Devido à crescente demanda por perfis formados a frio destinados à fabricação de estruturas de aço no Brasil, aliada a desatualização da norma brasileira NB-143:1967, fez-se necessário a publicação de uma nova norma brasileira de \'Dimensionamento de Estruturas de Aço Constituídas por Perfis Formados a Frio\' a NBR14762:2001. Essa apresenta, para o dimensionamento das ligações, expressões adaptadas da norma norte-americana AISI:1996. As adaptações foram inseridas com o intuito de simplificar o cálculo e foram determinadas apenas por ajustes teóricos, faltando, portanto uma investigação mais criteriosa. Deste modo tornou-se prioritário o estudo das ligações em chapas e perfis com pequena espessura, para avaliação destas expressões propostas. Neste âmbito analisou-se neste trabalho o comportamento estrutural de ligações parafusadas em chapas e perfis formados a frio de pequena espessura, mediante análise teórica e experimental de corpos-de-prova, os quais foram definidos de maneira a se obter os diversos modos de falha, em especial a ruptura da seção líquida. Com os resultados experimentais pôde-se sugerir modificações nas expressões do coeficiente redutor da área líquida Ct, aplicado na avaliação da resistência ao estado limite de ruptura da seção líquida efetiva. Com os resultados desta pesquisa, espera-se colaborar com futuras edições da norma brasileira, fornecendo subsídios em suas futuras revisões. / The growing demand for cold-formed steel members of steel structures in Brazil, allied to the obsolescence of the brazilian NB-143:1967 standard, led to the need for a new brazilian code for the \'Design of Cold-formed Steel Structural Members\', the NBR14762:2001 standard. This new standard contains expressions adapted from the american AISI:1996 code for the design of connections. The adaptations were included with the purpose of simplifying the calculation and were determined merely for theoretical adjustments; hence, they lack a more careful investigation. It has thus become a matter of priority to study the connections in thin sheets and cold-formed members to evaluate the proposed expressions. The work reported on here therefore analyzed the structural behavior of bolted connections in thin sheets and cold-formed members based on theoretical and experimental analyses of test specimens, which were defined in order to obtain the various failure modes, particularly on sheet tearing in the net section. Based on the experimental results, suggestions are made for modifications in the expressions of the reduction coefficient of the net area Ct, applied in evaluations of the tensile strength of the effective net section. It is expected that the results of this research will contribute to future editions of the new brazilian code, supplying inputs for use in future revisions.

Magnetically confined fusion (MCF) plasmas are typically subject to several unstable modes. The growth of one mode can limit the plasma energy confinement and might cause a termination of the plasma. Externally applied resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) are used to control and to mitigate some of the unstable modes. Examples are, mitigation of edge localized modes and steering of neoclassical tearing mode position for stabilization by electron cyclotron current drive. Consequently, use of RMPs are considered necessary in planned future fusion machines. There are however negative consequences, the RMP interaction with a tearing mode (TM) of the same resonance can cause deceleration of the TM and possibly wall-locking. If a TM is non-rotating relative the machine-wall, it can grow and degrade fusion plasma performance and lead to a plasma disruption. Thus, all fusion confinement machines want to avoid wall-locked modes. Resonant magnetic fields can also be present in the form of machine-error-fields, which can produce the same effects. Clearly, it is of importance to understand the TM-RMP interaction. Typically, the modes with long wavelength are described by magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) theory. Considering the finite plasma resistivity, MHD predicts a mode that tears and reconnects magnetic field lines, called a tearing mode (TM). TMs occur at surfaces where the magnetic field lines close on themselves after a number of (m) toroidal and (n)poloidal turns. These surfaces are resonant in the sense that magnetic field and helical current perturbation has the same helicity, which minimize stabilizing effect of magnetic field line bending. In this thesis, the mechanisms of TM locking and unlocking due to external resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) are experimentally studied. The studies are conducted in two MCF machines of the type reversed-field pinch (RFP): EXTRAP T2R and Madison Symmetric Torus (MST). The studied machines exhibit multiple rotating TMs under normal operation. In EXTRAP T2R TM locking and unlocking are studied by application of a single harmonic RMP. Observations show that after the TM is locked, RMP amplitude has to be reduced significantly in order to unlock the TM. In similar studies in MST unlocking is not observed at all after turn-off of the RMP. Hence, in both machines, there is hysteresis in the locking and subsequent unlocking of a tearing mode. Results show qualitative agreement with a theoretical model of the TM evolution when subjected to an RMP. It is shown that the RMP cause a reduction of TM and plasma rotation at the resonant surface. The velocity reduction is opposed by a viscous torque from surrounding plasma. After TM locking, relaxation of the whole plasma rotation is observed, due to the transfer of velocity reduction via viscosity. This results in a reduced viscous resorting torque, which explains the observed hysteresis. The hysteresis is further deepened by the increase in amplitude of a locked mode. / <p>QC 20160111</p>

This master's thesis deals with modeling of linear electrical circuits through the differential algebraical equation systems. It describes methods of numerical solving, discusses the need of algebraical conversions and possibility of minimalization through the use of parasitic components. In addition, it involves the design and implementation of extension of available simulation tool.

