As placas de madeira aglomerada, amplamente empregadas para fabricação de móveis, estão consolidadas no mercado, mas merecem especial atenção devido ao seu alto custo quanto aos adesivos empregados e principalmente à vulnerabilidade à umidade se caso entre em contato com a mesma. Diante os fatos, este trabalho apresenta uma nova alternativa de adesivo, empregado por meio de aparas de isopor (EPS), largamente encontrados como resíduos, e o mesmo, ao envolver as partículas de madeira, material também empregado para a fabricação dos painéis, o torna apto para emprego em ambientes ligados diretamente à umidade, sejam eles internos ou externos à edificação. Com isso, o presente trabalho apresenta a elaboração e a proposta de utilização de um novo produto em forma de painel de madeira, produzido com serragem residual de serrarias, como partículas, e EPS (isopor) dissolvido, como adesivo, que possam ser empregados também na construção civil. Assim, foram produzidos painéis com quatro espécies de resíduos de madeira: pinus, eucalipto, teca e peroba. De cada uma das amostras, foram confeccionados dez painéis para a avaliação das características física, mecânica e outros ensaios. Dos resultados de caracterização física, pode-se concluir que os painéis estão conforme padrões exigidos pela norma brasileira NBR 14.810-2 - \"Chapas de madeira aglomerada\" da ABNT (2006b), e, devido aos baixos valores de inchamento, são adequados à utilização em ambientes úmidos e/ou externos. Dos resultados de caracterização mecânica, os painéis apresentaram bons resultados quanto à ligação interna e compressão, indicando ser promissor o uso de isopor como adesivo bem como sua utilização atrelada a painéis de fechamento. Entretanto, como os resultados de flexão estática não foram satisfatórios, prova-se que tais painéis não podem ser solicitados estruturalmente. Quanto aos outros ensaios realizados, todos os resultados foram favoráveis e, se utilizados conforme especificações técnicas, tornam-se coerentes para empregos em edificação. Como resultado, observou-se que os painéis podem ser produzidos e utilizados no mercado da construção civil, certificando que o produto pode ser empregado de forma segura, desde que sejam conhecidas suas funções, tempo de uso e manutenções necessárias. Desta forma, pretende-se contribuir para a produção e a análise de novos materiais que possam colaborar com a melhoria ambiental. / The particleboards, which are widely employed to manufacturing furniture, are established in the market, but they deserve a special attention due to their high cost considering the adhesives used on them and, paramountly, due to their vulnerability to humidity if on contact with their own parts. Facing the facts, this work presents a new alternative adhesive, applied with Styrofoam trims (EPS), usually found as residues, it may be used for involving the particles of wood, which are also used for manufacturing of the panels, and it makes it suitable for the use in environments directly related to humidity, whether it is internal or external to the building. Therewith, this work introduce the explanation and the proposition of the use of a new product in the shape of wood panel, produced with residual sawdust from sawmills, as particles and the EPS (Styrofoam) dissolved as an adhesive, which might also be used in construction. So, panels have been produced with four kinds of residual wood: pine, eucalyptus, teak and peroba. From each one of the samples, it has been manufactured ten boards for the evaluation of the physical and mechanical characteristics and other tests. From the results of physical description, it may be concluded the panels are in conformity with the requirements of the Brazilian standard NBR 14810-2 - \"Particleboards\" from ABNT (2006b), and due to low swelling values are appropriate to use it in humid and or outdoor environments. The results of mechanical description, the panels have shown satisfying results as for the internal connection and compression, indicating it is promising the use of Styrofoam as an adhesive and also its use in cable management panels. However, since the results of the static bending were not sufficient, it is proved such panels cannot be ordered, structurally. As for the other tests, all the results were positive and if they were used according to the technical specifications, they would become consistent for the application in construction. As a result, it was observed the panels might be produced and used in the market of construction, confirming the product may be applied safely as long as their functions are recognized, useful life, and required maintenance. In this way, it is intended to contribute to the production and analysis of new materials which may collaborate to improvement of the environment.

