The subject of this thesis is the economics of working time in Great Britain and Australia, with special reference to the length and timing of working hours. First, the incidence of and trends in work patterns, in Great Britain and Australia, are examined. The incidence of and trends in, normal hours, actual hours, overtime and part-time work in Britain and Australia, show a great deal of similarity. It is more difficult to compare "non-standard working hours" (hours outside of the normal spread of hours, e.g. shift work) because of problems with the data. It is clear, however, that non-standard hours of work are important in both countries.

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Paid working patterns are currently regulated by governments around the world for a range of social and economic reasons: to increase labour supply and skills; to provide a strong tax base to support an ageing population; to help people reconcile work and family life over increasingly diversified life courses; and to be in line with the general principle of the activating, employment led welfare state. Environmental considerations rarely feature in the design or evaluation of working time policy. Nevertheless, various authors working on policies for sustainable development argue that reductions in average paid working time could lead to environmental benefits: as people work less, they in turn earn less, and so consume less, resulting in lower environmental impacts from lower levels of production of products. This thesis takes this argument as its starting point, and synthesises these distinct perspectives on working time and its regulation to address two key questions: what level of environmental benefits could arise from such reductions in paid working time?; and what are the implications for the design of working time policy? The research addresses these questions, taking the case of greenhouse gas emissions, and the UK and the Netherlands in the early 2000s as case studies. Using household expenditure survey data and data on product emissions intensities, the relationship between paid working time and emissions is analysed at both the household and national levels. At the household level, statistically and substantively significant correlations are found between higher levels of paid work and higher levels of consumption and so greenhouse gas emissions. The effects on emissions of hypothetical changes in the working patterns of the national populations are then modelled. The research estimates that meeting current national objectives to increase labour market participation rates would increase national greenhouse gas emissions by 0.6-0.7%, a cost that might be considered acceptable if it also achieves its aims of reducing income poverty, benefit dependency, and social exclusion. Meanwhile, widespread reductions in average working hours and increased use of career breaks, with corresponding reductions in income, would reduce national emissions. The scenarios modelled (a 20% reduction in the working hours of full time workers, and increasing use of 3 month career breaks) lead to reductions of 3-4.5% in national emissions, with the corresponding increases in “leisure” time, reductions in income inequality, and reduced gender imbalances in the distribution of paid work potentially also improving wellbeing, social cohesion, and gender equality in work and care. The results indicate that environmental factors warrant consideration in the design and evaluation of working time policy, and that challenging but achievable levels of working time reduction could contribute a small but significant share to meeting greenhouse gas emissions targets. Policy instruments would need to address a range of values, attitudes and norms around employment and consumption, as well as employer and situational factors, if substantial working time reduction were to be achieved. Reconciling diverse environmental, social and economic goals also requires careful policy design, particularly for certain demographic groups such as the low income, who would need financial and other support to turn rights to reduce working time into functional freedoms that they could utilise.

International and european aspects of the working time legal regulations Abstract The aim of this thesis is to comprehensively describe and critically evaluate european and international legal regulation of the working time and the rest periods. After the general Introduction the thesis is divided into 4 main chapters. The most fundamental outputs from these chapters are summed up in the Conclusion. The importance of the issue within the scope of juridical institutes of the labour law is emphasized in the Introduction of this thesis. It is one of the most important working condition for the employees. That is why the duly adjusted minimal protective standards are essentials for the workers with regard to the possibility of influencing theirs state of health. In the short historical summary I try to prove that people always realized the importance of the limitation of the working time and of the adjusting the minimum rest periods. I also refer to the fact that the european and international legal framework dealing with the working time is very extensive and difficult to interpret. It brings along burdensome work for the national legislators to duly transpose the requirements of the european and international legal standards. I also express the commiseration that this area is in my opinion under the...

This mixed-methods study examines factors determining employees' desire to reduce worktime. The results of a binary logit regression model, based on data from the Austrian Microcencus 2012, suggest that employees who prefer shorter weekly working hours are older, higher educated and work longer hours in white-collar positions, compared to those who do not wish to change their hours. Gender differences are greatest in terms of household and family characteristics, supporting the 'male breadwinner & part-time' model. Qualitative interviews have been conducted among employees who had the possibility to choose between a pay increase and equivalent leisure time via a new worktime policy ("Freizeitoption") implemented in 2013. The results suggest that employees with higher education tend to reduce worktime. The fact that money is valued from a long-term, security perspective, as well as the tendency of assessing work performances by output indicators can be regarded as major obstacles for worktime reductions. / Series: WWWforEurope

This dissertation examines the discursive, political, and legal context of the European Union’s (EU) Working Time Directive, beginning with the history of its adoption and ending with its unsuccessful revision attempt in 2009. It also analyzes the Directive’s influence on the working-time regime in Poland, and considers whether or not it advances gender equality. A feminist, socio-legal perspective that is attentive to multiple levels of governance is used to analyze the Directive, the Polish Labour Code provisions, and their interaction. The dissertation illustrates how standard working-time norms both assumed and institutionalized an unequal allocation of paid and unpaid work between men and women, which either constrained women’s employment opportunities or, in Poland’s case, penalized women with a double burden of paid and unpaid work. It shows how a contextual analysis of the EU and Polish working-time instruments allows us to evaluate whether the norms they set embody and reproduce, or challenge and move beyond, these gendered assumptions. The focus is on changes in the political, economic, and social milieu, developments in policy discourses and institutional architecture, and the role of actors influencing the evolution of these instruments. Emphasis is given to Poland’s post-1989 transition and EU accession processes, the expansion of the EU competences, and the influence of broader transnational trends. The study reveals that the current regulatory approaches to standard work-time promoted in the EU and Poland are unlikely to facilitate equal re-distribution of work time between men and women because equality and work-family reconciliation have been either absent as potential regulatory rationales or subordinated to the dominant pursuit of labour market flexibility and efficiency. In the EU, this subordination stemmed from institutional, legal, and political constraints existing at the time of the Directive’s adoption and subsequent review. In Poland, domestic and external pressures also privileged economic discourses and the adoption of EU norms enabled progressive flexibilization of the Polish working-time regime, while preserving opportunities for long work-hours. Although recent policy emphasis on equality and the promotion of work-family reconciliation for all workers is promising, curbing long hours and better incorporation of care work are required for socially sustainable and equal working-time regimes. / Graduate