In this work we study the magnetic field modeling of realistic non-axisymmetric plasma equilibrium configurations and the heat flux patterns on the plasma facing components of tokamak divertor discharges. We start by establishing the relation between generic magnetic configurations and Hamiltonian dynamical systems. We apply the concept of magnetic helicity, used to establish topological bounds for the magnetic field lines in ideal plasmas, and to understand the self-consistency of reconnected magnetic surfaces in non-axisymmetric configurations. After this theoretical discussion, we present some results on magnetohydrodynamic equilibrium and the use of analytical solutions to the Grad-Shafranov equation for describing real tokamak discharges based on the experimental diagnostics and realistic boundary conditions. We also compare the equilibrium reconstruction of a DIII-D discharge obtained with a numerical reconstruction routine, developed as part of this research, and the EFIT code used by several tokamak laboratories around the world. The magnetic topology and plasma profiles obtained with our method are in considerable agreement with the numerical reconstruction performed with the other code. Then, we introduce a simplified description of the generic non-axisymmetric magnetic field created by known sources and implement it numerically for describing the magnetic field due to external coils in tokamak devices. After that, we use this routines to develop a numerical procedure to adjust a suitable set of non-linear parameters of internal filamentary currents, which are intended to model the plasma response based on the magnetic field measurements outside the plasma. Finally, these methods are used to model the magnetic field created by a slowly rotating plasma instability in a real DIII-D discharge. The plasma response modeling is based on the magnetic probe measurements and allow us to calculate the magnetic field in arbitrary locations near the plasma edge. Using this information we determine the non-axisymmetric plasma edge through the magnetic invariant manifolds routine developed during this work. The intersection of the calculated invariant manifold with the tokamak chamber agrees considerably well with the heat flux measurements for the same discharge at the divertor plates, indicating the development of a rotating manifold due to the internal asymmetric plasma currents, giving quantitative support to our simplified description of the magnetic field and the plasma edge definition through the invariant manifolds. / Neste trabalho estuda-se a modelagem do campo magnético em configurações realistas de plasmas em equilíbrio não-axissimétrico e o fluxo de calor nos componentes em contato com o plasma em descargas de tokamaks com desviadores poloidais. Começa-se estabelecendo a relação entre configurações magnéticas arbitrárias e sistemas dinâmicos Hamiltonianos. Então aplicamos o conceito de helicidade magnética, que é usado para estabelecer limitações topológicas sobre as linhas de campo magnético em plasmas ideais, assim como para compreender a auto-consistência das superfícies magnéticas reconectadas em configurações não-axissimétricas. Após esta discussão teórica, apresentam-se alguns resultados sobre o equilíbrio magnetohidrodinâmico e o uso de soluções analíticas à equação de Grad-Shafranov para descrever descargas reais em tokamaks, com base em diagnósticos experimentais e condições de contorno realistas. Também realiza-se uma comparação entre a reconstrução do equilíbrio de uma descarga do DIII-D, obtida mediante uma rotina numérica desenvolvida para esta pesquisa, com a obtida mediante o código EFIT, usado amplamente em diversos tokamaks. Após isso, apresenta-se uma descrição simplificada do campo magnético não-axissimétrico, criado por fontes determinadas, e a sua implementação para descrever o campo magnético devido às correntes externas em tokamaks. Então, usam-se estas rotinas para desenvolver um procedimento numérico que ajusta um conjunto adequado de parâmetros não-lineares de correntes filamentares internas, com as quais pretende-se modelar a resposta do plasma com base nas medidas de campo magnético fora do plasma. Finalmente, estes métodos são utilizados para modelar o campo magnético criado por uma instabilidade com rotação lenta numa descarga do DIII-D. Com base nas medidas das sondas magnéticas é possível modelar os campos criados em regiões arbitrárias próximas da borda do plasma. Usando esta informação é possível determinar a borda não-axissimétrica do plasma mediante as invariantes magnéticas calculadas com a utilização de uma rotina desenvolvida durante este trabalho. A intersecção da superfície invariante com a câmara do tokamak coincide satisfatoriamente com as medidas de fluxo de calor nas placas do divertor para a mesma descarga, indicando o desenvolvimento de uma variedade giratória criada pelas correntes de plasma não-axissimétricas, e sustentando quantitativamente a nossa descrição simplificada do campo magnético, assim como a definição da borda do plasma mediante as invariantes magnéticas.