Particleboard (PB) is a widely used panel material because of its physical properties and low cost. Unfortunately, cutting can degrade its surface creating rejects and increasing manufacturing costs. A major challenge is PB’s internal variability. Different particle and glue bond strength combinations can sometimes create high quality surfaces in one area and defects such as edge chipping in nearby areas. This research examines methods of improving surface quality by examining PB characteristics and their interactions with the cutting tool. It also develops an analytical model and software tool that allows the effects of these factors to be simulated, thereby giving practical guidance and reducing the need for costly experiments. When PB is cut and the glue bond strength is weaker than the particle strength, particles are pulled out, leading to surface defects. When instead the glue bond strength is stronger than the particle strength, particles are smoothly cut, leading to a high quality surface. PB is modeled as a matrix of particles each with stochastically assigned material and glue bond strengths. The PB model is layered allowing particles to be misaligned. Voids are modeled as missing particles. PB cutting is modeled in three zones. In the finished material and tool tip zones, particles are compressed elastically and then crushed at constant stress. After failure, chip formation occurs in the chip formation zone. At large rake angles, the chip is modeled as a transversely loaded beam that can fail by cleavage at its base or tensile failure on its surface. At small rake angles, the chip is modeled as the resultant force acting on the plane from the tool tip through to the panel surface. Experimental and simulation results show that cutting forces increase with depth of cut, glue content and particle strength. They decrease with rake angle. Glue bond strength can be increased to the equivalent particle strength through the selection of particle geometry and the subsequent increased glue bond efficiency, which increases the cut surface quality without the need for additional glue. Minimizing the size and frequency of voids and using larger rake angles can also increase surface quality.

Particleboard (PB) is a widely used panel material because of its physical properties and low cost. Unfortunately, cutting can degrade its surface creating rejects and increasing manufacturing costs. A major challenge is PB’s internal variability. Different particle and glue bond strength combinations can sometimes create high quality surfaces in one area and defects such as edge chipping in nearby areas. This research examines methods of improving surface quality by examining PB characteristics and their interactions with the cutting tool. It also develops an analytical model and software tool that allows the effects of these factors to be simulated, thereby giving practical guidance and reducing the need for costly experiments. When PB is cut and the glue bond strength is weaker than the particle strength, particles are pulled out, leading to surface defects. When instead the glue bond strength is stronger than the particle strength, particles are smoothly cut, leading to a high quality surface. PB is modeled as a matrix of particles each with stochastically assigned material and glue bond strengths. The PB model is layered allowing particles to be misaligned. Voids are modeled as missing particles. PB cutting is modeled in three zones. In the finished material and tool tip zones, particles are compressed elastically and then crushed at constant stress. After failure, chip formation occurs in the chip formation zone. At large rake angles, the chip is modeled as a transversely loaded beam that can fail by cleavage at its base or tensile failure on its surface. At small rake angles, the chip is modeled as the resultant force acting on the plane from the tool tip through to the panel surface. Experimental and simulation results show that cutting forces increase with depth of cut, glue content and particle strength. They decrease with rake angle. Glue bond strength can be increased to the equivalent particle strength through the selection of particle geometry and the subsequent increased glue bond efficiency, which increases the cut surface quality without the need for additional glue. Minimizing the size and frequency of voids and using larger rake angles can also increase surface quality.

