<p>A large number of crosswalks are indicated by pavement markings and signs but are not signal-controlled. In this study, such a location is called “semi-controlled”. In locations where such a crosswalk has moderate amounts of pedestrian and vehicle traffic, pedestrians and motorists often engage in a non-verbal “negotiation”, to determine who should proceed first. </p> <p> </p> <p>In this study, 3400 pedestrian-motorist non-verbal interactions at such semi-controlled crosswalks were recorded by video. The crosswalk locations observed during the study underwent a conversion from one-way operation in Spring 2017 to two-way operation in Spring 2018. This offered a rare opportunity to collect and analyze data for the same location under two conditions.</p> <p> </p> <p>This research explored factors that could be associated with pedestrian crossing behavior and motorist <i>likelihood of decelerating</i>. A mixed effects logit model and binary logistic regression were utilized to identify factors that influence the likelihood of pedestrian crossing under specific conditions. The complementary motorist models used generalized ordered logistic regression to identify factors that impact a driver’s <i>likelihood of decelerating</i>, which was found to be a more useful factor than <i>likelihood of yielding to pedestrian</i>. The data showed that 56.5% of drivers slowed down or stopped for pedestrians on the one-way street. This value rose to 63.9% on the same street after it had been converted to 2-way operation. Moreover, two-way operation eliminated the effects of the presence of other vehicles on driver behavior.</p> <p> </p> <p>Also investigated were factors that could influence how long a pedestrian is likely to wait at such semi-controlled crosswalks. Two types of models were proposed to correlate pedestrian waiting time with various covariates. First, survival models were developed to analyze pedestrian wait time based on the first-event analysis. Second, multi-state Markov models were introduced to correlate the dynamic process between recurrent events. Combining the first-event and recurrent events analyses addressed the drawbacks of both methods. Findings from the before-and-after study can contribute to developing operational and control strategies to improve the level of service at such unsignalized crosswalks.</p> <p> </p> <p>The results of this study can contribute to policies and/or control strategies that will improve the efficiency of semi-controlled and similar crosswalks. This type of crosswalk is common, so the benefits of well-supported strategies could be substantial. </p>

With the number of vehicles increasing in the system every day, many statewide policies across the United States aim to increase the use of non- motorized transportation modes. This could have safety implications because the interaction between motorists and non-motorists could increase and potentially increasing pedestrian-vehicle crashes. Few models that predict the number of pedestrian crashes are not sensitive to site-specific conditions or intersection designs that may influence pedestrian crashes. Moreover, traditional statistical modeling techniques rely extensively on the sparsely available pedestrian crash database. This study focused on overcoming these limitations by developing models that quantify potential interactions between pedestrians and vehicles at various intersection designs using as surrogate safety measure the time to conflict. Several variables that capture volumes, intersection geometry, and operational performance were evaluated for developing pedestrian-vehicle conflict models for different intersection designs. Linear regression models were found to be best fit and potential conflict models were developed for signalized, unsignalized and roundabout intersections. Volume transformations were applied to signalized and unsignalized conditions to develop statistical models for unconventional intersections. The pedestrian-vehicle conflicting volumes, the number of lanes that pedestrians are exposed to vehicles, the percentage of turning vehicles, and the intersection conflict location (major or minor approach) were found to be significant predictors for estimating pedestrian safety at signalized and unsignalized intersections. For roundabouts, the pedestrian-vehicle conflicting volumes, the number of lanes that pedestrians have to cross, and the intersection conflict location (major or minor approach) were found to be significant predictors. Signalized intersection models were used for bowtie and median U-turn intersections using appropriate volume transformations. The combination of signalized intersection models for the intersection area and two-way unsignalized intersection models for the ramp area of the jughandle intersections were utilized with appropriate volume transformations. These models can be used to compare alternative intersection designs and provide designers and planners with a surrogate measure of pedestrian safety level for each intersection design examined.