Die bruchmechanischen Eigenschaften von Elastomerwerkstoffen zeigen eine deutliche Abhängigkeit von der Prüfkörpergeometrie. Endscheidenden Einfluss hat die Art der Beanspruchung, die der Belastung des realen Bauteils entsprechen sollte. In dieser Arbeit wird die Methode zur Analyse des dynamischen Risswachstums von Elastomeren im simultanen Tensile- und Pure-shear-Prüfmodus beschrieben. Die Methode, basierend auf der mechanischen Aufrüstung und Weiterentwicklung eines Tear and Fatigue Analyzers, stellt den Prüfmethoden übergreifende Feststellungen zu aussagekräftigen Kennwertdaten des Bruchverhaltens von Elastomeren vor. Die Schwerpunke der Arbeit wurden in zwei Hauptthemen unterteilt, wobei zuerst eine konstruktive Modifizierung des kommerziellen TFA vorgenommen wurde und anschließend die Untersuchungen zur Beschreibung der bruchmechanischen Eigenschaften von Elastomerwerkstoffen und dynamischer Beanspruchung mittels modifiziertem TFA durchgeführt wurden. Es wurde aus den Anforderungen an die quantitative, simultane Analyse von SENT- als auch Pure-shear-Prüfkörpern eine konstruktive Modifizierung des kommerziellen TFA vorgenommen. Insbesondere die Schwerpunkte der Modifizierung wurden der Verminderung des Einflusses der Prüfkörperhalterungsfestigkeit auf die Genauigkeit der Analyse und der Untersuchung des Resonanzbereiches des TFA gewidmet. Die hier dokumentierten Ergebnisse durch den modifizierten TFA haben deutlich das unterschiedliche Bruchverhalten in der Abhängigkeit von der Prüfkörpergeometrie nachgewiesen. Es wurden umfangreiche Untersuchungen zur Charakterisierung der Rissausbreitungsgeschwindigkeiten in Elastomeren in Abhängigkeit von der Prüfkörpergeometrie als auch von der Risslänge durchgeführt, wobei festgestellt wurde, dass die bruchmechanischen Eigenschaften nicht nur von der Risslänge, sondern auch signifikant von der Kerbgeometrie abhängen. Die Ergebnisse haben weiterhin gezeigt, dass ein großer Einfluss der Herstellungsparameter der Prüfkörper unter Berücksichtigung von Kautschukbasis und Kautschukmischungsrezeptur auf die bruchmechanischen Eigenschaften besteht. Die vorgestellte Methode zur Bestimmung der dynamisch-bruchmechanischen Eigenschaften von Elastomeren stellt zusammen mit der Berücksichtigung der Herstellungsparameter einen genauen Vergleich zwischen den experimentell ermittelten Prüfwerten unabhängig von der Prüfkörpergeometrie dar. / The mechanical properties of rubber materials can be shown to be a function of the geometry of the test specimen. The main affecting parameters are the loading conditions. The present work proposes a new fracture mechanical testing concept for determination of dynamic crack propagation of rubber materials. This concept implements a method of simultaneous tensile- and pure-shear-mode testing. The present approach is based on an upgrade of the Tear and Fatigue Analyzers, on the fracture mechanics theory of dynamically loaded test specimens and on the definition of pure-shear states according to the test specimen’s geometry ratio. The main focus of this work can be divided in two parts. Firstly it is introduced the development of a method for analysis of dynamic crack propagation in filled rubber by simultaneous tensile- and pure shear mode testing. The servo-hydraulic machine with controlled temperature testing chamber is equipped with simultaneously operating two mode test equipment which represents a new fracture testing method. Secondarily the analysis of crack propagation under the dynamic loading conditions is practised with this method. It is shown how the tearing energy and the crack growth rate depend on the test specimen’s geometry ratio and crack length. It is also demonstrated that the values for tearing energies and also crack growth rates for short crack lengths in SENT- as well as in pure-shear test specimens are identical. Another important aspect is related to the different values of tearing energies and crack growth rates for cracks with short and large lengths in pure-shear test specimens. The results show the dependence of fracture behavior on manufacturing the test specimens. The new fracture mechanical testing concept offers a comparison between fracture behavior of rubber materials independent of the test specimens geometry.