As placas de madeira aglomerada, amplamente empregadas para fabricação de móveis, estão consolidadas no mercado, mas merecem especial atenção devido ao seu alto custo quanto aos adesivos empregados e principalmente à vulnerabilidade à umidade se caso entre em contato com a mesma. Diante os fatos, este trabalho apresenta uma nova alternativa de adesivo, empregado por meio de aparas de isopor (EPS), largamente encontrados como resíduos, e o mesmo, ao envolver as partículas de madeira, material também empregado para a fabricação dos painéis, o torna apto para emprego em ambientes ligados diretamente à umidade, sejam eles internos ou externos à edificação. Com isso, o presente trabalho apresenta a elaboração e a proposta de utilização de um novo produto em forma de painel de madeira, produzido com serragem residual de serrarias, como partículas, e EPS (isopor) dissolvido, como adesivo, que possam ser empregados também na construção civil. Assim, foram produzidos painéis com quatro espécies de resíduos de madeira: pinus, eucalipto, teca e peroba. De cada uma das amostras, foram confeccionados dez painéis para a avaliação das características física, mecânica e outros ensaios. Dos resultados de caracterização física, pode-se concluir que os painéis estão conforme padrões exigidos pela norma brasileira NBR 14.810-2 - \"Chapas de madeira aglomerada\" da ABNT (2006b), e, devido aos baixos valores de inchamento, são adequados à utilização em ambientes úmidos e/ou externos. Dos resultados de caracterização mecânica, os painéis apresentaram bons resultados quanto à ligação interna e compressão, indicando ser promissor o uso de isopor como adesivo bem como sua utilização atrelada a painéis de fechamento. Entretanto, como os resultados de flexão estática não foram satisfatórios, prova-se que tais painéis não podem ser solicitados estruturalmente. Quanto aos outros ensaios realizados, todos os resultados foram favoráveis e, se utilizados conforme especificações técnicas, tornam-se coerentes para empregos em edificação. Como resultado, observou-se que os painéis podem ser produzidos e utilizados no mercado da construção civil, certificando que o produto pode ser empregado de forma segura, desde que sejam conhecidas suas funções, tempo de uso e manutenções necessárias. Desta forma, pretende-se contribuir para a produção e a análise de novos materiais que possam colaborar com a melhoria ambiental. / The particleboards, which are widely employed to manufacturing furniture, are established in the market, but they deserve a special attention due to their high cost considering the adhesives used on them and, paramountly, due to their vulnerability to humidity if on contact with their own parts. Facing the facts, this work presents a new alternative adhesive, applied with Styrofoam trims (EPS), usually found as residues, it may be used for involving the particles of wood, which are also used for manufacturing of the panels, and it makes it suitable for the use in environments directly related to humidity, whether it is internal or external to the building. Therewith, this work introduce the explanation and the proposition of the use of a new product in the shape of wood panel, produced with residual sawdust from sawmills, as particles and the EPS (Styrofoam) dissolved as an adhesive, which might also be used in construction. So, panels have been produced with four kinds of residual wood: pine, eucalyptus, teak and peroba. From each one of the samples, it has been manufactured ten boards for the evaluation of the physical and mechanical characteristics and other tests. From the results of physical description, it may be concluded the panels are in conformity with the requirements of the Brazilian standard NBR 14810-2 - \"Particleboards\" from ABNT (2006b), and due to low swelling values are appropriate to use it in humid and or outdoor environments. The results of mechanical description, the panels have shown satisfying results as for the internal connection and compression, indicating it is promising the use of Styrofoam as an adhesive and also its use in cable management panels. However, since the results of the static bending were not sufficient, it is proved such panels cannot be ordered, structurally. As for the other tests, all the results were positive and if they were used according to the technical specifications, they would become consistent for the application in construction. As a result, it was observed the panels might be produced and used in the market of construction, confirming the product may be applied safely as long as their functions are recognized, useful life, and required maintenance. In this way, it is intended to contribute to the production and analysis of new materials which may collaborate to improvement of the environment.

