The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of melamine and ether contents on the curing and performance properties of UF resins as binders for wood composites. Various UF and UMF resins were synthesized with three different synthesis procedures. These resins were examined by 13C NMR, rheometer, and other methods and evaluated as particleboard binders. Three-layer particleboards were prepared with the resins catalyzed with various catalysts and levels, applied in face and core layers. The board test results were compared. Only about half of added melamine had reacted with formaldehyde. UMF resins were found to be catalyzed with stronger catalysts at suitable levels depending on melamine levels and on which layer of particleboard the UMF resins are to be applied. Even catalyzed with a stronger catalyst, the curing rates of UMF resins were still slower, and storage stabilities were shorter than UF resins, but the pot lives were longer, and internal bond strength and water resistance were higher. Moreover, resins synthesized with procedures 2 and 3 showed obviously longer storage times, longer pot lives, and longer gel times, and the particleboards bonded with these resins showed significant improvements in internal bond strength and water absorption values but the formaldehyde contents increased. The increased formaldehyde content test values indicated that linear methylene-ether groups in UF resins decompose in the hot-pressing of boards to emit formaldehyde, most of which is not captured back into the UF resin matrix. Uron-type methylene-ether groups decompose in the hot-pressing of boards to participate in the curing process and enhance the bonding of boards, but it could also emit extra formaldehyde which may not be effectively captured by UF resins but more effectively by UMF resins if the amount of melamine is high enough because of the increased reactive capacities of melamine. The results of this research offered a new hypothesis that the linear methyleneether bonds in UF resins might be a major contributor of the high free formaldehyde contents of particleboards. Decreasing the linear methylene-ether groups contents might effectively bring down the formaldehyde content of boards.

Este estudo comparou a performance de quarto agentes cimentantes com diferentes estratégias adesivas para cimentação de pinos de fibra de vidro em canais radiculares, através do teste de resistência adesiva e avaliando a dureza em diferentes profundidades. Para isto, foram utilizadas 60 raízes bovinas tratadas endodonticamente. Foram cimentados pinos de fibra de vidro Rebilda Post 20 de acordo com os seguintes protocolos divididos nos seguintes grupos: Grupos QM: Adesivo autocondicionante dual Futurabond DC + cimento resinoso dual Bifix QM; Group SE: Cimento resinoso autocondicionante de polimerização dual Bifix SE; Group RB: Adesivo autocondicionante de polimerização dual Futurabond DC + Resina Rebilda; Group XB: aplicação do adesivo autocondicionante de polimerização dual Futurabond DC + resina composta do tipo \"bulk fill\" X-tra Base. As raízes foram cortadas em fatias de 1mm e separadas em terços, sendo obtidos 2 corpos de prova por terço. Foram avaliadas a resistência adesiva (n=10) e a microdureza (n=5), após uma semana e após 4 meses de armazenamento em água. Para o teste de resistência adesiva (push- out) uma fatia de cada terço foi testada depois de uma semana e as outras 3 fatias provenientes do mesmo dente avaliadas após 4 meses. O ensaio de push out foi realizado a uma velocidade de 0,5mm/min até o deslocamento do pino e/ou fratura da interface adesiva. Para o teste de microdureza 20 dentes foram selecionados aleatoriamente e de cada dente foram obtidas seis 6 fatias que foram armazenadas em água destilada por uma semana até a mensuração em microdurômetro, após uma semana e após 4 meses. Os corpos de prova foram submetidos ao teste de microdureza Knoop em microdurômetro HMV-2000 (Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan), cinco endentações foram realizadas na camada de cimento de cada fatia. Os dados referentes aos testes de resistência adesiva (push- out) e microdureza foram submetidas análise de variância 3 fatores (ANOVA), teste de tukey (p<0,05) e teste de correlação de Person. Os valores de resistência adesiva não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas significantes quando observado os valores de resistência adesiva entre os grupos QM, RB e XB (p>=0.05), porém menores valores de resistência adesiva foram observados no Grupo SE. Quando considerada a variável envelhecimento não foram encontradas diferenças na resistência adesiva medida em uma semana e 4 meses (p>=0.05). Para a microdureza diferenças estatisticamente significantes foram encontradas nos diferentes terços da raiz (p<0.05). Os agentes cimentantes apresentaram diferenças estatísticas significantes na dureza (p<0.05). O grupo XB apresentou