For paper producers, an understanding of the development of strength properties in the paper is of uttermost importance. Strong papers are important operators both in the traditional paper industry as well as in new fields of application, such as fibre-based packaging, furniture and light-weight building material. In the work reported in this thesis, three approaches to increasing paper strength were addressed: mixing different pulps, multilayering and reinforcement with man-made fibres. In specific: The effects of mixing Swedish softwood kraft pulp with southern pine or with abaca (Musa Textilis) were investigated. Handsheets of a softwood kraft pulp with the addition of abaca fibres were made in a conventional sheet former. It was seen that the addition of abaca fibres increased the tearing resistance, fracture toughness, folding endurance and air permeance. Tensile strength, tensile stiffness and tensile energy absorption, however, decreased somewhat. Still it was possible to add up to about 60% abaca without any great loss in tensile strength. As an example, with the addition of 30% abaca, the tear index was increased by 36%, while the tensile index was decreased by 8%. To study the effect of stratification, a handsheet former for the production of stratified sheets, the LB Multilayer Handsheet Former was evaluated. The advantage of this sheet former is that it forms a stratified sheet at low consistency giving a good ply bond. It was shown to produce sheets with good formation and the uniformity, evaluated as the variation of paper properties, is retained at a fairly constant level when the number of layers in the stratified sheets is increased. The uniformity of the sheets produced in the LB Multilayer Handsheet Former is generally at the same level as of those produced in conventional sheet formers. The effects of placing southern pine and abaca in separate layers, rather than mixing them homogeneously with softwood pulp were studied. Homogeneous and stratified sheets composed of softwood and southern pine or softwood and abaca were produced in the LB Multilayer Handsheet Former. It was found that by stratifying a sheet, so that a pulp with a high tear index and a pulp with a high tensile index are placed in separate layers, it was possible to increase the tear index by approximately 25%, while the tensile index was decreased by 10-20%. Further, by mixing a pulp with less conformable fibres and no fines with a pulp with more flexible fibres and fines, a synergy in tensile strength (greater strength than that predicted by linear mass fraction additivity) was obtained. The effects of stratifying sheets composed of softwood and abaca were compared to the effects of refining the softwood pulp. Homogeneous and stratified sheets composed of softwood with three different dewatering resistances and abaca were also produced in the LB Multilayer Handsheet Former. It was found that by stratifying the sheets the tear index was retained while the tensile index was increased by the refining. The effects of reinforcing softwood pulp of different dewatering resistances with man-made fibres with low bonding ability were also investigated. Man-made fibres (i.e. regenerated cellulose, polyester and glass fibres) were added in the amounts 1, 3, or 5 wt% to softwood pulp of three different dewatering resistances. It was found that with refining of a softwood pulp and subsequent addition of long fibres with low bonding ability the tensile-tear relationship can be shifted towards higher strength values. The bonding ability of the man-made fibres was evaluated by pull-out tests and the results indicated that, in relation to the fibre strength, regenerated cellulose (lyocell) was most firmly attached to the softwood network while the glass fibres were most loosely attached.