Particleboard (PB) is a widely used panel material because of its physical properties and low cost. Unfortunately, cutting can degrade its surface creating rejects and increasing manufacturing costs. A major challenge is PB’s internal variability. Different particle and glue bond strength combinations can sometimes create high quality surfaces in one area and defects such as edge chipping in nearby areas. This research examines methods of improving surface quality by examining PB characteristics and their interactions with the cutting tool. It also develops an analytical model and software tool that allows the effects of these factors to be simulated, thereby giving practical guidance and reducing the need for costly experiments. When PB is cut and the glue bond strength is weaker than the particle strength, particles are pulled out, leading to surface defects. When instead the glue bond strength is stronger than the particle strength, particles are smoothly cut, leading to a high quality surface. PB is modeled as a matrix of particles each with stochastically assigned material and glue bond strengths. The PB model is layered allowing particles to be misaligned. Voids are modeled as missing particles. PB cutting is modeled in three zones. In the finished material and tool tip zones, particles are compressed elastically and then crushed at constant stress. After failure, chip formation occurs in the chip formation zone. At large rake angles, the chip is modeled as a transversely loaded beam that can fail by cleavage at its base or tensile failure on its surface. At small rake angles, the chip is modeled as the resultant force acting on the plane from the tool tip through to the panel surface. Experimental and simulation results show that cutting forces increase with depth of cut, glue content and particle strength. They decrease with rake angle. Glue bond strength can be increased to the equivalent particle strength through the selection of particle geometry and the subsequent increased glue bond efficiency, which increases the cut surface quality without the need for additional glue. Minimizing the size and frequency of voids and using larger rake angles can also increase surface quality. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Mechanical Engineering, Department of / Graduate

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第19776号 / 農博第2172号 / 新制||農||1041(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H28||N4992(農学部図書室) / 32812 / 京都大学大学院農学研究科森林科学専攻 / (主査)教授 金山 公三, 教授 矢野 浩之, 教授 五十田 博 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第20766号 / 農博第2249号 / 新制||農||1054(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H29||N5086(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科森林科学専攻 / (主査)教授 金山 公三, 教授 矢野 浩之, 教授 吉村 剛 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

This study investigated effects of pilot-hole diameter, screw penetration depth depth, embedded screw orientation, magnitude of pushing-down force and turning speed on screw driving torques in particleboard (PB) and predicted screw driving torques for two PB clamped together. In addition, effects of material mechanical properties such as shear and tensile strength on screw direct withdrawal loads in PB were investigated and a model to predict screw direct withdrawal load capacity was developed. Furthermore, effects of screw driving torques on clamping pressure between two particleboards were investigated. It was concluded in general that stripping torques (STT) per thread for driving screws into tested PB materials had significantly higher means than seating torque (SET) per thread. The SET and STT per thread for screws driven into PB materials with 0.75-inch penetration depth was higher than 0.50-inch depth when no pilot-hole or pilot-holes with diameter of 1/8 in were drilled. Statistical analyses on screw driving torques for two PB materials clamped together, illustrated that the SET and STT tended to increase when the pilot-hole diameter decreased from 11/64 to 1/16 in. The prediction of the SET and STT values of driving screws through a face into an edge of PB materials can be predicted by the connection of two separate PB materials between a single face specimen with countersink in the surface and a single edge specimen. In addition, a face into a face PB connection, the prediction of both SET and STT can be predicted by connection of two separate face specimens. Results on shear and internal bond (IB) strength demonstrated that there was a clear trend that the shear and IB strengths were higher in the surface of the particleboards than the other levels. In the case of screw direct withdrawal (SDW), the results illustrated that the SDW values of particleboard types did not differ from each other when the pilot-hole diameters of 1/8 and 9/64 in used to drive the screw into the material.

The bending strength of a commercial 0.82-inch-thick three-layered particleboard was investigated in terms of its bending moment resistance capacity. Experimental results indicated that the bending moment resistance capacity of the particleboard was governed by the tensile and compressive strengths of each of four-layered materials composing of the particleboard. A proposed mechanical model for prediction of the bending moment resistance capacity of the particleboard based on the tensile and compressive strengths of each of three-layered materials was validated experimentally. The developed mechanical model can be used to explain four different variations in terms of different combinations of layer strength properties commonly occurred in real manufacturing environment due to process variations. The optimal combination in terms of each layer tensile and compressive strength property can be obtained.