os maiores valores seguido por QM, RB e SE. Os grupos SE, RB e XB não apresentaram 80% da dureza máxima nas fatias correspondentes a região apical do canal radicular. O teste de Person mostrou haver correlação positiva linear entre a resistência adesiva e a dureza medidas antes e após o envelhecimento. O uso cimento resinoso dual, associado a uma aplicação anterior do sistema adesivo, ainda é a escolha mais segura, pois apresentou valores de força de adesão elevados, associados a valores de dureza adequados, mesmo em regiões apicais do canal radicular. / This study compared the performance of four cementitious agents with different adhesive strategies for cementing fiberglass pins in root canals, through the adhesive strength test and evaluating the hardness at different depths. For this, 60 endodontically treated bovine roots were used. Rebilda Post 20 fiberglass pins were cemented according to the following protocols divided into the following groups: QM groups: dual self-etching adhesive Futurabond DC + resin cement Bifix QM; Group SE: Dual polymerization resin cement Bifix SE; Group RB: application of self-etching dual-polymerization adhesive Futurabond DC + resin Rebilda; Group XB: application of the self-etching adhesive for dual polymerization Futurabond DC + composite resin of the bulk fill type X-tra Base. The roots were cut into 1mm slices and separated into thirds, obtaining 2 specimens per third. Bond strength (n =10) and microhardness (n = 5) were evaluated after one week and after 4 months of storage in water. For the push-out test one slice of each third was tested after one week and the other 3 slices from the same tooth evaluated after 4 months. The push out test was performed at a speed of 0.5mm / min until the pin displacement and / or fracture of the adhesive interface. For the microtensile test, 20 teeth were randomly selected and six slices were obtained from each tooth, which were stored in distilled water for one week until microdurometer measurement, after one week and after four months. The specimens were submitted to the Knoop microhardness test in HMV-2000 microdurometer (Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan), five indentations were performed in the cement layer of each slice. The data for the tests of bond strenght (push-out) and microhardness were submitted to analysis of variance 3 factors (ANOVA) and Tukey test (p <0.05) and Person correlation test. The bond strength values did not present significant statistical differences when the adhesive strength values were observed between the groups QM, RB and XB (p>=0.05), but lower values of adhesive strength were observed in the SE Group. When the aging variable was considered, differences in adhesive strength measured at one week and 4 months (p>=0.05) were not found. For microhardness, statistically significant differences were found in the different thirds of the root (p <0.05). The cementing agents presented significant statistical differences in the hardness (p <0.05). The XB group presented the highest values followed by QM, RB and SE. The groups SE, RB and XB did not present 80% of the maximum hardness in the slices corresponding to the apical region of the root canal. The Person test showed a linear positive correlation between the adhesive strength and the hardness measured before and after aging. The use of dual resin cement, combined with a previous application of the adhesive system, is still the safest choice, since it presented high values of bond strength, associated with adequate hardness values, even in apical regions of the root canal.

Compression Resin Transfer Molding (CRTM) is an advanced liquid molding process for producing continuous fiber-reinforced composite parts in relatively large dimensions and with high fiber volume fractions. This thesis investigates this process for the purpose of producing continuous fiber reinforced composites with particle fillers. In many composites, fillers are used within the resin for various reasons such as cost reduction and improvement of properties. However, the presence of fillers in a process involving resin impregnation through a fibrous medium can result in a composite with non-homogeneous microstructure and properties. This work aims to model the resin impregnation and particle filtration during injection and compression stages of the process. For this purpose, a previously developed particle filtration model is adapted to CRTM. An appropriate commercial software tool is used for numerical solution after a survey of available packages. The process is analyzed based on the developed model for various process scenarios. The results of this study aim to enhance the understanding of particle-filled resin impregnation and particle filtration phenomena in the CRTM process and are likely to be used towards designing optimum process configurations for a desired outcome in the future.

