des éléments d’optique linéaire. / Quantum information can be processed in two fundamentally different ways, using either discrete- or continuous-variable implementations. In this thesis we study theoretically how to implement discrete quantum information protocols in physical objects characterized by continuous variables. In order to do so we use modular variables as a helpful tool to reveal discrete structures in continuous-variable states, operations and observables. The present work is strongly guided by the experimental applicability of our ideas in quantum optics experiments, with a particular focus on the transverse degrees of freedom of single photons. One of the main themes of this thesis is the formulation of a framework for quantum information processing in phase-space based on the use of modular variables. The latter permit us to introduce logical states and operations allowing to manipulate discrete quantum information encoded in infinite dimensional Hilbert spaces. In particular, we consider protocols that involve measurements of judiciously chosen logical observables enabling the readout of the encoded discrete quantum information. Based on this framework we show how to perform tests of fundamental properties of quantum mechanics, such as entanglement, Bell nonlocality and contextuality, in Hilbert spaces of various dimensions. Further on, we discuss the transverse degrees of freedom of single photons as a natural platform to manipulate and measure modular variables. In particular, we demonstrate how to process discrete quantum information encoded in the spatial distribution of single photons via the optical Talbot effect - a near-field interference effect. Finally, we show for the first time how to produce deterministically d-dimensional entangled photon pairs using spontaneous parametric down-conversion and linear optical elements only.

La mécanique quantique présente des propriétés étonnantes qui n'ont pas d'équivalent en physique classique. Ces propriétés sont au cœur des applications possibles de la mécanique quantique. Le thème principal de cette thèse est l'étude de deux des propriétés fondamentales de la mécanique quantique: la non-localité et la contextualité. Dans ce cadre, nous poursuivrons deux objectifs: premièrement, nous étudierons comment certains résultats obtenus pour les systèmes discrets peuvent être étendus aux systèmes décrits par des variables continues; deuxièmement nous étudierons comment il est possible de tester ces deux propriétés dans les systèmes quantiques décrits par des variables continues.Dans une première partie, nous étudions l'ensemble des distributions de probabilités locales et ``no-signaling'', c'est à dire qui ne permettent pas de transmettre d'information. Nous commençons par traduire le problème en terme de contraintes sur des espaces de mesures de probabilité. Nous introduisons ensuite un ensemble de mesures de probabilité qui sont les analogues en variables continues des probabilités découvertes par Popescu et Rohrlich dans le cas discret. Enfin, nous caractérisons l'ensemble des mesures de probabilité ``no-signaling''. Plus précisément, nous montrons que les mesures introduites sont des points extrémaux de l'ensemble des mesures de probabilité ``no-signaling'' et que leur enveloppe convexe est dense dans l'ensemble des mesures de probabilité ``no-signaling''. Dans une seconde partie nous nous intéressons à une preuve de la contextualité de la mécanique quantique dans une formulation qui ne dépend pas de l'état. Plus particulièrement, concernant l'inégalité de non-contextualité de Peres-Mermin, nous montrons qu'il est possible de la généraliser pour des observables définies sur des espaces de Hilbert de dimension arbitraire, voire infinie. Cette généralisation nous permet d'identifier les propriétés communes des observables qui conduisent à une violation maximale de l'inégalité de Peres-Mermin.En dernier lieu, nous nous intéressons à des états intriqués du champ électromagnétique de deux cavités. Ces états sont non-locaux et violent une inégalité de Bell formée de mesures de la parité déplacée. Nous étudions comment ces états peuvent être préparés et mesurés expérimentalement. Enfin, nous analysons l'effet des imperfections expérimentales et des pertes / Quantum mechanics has many intriguing properties that have no-classical analogs. These properties are at the heart of many quantum information protocols which offer the possibility to outperform their classical counterparts. This thesis is devoted to an investigation of two of the fundamental properties of quantum mechanics: non-locality and contextuality. The goal of this thesis is twofold. Firstly we will study how known results for discrete systems can be extended to continuous variables systems. Secondly, we will investigate how these properties can be tested in quantum systems characterized by continuous variables.Our work starts with an investigation of the set of local and no-signaling probability distributions. We develop a formalism for generic no-signaling black-box measurement devices with continuous outputs in terms of probability measures. We introduce the continuous-variable version of the famous Popescu-Rohrlich boxes and show that they violate the Tsirelson bound of an adequate continuous-variable Bell inequality. Finally, we perform a characterization of the geometry of the set of continuous-variable no-signaling correlations. More precisely, we show that the convex hull of those boxes is dense in the no-signaling set.We then study the contextuality of Quantum Mechanics in a state independent formulation. In particular, we study the Peres-Mermin state independent non-contextuality inequality, and show how it is possible to generalize the Peres-Mermin inequality to scenarios involving observables with an arbitrary number of outcomes. Specifically, we identify general conditions on the spectral decomposition of observables demonstrating state independent contextuality of quantum mechanics in this scenario.Lastly, we explore the non-local properties of entangled cat states, made of superpositions of coherent states stored in two spatially separated cavities. We show that even when taking into account the experimental imperfections such as the losses, a violation of local-realism is still possible, in the form of a violation of an appropriate Bell inequality

Being Local; a sense of place - details a journey during which I explore the notion that one aspect of art is seen best as a local activity, with the artist exploring his/her sense of place. Reading of relevant texts, and research of the conceptual basis of the notion, resulted in written and visual works. The writing records selected aspects of my thinking, detailing arrivals and discoveries, the development of art objects. Ultimately the research suggests that a sense of place is unfinished business; an ongoing process, a constant part of any vernacular or local activity. ‘Place’ is a story to be told and retold, a relationship constantly being renewed. Specifically, the story told here is from my own past to arrival in the settlement of Gladstone where I live on a three acre farmlet. That farmlet is the particular site in which I have carried out work exploring my thesis during 2007. The idea that art works are intrinsically local, inherently determined by my relationship with the place where I work, is an important part of the story. The acting of creating, is one of many relationships entwined in stories without which there can be no place to have a sense of. Another is the sharing of food. I have combined both the making of objects, and the sharing of food, as relational activities expressing ‘know how’, an art project.