In this work we study the magnetic field modeling of realistic non-axisymmetric plasma equilibrium configurations and the heat flux patterns on the plasma facing components of tokamak divertor discharges. We start by establishing the relation between generic magnetic configurations and Hamiltonian dynamical systems. We apply the concept of magnetic helicity, used to establish topological bounds for the magnetic field lines in ideal plasmas, and to understand the self-consistency of reconnected magnetic surfaces in non-axisymmetric configurations. After this theoretical discussion, we present some results on magnetohydrodynamic equilibrium and the use of analytical solutions to the Grad-Shafranov equation for describing real tokamak discharges based on the experimental diagnostics and realistic boundary conditions. We also compare the equilibrium reconstruction of a DIII-D discharge obtained with a numerical reconstruction routine, developed as part of this research, and the EFIT code used by several tokamak laboratories around the world. The magnetic topology and plasma profiles obtained with our method are in considerable agreement with the numerical reconstruction performed with the other code. Then, we introduce a simplified description of the generic non-axisymmetric magnetic field created by known sources and implement it numerically for describing the magnetic field due to external coils in tokamak devices. After that, we use this routines to develop a numerical procedure to adjust a suitable set of non-linear parameters of internal filamentary currents, which are intended to model the plasma response based on the magnetic field measurements outside the plasma. Finally, these methods are used to model the magnetic field created by a slowly rotating plasma instability in a real DIII-D discharge. The plasma response modeling is based on the magnetic probe measurements and allow us to calculate the magnetic field in arbitrary locations near the plasma edge. Using this information we determine the non-axisymmetric plasma edge through the magnetic invariant manifolds routine developed during this work. The intersection of the calculated invariant manifold with the tokamak chamber agrees considerably well with the heat flux measurements for the same discharge at the divertor plates, indicating the development of a rotating manifold due to the internal asymmetric plasma currents, giving quantitative support to our simplified description of the magnetic field and the plasma edge definition through the invariant manifolds. / Neste trabalho estuda-se a modelagem do campo magnético em configurações realistas de plasmas em equilíbrio não-axissimétrico e o fluxo de calor nos componentes em contato com o plasma em descargas de tokamaks com desviadores poloidais. Começa-se estabelecendo a relação entre configurações magnéticas arbitrárias e sistemas dinâmicos Hamiltonianos. Então aplicamos o conceito de helicidade magnética, que é usado para estabelecer limitações topológicas sobre as linhas de campo magnético em plasmas ideais, assim como para compreender a auto-consistência das superfícies magnéticas reconectadas em configurações não-axissimétricas. Após esta discussão teórica, apresentam-se alguns resultados sobre o equilíbrio magnetohidrodinâmico e o uso de soluções analíticas à equação de Grad-Shafranov para descrever descargas reais em tokamaks, com base em diagnósticos experimentais e condições de contorno realistas. Também realiza-se uma comparação entre a reconstrução do equilíbrio de uma descarga do DIII-D, obtida mediante uma rotina numérica desenvolvida para esta pesquisa, com a obtida mediante o código EFIT, usado amplamente em diversos tokamaks. Após isso, apresenta-se uma descrição simplificada do campo magnético não-axissimétrico, criado por fontes determinadas, e a sua implementação para descrever o campo magnético devido às correntes externas em tokamaks. Então, usam-se estas rotinas para desenvolver um procedimento numérico que ajusta um conjunto adequado de parâmetros não-lineares de correntes filamentares internas, com as quais pretende-se modelar a resposta do plasma com base nas medidas de campo magnético fora do plasma. Finalmente, estes métodos são utilizados para modelar o campo magnético criado por uma instabilidade com rotação lenta numa descarga do DIII-D. Com base nas medidas das sondas magnéticas é possível modelar os campos criados em regiões arbitrárias próximas da borda do plasma. Usando esta informação é possível determinar a borda não-axissimétrica do plasma mediante as invariantes magnéticas calculadas com a utilização de uma rotina desenvolvida durante este trabalho. A intersecção da superfície invariante com a câmara do tokamak coincide satisfatoriamente com as medidas de fluxo de calor nas placas do divertor para a mesma descarga, indicando o desenvolvimento de uma variedade giratória criada pelas correntes de plasma não-axissimétricas, e sustentando quantitativamente a nossa descrição simplificada do campo magnético, assim como a definição da borda do plasma mediante as invariantes magnéticas.