Este estudo comparou a performance de quarto agentes cimentantes com diferentes estratégias adesivas para cimentação de pinos de fibra de vidro em canais radiculares, através do teste de resistência adesiva e avaliando a dureza em diferentes profundidades. Para isto, foram utilizadas 60 raízes bovinas tratadas endodonticamente. Foram cimentados pinos de fibra de vidro Rebilda Post 20 de acordo com os seguintes protocolos divididos nos seguintes grupos: Grupos QM: Adesivo autocondicionante dual Futurabond DC + cimento resinoso dual Bifix QM; Group SE: Cimento resinoso autocondicionante de polimerização dual Bifix SE; Group RB: Adesivo autocondicionante de polimerização dual Futurabond DC + Resina Rebilda; Group XB: aplicação do adesivo autocondicionante de polimerização dual Futurabond DC + resina composta do tipo \"bulk fill\" X-tra Base. As raízes foram cortadas em fatias de 1mm e separadas em terços, sendo obtidos 2 corpos de prova por terço. Foram avaliadas a resistência adesiva (n=10) e a microdureza (n=5), após uma semana e após 4 meses de armazenamento em água. Para o teste de resistência adesiva (push- out) uma fatia de cada terço foi testada depois de uma semana e as outras 3 fatias provenientes do mesmo dente avaliadas após 4 meses. O ensaio de push out foi realizado a uma velocidade de 0,5mm/min até o deslocamento do pino e/ou fratura da interface adesiva. Para o teste de microdureza 20 dentes foram selecionados aleatoriamente e de cada dente foram obtidas seis 6 fatias que foram armazenadas em água destilada por uma semana até a mensuração em microdurômetro, após uma semana e após 4 meses. Os corpos de prova foram submetidos ao teste de microdureza Knoop em microdurômetro HMV-2000 (Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan), cinco endentações foram realizadas na camada de cimento de cada fatia. Os dados referentes aos testes de resistência adesiva (push- out) e microdureza foram submetidas análise de variância 3 fatores (ANOVA), teste de tukey (p<0,05) e teste de correlação de Person. Os valores de resistência adesiva não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas significantes quando observado os valores de resistência adesiva entre os grupos QM, RB e XB (p>=0.05), porém menores valores de resistência adesiva foram observados no Grupo SE. Quando considerada a variável envelhecimento não foram encontradas diferenças na resistência adesiva medida em uma semana e 4 meses (p>=0.05). Para a microdureza diferenças estatisticamente significantes foram encontradas nos diferentes terços da raiz (p<0.05). Os agentes cimentantes apresentaram diferenças estatísticas significantes na dureza (p<0.05). O grupo XB apresentou os maiores valores seguido por QM, RB e SE. Os grupos SE, RB e XB não apresentaram 80% da dureza máxima nas fatias correspondentes a região apical do canal radicular. O teste de Person mostrou haver correlação positiva linear entre a resistência adesiva e a dureza medidas antes e após o envelhecimento. O uso cimento resinoso dual, associado a uma aplicação anterior do sistema adesivo, ainda é a escolha mais segura, pois apresentou valores de força de adesão elevados, associados a valores de dureza adequados, mesmo em regiões apicais do canal radicular. / This study compared the performance of four cementitious agents with different adhesive strategies for cementing fiberglass pins in root canals, through the adhesive strength test and evaluating the hardness at different depths. For this, 60 endodontically treated bovine roots were used. Rebilda Post 20 fiberglass pins were cemented according to the following protocols divided into the following groups: QM groups: dual self-etching adhesive Futurabond DC + resin cement Bifix QM; Group SE: Dual polymerization resin cement Bifix SE; Group RB: application of self-etching dual-polymerization adhesive Futurabond DC + resin Rebilda; Group XB: application of the self-etching adhesive for dual polymerization Futurabond DC + composite resin of the bulk fill type X-tra Base. The roots were cut into 1mm slices and separated into thirds, obtaining 2 specimens per third. Bond strength (n =10) and microhardness (n = 5) were evaluated after one week and after 4 months of storage in water. For the push-out test one slice of each third was tested after one week and the other 3 slices from the same tooth evaluated after 4 months. The push out test was performed at a speed of 0.5mm / min until the pin displacement and / or fracture of the adhesive interface. For the microtensile test, 20 teeth were randomly selected and six slices were obtained from each tooth, which were stored in distilled water for one week until microdurometer measurement, after one week and after four months. The specimens were submitted to the Knoop microhardness test in HMV-2000 microdurometer (Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan), five indentations