As usinas sucroalcooleiras aproveitam apenas a fração colmo da planta para a produção de açúcar e etanol restando o bagaço da cana-de-açúcar, composto das frações fibra e medula, é em grande parte usado para geração de energia elétrica. O resíduo agrícola da cana RAC, constituído pelas folhas, palha, e a ponteira da cana de açúcar são cortados durante a colheita e devolvidos ao campo para adubar o solo contribuindo para a lavoura da cana-de-açúcar. Os painéis hardboards são produzidos a partir da aplicação de calor e pressão a um colchão de fibras ou serragem de madeira, sendo aplicados como pisos na construção civil e como pranchetas e fundo de gavetas na indústria moveleira. Assim, a proposta desse trabalho foi o estudo da utilização dos materiais provenientes da cultura de cana-de-açúcar, em particular a fração medula do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar e do RAC para produção de hardboard (sem a utilização de adesivos) e particleboards (com a adição de resina fenol-formaldeído). Adicionalmente, estudou-se a adição da humina resultante de processos de hidrólise ácida do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar como coadjuvante na produção de painéis de medula de cana-de-açúcar. A utilização da resina fenol-formaldeído foi estudada no intervalo de 10% a 33%, sendo os melhores resultados obtidos quando do uso de 25% de resina, que apresentou tensão máxima de 29,9 MPa em ensaio de tração. Definido esse valor, realizou-se o estudo do efeito da quantidade de humina no intervalo de 12,5% a 75%, o qual revelou que a humina leva à produção de materiais frágeis com redução do desempenho mecânico. As frações RAC foram empregadas para a produção de amostras com teor de resina fenol-formaldeído igual a 25%. Todos os corpos de prova produzidos foram analisados por ensaios de tração (MOR e MOE), análise térmica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e análise dinâmico mecânica. A produção de hardboards a partir da fração medula do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, nas condições empregadas neste estudo preliminar, resultou em materiais com baixo desempenho mecânico, revelado pelos resultados dos ensaios de tração que indicou tensão máxima de 4,7 MPa. Entretanto, a mesma matéria prima quando misturada com resina fenol-formaldeído resultou na produção de particleboards que, apesar da dispersão pouca efetiva da resina, apresentaram um melhor desempenho mecânico (tensão máxima no intervalo de 29,9 a 11,3 MPa). Finalmente, os materiais obtidos com as frações RAC da cana-de-açúcar e resina FF mostraram-se mais homogêneos e com desempenho mecânico igual ou superior (tensão máxima no intervalo de 36,1 a 27,7 MPa) aos observados para os materiais obtidos com Pinus sp (tensão máxima de 27,7 MPa). / Sugar and ethanol mills use only the stem fraction of sugarcane for the production of sugar and ethanol. The sugarcane bagasse, composed of fiber and pith fractions, is largely used to generate electricity. The sugarcane agricultural residues - RAC, made up of leaves, straw and the tip of sugarcane are cut during harvest and returned to the field to fertilize the soil. Hardboard panels are produced from the application of heat and pressure to a fiber or sawdust mat. Its commercial application includes floors in construction and clipboards and bottom drawers in the furniture industry. Thus the purpose of this work was to study the use of materials from sugarcane culture, in particular the core fraction of bagasse sugarcane and the sugarcane trash for the production of hardboard (without the use of adhesives) and particleboards (with the addition of phenol formaldehyde resin). In addition, he studied the addition of the resulting humin acid hydrolysis process of sugarcane bagasse as an adjunct in the production of sugarcane pith panels. The use of phenol formaldehyde resin was studied in the range of 10% to 33%, with best results obtained when using 25% resin, which had maximum stress of 29.9 MPa in tensile testing. Once established, the study of the effect of the amount of humin was held in the range of 12.5% to 75%, which revealed that the humin leads to the production of brittle materials with reduced mechanical performance. Sugarcane trash fractions were used for production of resin samples with phenol formaldehyde content equal to 25%. All produced samples were analyzed by tensile tests (MOR and MOE), thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dynamic mechanical analysis. The production of hardboards from the marrow fraction of sugarcane bagasse, under the conditions employed in this preliminary study, resulted in materials with low mechanical performance, revealed the results of tensile tests indicated that maximum voltage of 4.7 MPa. However, the same raw material when mixed with phenol-formaldehyde resin resulted in the production of particleboards that despite the low effective dispersion of the resin, had a better mechanical performance (maximum stress in the range from 29.9 to 11.3 MPa). Finally, materials obtained from the fractions of RAC sugarcane and PF resin proved to be more homogeneous and with equal or higher mechanical performance (maximum stress in the range from 36.1 to 27.7 MPa) to that observed for materials obtained with Pinus sp (maximum stress of 27.7 MPa).