Die bruchmechanischen Eigenschaften von Elastomerwerkstoffen zeigen eine deutliche Abhängigkeit von der Prüfkörpergeometrie. Endscheidenden Einfluss hat die Art der Beanspruchung, die der Belastung des realen Bauteils entsprechen sollte. In dieser Arbeit wird die Methode zur Analyse des dynamischen Risswachstums von Elastomeren im simultanen Tensile- und Pure-shear-Prüfmodus beschrieben. Die Methode, basierend auf der mechanischen Aufrüstung und Weiterentwicklung eines Tear and Fatigue Analyzers, stellt den Prüfmethoden übergreifende Feststellungen zu aussagekräftigen Kennwertdaten des Bruchverhaltens von Elastomeren vor. Die Schwerpunke der Arbeit wurden in zwei Hauptthemen unterteilt, wobei zuerst eine konstruktive Modifizierung des kommerziellen TFA vorgenommen wurde und anschließend die Untersuchungen zur Beschreibung der bruchmechanischen Eigenschaften von Elastomerwerkstoffen und dynamischer Beanspruchung mittels modifiziertem TFA durchgeführt wurden. Es wurde aus den Anforderungen an die quantitative, simultane Analyse von SENT- als auch Pure-shear-Prüfkörpern eine konstruktive Modifizierung des kommerziellen TFA vorgenommen. Insbesondere die Schwerpunkte der Modifizierung wurden der Verminderung des Einflusses der Prüfkörperhalterungsfestigkeit auf die Genauigkeit der Analyse und der Untersuchung des Resonanzbereiches des TFA gewidmet. Die hier dokumentierten Ergebnisse durch den modifizierten TFA haben deutlich das unterschiedliche Bruchverhalten in der Abhängigkeit von der Prüfkörpergeometrie nachgewiesen. Es wurden umfangreiche Untersuchungen zur Charakterisierung der Rissausbreitungsgeschwindigkeiten in Elastomeren in Abhängigkeit von der Prüfkörpergeometrie als auch von der Risslänge durchgeführt, wobei festgestellt wurde, dass die bruchmechanischen Eigenschaften nicht nur von der Risslänge, sondern auch signifikant von der Kerbgeometrie abhängen. Die Ergebnisse haben weiterhin gezeigt, dass ein großer Einfluss der Herstellungsparameter der Prüfkörper unter Berücksichtigung von Kautschukbasis und Kautschukmischungsrezeptur auf die bruchmechanischen Eigenschaften besteht. Die vorgestellte Methode zur Bestimmung der dynamisch-bruchmechanischen Eigenschaften von Elastomeren stellt zusammen mit der Berücksichtigung der Herstellungsparameter einen genauen Vergleich zwischen den experimentell ermittelten Prüfwerten unabhängig von der Prüfkörpergeometrie dar. / The mechanical properties of rubber materials can be shown to be a function of the geometry of the test specimen. The main affecting parameters are the loading conditions. The present work proposes a new fracture mechanical testing concept for determination of dynamic crack propagation of rubber materials. This concept implements a method of simultaneous tensile- and pure-shear-mode testing. The present approach is based on an upgrade of the Tear and Fatigue Analyzers, on the fracture mechanics theory of dynamically loaded test specimens and on the definition of pure-shear states according to the test specimen’s geometry ratio. The main focus of this work can be divided in two parts. Firstly it is introduced the development of a method for analysis of dynamic crack propagation in filled rubber by simultaneous tensile- and pure shear mode testing. The servo-hydraulic machine with controlled temperature testing chamber is equipped with simultaneously operating two mode test equipment which represents a new fracture testing method. Secondarily the analysis of crack propagation under the dynamic loading conditions is practised with this method. It is shown how the tearing energy and the crack growth rate depend on the test specimen’s geometry ratio and crack length. It is also demonstrated that the values for tearing energies and also crack growth rates for short crack lengths in SENT- as well as in pure-shear test specimens are identical. Another important aspect is related to the different values of tearing energies and crack growth rates for cracks with short and large lengths in pure-shear test specimens. The results show the dependence of fracture behavior on manufacturing the test specimens. The new fracture mechanical testing concept offers a comparison between fracture behavior of rubber materials independent of the test specimens geometry.