were performed in the cement layer of each slice. The data for the tests of bond strenght (push-out) and microhardness were submitted to analysis of variance 3 factors (ANOVA) and Tukey test (p <0.05) and Person correlation test. The bond strength values did not present significant statistical differences when the adhesive strength values were observed between the groups QM, RB and XB (p>=0.05), but lower values of adhesive strength were observed in the SE Group. When the aging variable was considered, differences in adhesive strength measured at one week and 4 months (p>=0.05) were not found. For microhardness, statistically significant differences were found in the different thirds of the root (p <0.05). The cementing agents presented significant statistical differences in the hardness (p <0.05). The XB group presented the highest values followed by QM, RB and SE. The groups SE, RB and XB did not present 80% of the maximum hardness in the slices corresponding to the apical region of the root canal. The Person test showed a linear positive correlation between the adhesive strength and the hardness measured before and after aging. The use of dual resin cement, combined with a previous application of the adhesive system, is still the safest choice, since it presented high values of bond strength, associated with adequate hardness values, even in apical regions of the root canal.

Many large composite structures are manufactured using sandwich laminates to achieve high specific bending strength and stiffness. Examples include wind turbine blades, where self-weight becomes increasingly important as blade size increases. Resin infusion of three-dimensional sandwich laminates can result in complex resin flow paths, and subsequent defect formation, which are difficult to predict. The core material used for sandwich construction and its interaction with liquid resins may also influence the formation of defects, and in the case of balsa this effect can be used to reduce defect severity. In order to evaluate the effect of cored sandwich laminate construction on the formation of defects, this thesis concentrates on the characterisation of commonly used core materials and their interaction with liquid resin under high vacuum conditions. It also considers two numerical flow-modelling packages which are shown to be effective at the prediction of flow front convergence for monolithic laminate, but over-estimate defect severity when modelling air- permeable cored laminates. For balsa core, experiments indicate that the available pore space can act as sink for trapped air, which can aid the reduction of defects where multiple flow fronts converge due to the complexity of flow in sandwich laminates. Empirical data for air absorption and desorption rates in balsa core were obtained using a custom-designed experiment. Using these data a theoretical model was developed that can indicate available pore space, which can inform optimum processing conditions, such as time under vacuum. The diffusion coefficients obtained for air absorption and desorption in balsa are very similar, and lie in the middle of published ranges for hard woods at around 2 x 10 -7 m2/s. The methodology developed for this research project represents actual behaviour of air absorption/desorption during resin infusion, whilst other techniques do not, merely measuring diffusion of air through a sample not allowing for finite pore space. In consequence, infusion strategies can be planned more precisely because core/resin interaction is better understood. Knit line defect formation could be predicted with greater accuracy with suitably modified flow-modelling programs.

My mixed media paintings explore the concept of home. I showcase topics regarding what a home is and how it connects to one’s identity. My desire to find home, emotionally and literally, has always preoccupied my mind. I have never been able to set deep roots, and that is a very unsettling feeling. My obsession with homes focuses on abandoned houses. These dwellings that people once took so much pride in are now left to rot and decay. The dilapidated state makes me see them as symbolic lost souls. I find similarities between houses and the human experience; houses have a history in the same way that people do. My process begins by taking photographs of these homes and creating image transfers that I apply to old wooden planks. The wooden planks are salvaged from the home because they have a physical connection to the space. I layer my transfers onto the planks with paint, objects, dirt, and wallpaper from the homes. I seal the paintings with encaustic wax or resin to preserve the objects, as a tribute to the things that once held value. By using multiple media and objects, I create textured surfaces that help tell a story about the house. By telling a story, I want to create a second life for these places.