Cette thèse aborde l’institutionnalisation du système socio-technique qui a permis la mobilité automobile entre 1920 et 1950 au Portugal, un pays qui au départ n’est pas producteur de véhicules automobiles et demeure périphérique technologiquement, par l’étude de deux aspects qui sont complémentaires : la régulation de la circulation des automobiles et l’adaptation des routes aux nouveaux véhicules motorisés. C’est une étude sur l’appropriation et la construction de ce système en fonction des actions menées par les usagers, les ingénieurs, les législateurs, les clubs automobiles, les services de voirie ou les organes de l’administration routière. Pendant la période analysée et malgré des taux de motorisation assez faibles, le système socio-technique est institutionnalisé et stabilisé, accompagnant et dialoguant avec la définition des standards internationaux et en créant des structures qui ont influencé le développement de ce système pendant la deuxième moitié du XXe siècle.La façon dont l’institutionnalisation du système a été menée à terme a non seulement permis une augmentation importante du transport routier commercial (au détriment du développement des chemins de fer), mais a aussi protégé une culture élitiste de l’usage des voitures particulières et le développement du tourisme automobile, visible dans la régulation de la circulation et dans la construction de routes touristiques avec des caractéristiques techniques et des budgets spéciaux. Elle a aussi permis le développement de l’ingénierie routière au Portugal avec la création d’un organe autonome d’administration routière et avec la formation de plusieurs ingénieurs qui ont construit une oeuvre que s’est approprié le discours de l’Estado Novo comme un symbole de sa réalisation et de sa modernité. Ces acteurs ont participé à l’élaboration de connaissances techniques ainsi qu’aux négociations de normes sociales et morales et à la construction de représentations au niveau des pratiques des usagers, des discours et de la matérialité de ce système. / This dissertation focuses on the institutionalization of the sociotechnical system, underlying automobility, in Portugal, from 1920 to 1950. By taking into consideration that the country was technologically peripheral and originally no automobiles were locally manufactured, this work developed along two complementary aspects: the regulation of automobile circulation and the adaptation of roads to the new vehicles. This is a study focusing on the appropriation and construction of this system through the interventions of users, engineers, legislators, automobile clubs, road services and administration. In the period under consideration, despite the low rates of motorization, the sociotechnical system institutionalized and stabilized, by following and discussing the definition of international standards and creating structures, which influenced the development of this system, during the second half of the nineteenth century.The way in which the institutionalization of the car system developed allowed not only an increase in commercial road transport in detriment of railways, but also protected an elitist culture regarding the use of private cars and the development of automobile tourism, as shown by circulation regulations and in the construction of tourism roads with special technical and budgetary characteristics. It also allowed the development of road engineering in Portugal, with the creation of an independent organ for road administration and the training of engineers whose works were appropriated by the rhetoric of the dictatorial regime known as New State (Estado Novo) as a symbol of its own accomplishments and modernity. All these actors participated in the construction of a technical discourse and in the negotiations of social and moral norms, as well as of representations at the level of the users’ practices, discourses and the materiality of the sociotechnical car system.Key-words: Sociotechnical system; automobile mobility, Portugal, Estado Novo, roads, motorists.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T18:24:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Any Lilian Maxemiuc Barcellos.pdf: 4614393 bytes, checksum: 16619c4734ad613d155083c774d02a2f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The study herein presented is founded on a dialogical approach of the discourse and, from a wider perspective, concerning studies which occur in the intersection of language and labor, was developed to (a) extend the comprehension of an activity developed by psychologists: the production of psychodiagnoses aiming to evaluate emotional balance; (b) offer a contribution to researchers or any other professionals whose interests fall on activities performed by psychologists. On the other hand, from a narrower perspective, its aim was to understand the role played by psychologists within two distinct spheres: the sphere where activities related to the control and prevention of traffic accidents are performed and the sphere constituted by academic and research settings. To perform such a task two texts were selected: (1) a psychodiagnosis composed by a set of documents which derive from the application of the test PMK (Miokinetic Psychodiagnosis) in an applicant to a driver´s license, by a psychologist specialized in issues related to the ability of conducting a motor vehicle, and (2) a journal article about the role played by this test in the evaluation of driver´s emotional balance, published in a journal named Boletim de Psicologia and created by a group of psychologists/researchers from Universidade de São Paulo, whose aim was to publish the result of a research previously presented in an event organized to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the test PMK. The dialogic approach implies the understanding of the bakhtinian notion of dialogism according to which each single text consists on a net of dialogues between speakers and dialogues between discourses; each dialogue would be characterized by relations based on complementarity, confrontation, mutual support or relations of any other type. The development of the analytical process of the two texts revealed that both are constituted by dialogues belonging to the economic sphere (industry and commerce), to the political sphere and to the scientific sphere, forming an intricate web of values which overlap the purpose around which the activities of the psychologists who create them turn: the control and prevention of traffic accidents / O propósito deste estudo, fundamentado em uma abordagem dialógica do discurso e de uma perspectiva mais ampla naquilo que diz respeito a pesquisas que têm lugar na intersecção entre linguagem e trabalho, foi (a) ampliar a compreensão a respeito de uma atividade realizada por psicólogos: a produção de psicodiagnósticos para avaliar a competência emocional para conduzir veículos automotores, e (b) oferecer uma contribuição a pesquisadores ou quaisquer outros profissionais interessados por atividades desenvolvidas por psicólogos. De um ponto de vista mais específico, sua finalidade foi compreender o papel de psicólogos no âmbito de duas esferas distintas: a do controle e prevenção de acidentes de trânsito e a científico-acadêmica, com fundamento em uma abordagem dialógica do discurso por meio da análise de dois textos: (1) um exame psicotécnico composto por um conjunto de documentos que resultaram da aplicação do teste PMK (Psicodiagnóstico Miocinético) em um candidato à Carteira Nacional de Habilitação (CNH) por um Psicólogo do Trânsito credenciado pelo DETRAN para emitir laudos psicológicos e (2) um artigo acadêmico-científico, a respeito da eficácia do teste PMK para avaliar candidatos ao cargo de motorista, publicado na revista Boletim de Psicologia e assinado por um grupo de psicólogos/pesquisadores da Universidade de São Paulo, cujo propósito foi divulgar uma pesquisa anteriormente apresentada em simpósio que celebrou os 50 anos de existência do referido teste. A abordagem desses textos foi realizada a partir de uma perspectiva dialógica a qual implica a compreensão da noção bakhtiniana do dialogismo segundo a qual cada texto/enunciado singular consiste em uma rede de diálogos entre interlocutores e diálogos entre discursos caracterizados por relações de complementação, confronto, apoio mútuo ou quaisquer outras. Ao longo do processo de análise ficou constatado que esses textos são constituídos por diálogos entre as esferas da economia (indústria e comércio), da política e da ciência, formando uma intrincada teia de valores que se sobrepuseram ao propósito em torno do qual giram as atividades dos psicólogos que os criaram: o controle e a prevenção de acidentes de trânsito