La famille des résines alkydes occupe une place prépondérante dans l'industrie des peintures et vernis. Leur élaboration s'effectue en milieu fondu à des températures supérieures à 180°C. Puis ces résines sont émulsionnées dans l'eau en présence de pigments, charges et de tensioactifs. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'effectuer la synthèse de ces alkydes à partir de monomères d'origine naturelle par polyestérification directement en émulsion dans l'eau et sous activation micro-ondes pour des gains de temps et d'énergie. La synthèse de ces alkydes a été réalisée tout d'abord en masse sous chauffage conventionnel, en utilisant des monomères issus principalement de la chimie verte. Puis les comportements énergétiques des émulsions de type huile/eau ou eau/huile ainsi que des solutions ioniques et micellaires ont été étudiés, permettant ainsi de comprendre la contribution de chacun des ses constituants. Avant d'effectuer la polyestérification des alkydes en émulsion dans l'eau, une étude modèle a été réalisée sous chauffage diélectrique MO en utilisant deux monomères de nature hydrophobes. Par comparaison avec le chauffage conventionnel, des polymères de masses molaires plus fortes sont obtenus en un temps plus court. La transposition de ce type de synthèse aux alkydes en utilisant deux principales voies de synthèses, en une seule ou deux étapes, nous a permis de sélectionner les bons tensioactifs permettant de maintenir des émulsions (huile /eau) stables à des températures allant jusqu'à 230°C. Cependant cette synthèse n'a abouti qu'à la formation d'un polymère de masse molaire de 3000 g/mole ce qui reste très faible par rapport à la synthèse en milieu fondu. Ceci est la conséquence directe de la compétition entre la réaction d'hydrolyse et la réaction de polyestérification. L'étude de la réaction d'hydrolyse des triglycérides provenant de l'huile de tournesol conduite en émulsion dans l'eau (eau/huile et huile/eau ) sous activation MO, montre une accélération de la réaction et par conséquent tout l'intérêt d'utiliser une activation micro-ondes / Alkyd resins are amongst the most important and widely used resins in coating sectors. Their preparation is carried out in bulk at elevated temperatures (˃180 ° C). These resins are then emulsified in water in the presence of pigments, fillers and surfactants. The objective of this thesis is to synthesis these alkyds directly in aqueous emulsion under microwaves activation to accelerate polyestrification reaction. The synthesis of these alkyds was performed in a molten state under conventional heating using monomers mainly from green chemistry. Then the energy behavior of emulsions, ionic and micellar solutions were studied, allowing understanding the contribution of each of their constituents. Before performing the polyesterification of alkyd emulsion in water, the polyesterification of hydrophobic compounds in aqueous emulsion was carried out under dielectric heating MO. Compared with conventional heating, polymers with molar masses higher are obtained in a shorter time. The transposition of this type of synthesis with Alkyd using two main synthetic routes, in one or two steps, we were able to select the surfactants to maintain emulsions (oil/water) stable at temperatures up to 230 °C. However, this synthesis led to the formation of polymer molar mass of 3000 g / mol, which is very low compared to the synthesis in the bulk conditions. This is a direct consequence of the competition between hydrolysis reaction and polyesterification reaction. The triglycerides hydrolysis study from sunflower oil in aqueous emulsion (water / oil and oil/water) under MO activation shows an acceleration of the reaction

A proposta deste trabalho consistiu em realizar o estudo experimental e matemático do processo de sulfonação de resinas estirênicas reticuladas com etileno-glicol dimetacrilato (PS-EGDMA) e trietileno-glicol dimetacrilato (PS-TEGDMA). O processo de sulfonação de resinas estirênicas é uma das modificações químicas mais utilizadas na indústria e permite conferir características como seletividade às resinas, favorecendo seu uso em diversos processos. Foi utilizado um planejamento de Taguchi L9 com os fatores: fração monomérica, fração de agentes reticulantes e fração de solventes inertes (tolueno e heptano), referentes ao processo de polimerização. As resinas produzidas foram utilizadas na sulfonação, na qual a temperatura foi variada para determinar o ponto ótimo em termos de capacidade de troca iônica e variação de massa. Por meio de balanços de massa e fazendo o uso do modelo do núcleo não reagido foi feita a modelagem matemática do processo. Os resultados obtidos mostram que as resinas reticuladas com etileno-glicol dimetacrilato (EGDMA) e trietileno-glicol dimetcrilato (TGDMA) apresentam boa capacidade de troca iônica (CTI) quando comparadas às resinas comerciais de estireno-divinilbenzeno (S-DVB), como, por exemplo, a Amberlyst&reg;. As partículas sulfonadas de PS-EGDMA apresentaram CTI de 3,988 meq/g com ganho de massa de 30% enquanto as de PS-TEGDMA apresentaram capacidade de 3,477meq/g com ganho de massa de 47% no ponto ótimo tendo sido produzidas com temperaturas de sulfonação de 57,5ºC e 65ºC respectivamente. O modelo desenvolvido apresentou bom ajuste no intervalo entre o início da reação e o ponto máximo de capacidade de troca iônica, sendo capaz de prever as constantes cinéticas e de difusão da reação. Além disso, as partículas produzidas foram testadas na catálise heterogênea e conversões acima de 78% foram obtidas mostrando-se um eficiente catalisador. / The purpose of this work was to carry out the experimental and mathematical study of the sulfonation process of styrenic resins cross-linked with ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA). The sulfonation process of styrenic resins is very used in industry and allows particles to achieve characteristics like selectivity, favoring its use in several processes. It was used Taguchi L9 experimental design with the following factors: monomer molar fraction, fraction of crosslinking agents and fraction of inert solvents (toluene and heptane), referring to the polymerization process. The resins produced were used in the sulfonation process, in which the temperature was varied to determine the optimum point in terms of ion exchange capacity and mass variation. Mass balances and the unreacted core model were in order to develop the mathematical model. The results showed that PS-EGDMA and PS-TGDMA crosslinked resins exhibit good ion exchange capacity when compared to styrene-divinylbenzene (S-DVB) commercial resins, such as Amberlyst&reg;. The sulfonated PS-EGDMA particles showed ion exchange capacity of 3,988 meq/g with a mass gain of 30% while those of PS-TEGDMA presented a capacity of 3,477meq/g with mass gain of 47% at the optimum point and were produced with sulfonation temperatures of 55.7ºC and 65ºC respectively. The developed mathematical model showed a good fit in the interval between the beginning of the reaction and the maximum point of ion exchange capacity, being able to predict the kinetic and diffusion constants of the reaction. In addition, the produced particles were tested in the heterogeneous catalysis and conversions above 78% were obtained proving an efficient catalyst.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar diferentes materiais de cobertura (sistemas adesivos e selantes de superfície) quanto à alteração de cor e rugosidade quando aplicados sobre a superfície da resina composta. Noventa corpos de prova foram confeccionados em resina composta Z350 XT, A2E (3M Oral Care) com o auxílio de molde em Teflon (5x5x3mm). Após sua confecção, os corpos de prova foram imersos e mantidos em água deionizada durante 24h em estufa a 370C. Em seguida, os corpos de prova foram polidos, lavados em cuba ultrassônica e então distribuídos aleatoriamente nos grupos experimentais (n=10): 1) CTRL - somente polimento ; 2) SB - Adper SingleBond II (3M Oral Care); 3) US - Single Bond Universal (3M Oral Care); 4) CF - Clearfil SE (Kuraray); 5) APS - Ambar APS (FGM); 6) BF - Bioforty (Biodinâmica); 7) FF - Fortify (Bisco); 8) PS - PermaSeal (Ultradent); 9) GC - G CoatPlus (GC). Os corpos de prova foram avaliados quanto à alteração de cor em um Espectrofotômetro e quanto à rugosidade em um Perfilômetro óptico. Após as leituras iniciais, os corpos de prova foram imersos em vinho tinto e as medidas de ?E (alterac?a?o de cor) e Ra (rugosidade) foram analisadas nos tempos 24h, 72h e 168h. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA), testes de Tukey e teste de correlação de Pearson (p< 0,05). Não houve estabilidade de cor em nenhum dos grupos experimentais, inclusive no controle. Os selantes de superfície: BF, FF e PS e o sistema adesivo SB apresentaram a menor alteração em 24h e semelhante ao CTRL. O sistema adesivo APS apresentou a maior alteração de ?E em todos os tempos testados e diferença estatística em relação aos demais grupos (p<0,05). Em até 72h a alteração de cor ocorreu em maior intensidade, com tendência estabilizar-se em 168h para todos os grupos experimentais. Na aplicação imediata, os selantes de superfície e o sistema adesivo APS apresentaram a maior lisura superficial. Após 168h, o selante de superfície GC apresentou o menor valor de rugosidade e todos os demais materiais apresentaram-se semelhantes ao CTRL. Não houve correlação entre alteração de cor e rugosidade. / The purpose of this work was to evaluate different surface treatments (adhesive systems and surface sealants) regarding color change and roughness when applied on the surface of the composite resin. Ninety test specimens were made of composite resin Z350 XT, A2E (3M Oral Care) with the aid of Teflon mold (5x5x3mm). After the preparation of the specimens, they were immersed and kept in deionized water for 24 hours in an oven at 37°C. Then, the specimens were polished, washed in ultrasonic bath and then distributed randomly in the experimental groups, (n=10): 1) CTRL - only the polishing procedure; 2) SB - Adper SingleBond II (3M Oral Care); 3) US - Single Bond Universal (3M Oral Care); 4) CF - Clearfil SE the \"Bond\" bottle (Kuraray); 5) APS-Amber APS (FGM); 6) BF - Bioforty (Biodynamic); 7) FF - Fortify (Bisco); 8) PS - PermaSeal (Ultradent); 9) GC - G CoatPlus (GC). The specimens were analyzed regarding color alterations with a spectrophotometer and roughness changes with an optical profilometer. After the initial readings, the specimens were immersed in red wine and the measurements of ?E (color change) and Ra (roughness) were analyzed after 24h, 72h and 168h. Data were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey\'s tests and Pearson correlation tests (p<0.05). Color stability was not observed in any of the analyses groups, including the control group. The surface sealants BF, FF and PS and the adhesive system SB presented the smallest alterations in 24h and similar to the CTRL. The adhesive system APS presented the highest ?E alterations in all times tested and it was statistically different from other groups (p<0.05). Within 72h the color change occurs at higher intensity, with a tendency to stabilize in 168h for all experimental groups. In the immediate application, the surface sealants and the adhesive system APS showed the highest superficial smoothness. After 168h, the surface sealant GC presented the lowest roughness value and all the other materials behaved similarly to the CTRL. There was no correlation between color and roughness changes.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effect of sintering temperature on the microstructure and density of resin infused alumina, to investigate effect of sintering temperature and curing pressure on flexural strength, surface roughness, Young’s modulus, hardness and fracture toughness of resin infused alumina. MATERIALS: Alumina infused polymer and Vita In-ceram alumina. METHODS: Alumina powders were dry-pressed in a stainless steel mold to produce cylindrical alumina blocks. Blocks were divided into four different groups sintered at four different temperatures (1050ºC,1150ºC,1200ºC,1250ºC). The density of each block was measured. They were silane treated, and then infused with a UDMA mixture under vacuum condition. Infused alumina blocks were cured with an Isopress machine at two different pressures (20,001 psi and 23,187 psi) then cut into discs 1.5 mm thick x 14 mm diameter, n=8 for each group. Biaxial flexural strength was measured using an Instron Universal Testing machine at 0.5 mm/min crosshead speed. Surface roughness was measured with a Mitotoyu profilometer. Hardness was measured using a Vickers hardness test using Instron-produced indentations at 15 newton load for 30 seconds. Young’s modulus was measured by compressive Young’s modulus method using the Instron machine at 0.5 mm/min crosshead speed. Fracture toughness was measured using the Vickers indentation fracture toughness test. Microstructure of each group was investigated with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). RESULTS: Data were analyzed with One-way ANOVA with Tukey-Kramer HSD for comparison of all pairs at p<0.05 was used to determine statistical difference between groups. CONCLUSION: The biaxial flexural strength, surface toughness, hardness, Young’s modulus and fracture toughness increase as density of resin infused alumina increases. Interpenetrating phase material provides greater biaxial flexural strength and fracture toughness than single-phase alumina ceramics. Curing pressure has a significant effect on the biaxial flexural strength of polymer infused alumina blocks. / 2019-09-26T00:00:00Z