Ce travail doctoral porte sur l’appropriation d’un outil de gestion de l’activité temporelle et de contrôle, « le tachygraphe numérique », par les conducteurs d’une société privée de transport de voyageur. Cet outil conçu et imposé par l’Union Européenne pour renforcer la sécurité routière n’a fait, à notre connaissance, l’objet d’aucune recherche antérieure. Une approche théorique plurielle de l’appropriation, ses facteurs et les typologies d’utilisateurs est adoptée. Elle se base sur la multiplicité des recherches conduites sur la thématique de l’appropriation des outils de gestion et des technologies. Soixante-quatorze entretiens avec des salariés et responsables ont été conduits dans un contexte d’immersion durant trois ans au sein de cette société de transport. Un processus inductif a été privilégié. Cette recherche permet d’une part de montrer que : 1. Il y a appropriation du tachygraphe numérique par l’entreprise et ses conducteurs. 2. Plusieurs facteurs influent sur l’appropriation du tachygraphe numérique par les conducteurs : les facteurs liés aux caractéristiques de l’outil (simplicité, complexité, efficacité, compatibilité, nécessité), les facteurs individuels (expérience professionnelle, situation familiale, efficacité personnelle, image de soi) et les facteurs contextuels (autorités de contrôle extérieur, contrôle interne, les collègues). 3. Il existe quatre attitudes des salariés face à l’outil : rejet, application, adaptation / détournement, déplacement. D’autre part, l’introduction d’une technologie de contrôle de l’activité temporelle dans une entreprise n’est pas neutre. Petit à petit ce sont les relations entre les responsables et les conducteurs ainsi que la conception qu’ont les conducteurs de leur métier qui sont bouleversées. L’appropriation d’une telle technologie modifie non seulement les pratiques et les relations mais c’est sans doute la notion même d’appropriation qui apparaît sous un jour plus complexe / This work concentrates on a device that manages and controls working times for the drivers of a private transportation company (Coaches N): the digital tachymeter. To our knowledge, this tool, designed and enforced by the European Union in order to enhance traffic security, has never been investigated so far. A plural theoretical approach of the question of its appropriation, of its factors and of the users’ typologies is adopted. This approach is based on the numerous previous studies on management tools and technology appropriation. Seventy four interviews with employees and managers were conducted during a three year involvement inside the company. An inductive logic was adopted. Our research shows one the one hand that: 1. An effective appropriation of the digital tachymeter from the company and its drivers is evidenced. 2. Several factors impact this appropriation by the drivers: factors related to the device properties (ease of use, complexity, efficiency, compatibility, obligation), individual factors (professional experience, family status, personal efficiency, self-image), and contextual factors (external control authority, internal control processes, colleagues’ attitude). 3. Four attitudes towards the device are shown: rejection, use, adaptation/hijack, displacement. One the other hand, the adoption of a technology that controls working times in a company is nothing but neutral. Step by step, the relationship between managers and drivers, as well as drivers’ conception of their profession, are shaken. The adoption of such a technology not only alters the practices and relations, but the very notion of appropriation appears in an even more complex fashion

SAMPAIO, Camilla Regya de Figueiredo Dias. O tempo de trabalho dos psicólogos: um estudo a partir da luta pela redução da jornada de trabalho. 2016. 102f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Psicologia, Fortaleza (CE), 2016. / Submitted by Gustavo Daher (gdaherufc@hotmail.com) on 2016-09-22T16:19:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_crfdsampaio.pdf: 1013616 bytes, checksum: 6e0b61b8c6eef8308fcb5c7dc002ef07 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-09-22T17:03:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_crfdsampaio.pdf: 1013616 bytes, checksum: 6e0b61b8c6eef8308fcb5c7dc002ef07 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-22T17:03:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_crfdsampaio.pdf: 1013616 bytes, checksum: 6e0b61b8c6eef8308fcb5c7dc002ef07 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / The struggle for working time reduction configures as one of the biggest laborist claims of all laborer movement history. The pursuit of working time also enables the reflection about life and self-control towards labor time, which emerge as an important starting point for worker subject relation with their own time comprehension. After a latency period, arise in Brazil movements coming up from several professional categories aiming for workload reduction for thirty hour per week, maximum. One of those professional categories is Psychologists, objects of the present study. Among all exposed issues, reducing working time for conciliate more than one job is one of them. The need for multiple employment bonds is related to precarious conditions and low wages. In light of this, eight interviews with Psychologists about their labor time and fight for thirty-hour work week were arranged. The discourse sociological analysis has been chosen as a method to interpret the collected data, finding a comprehension and representation model for concrete text of their social and history context. Such interpretation highlighted a huge fragmentation in the professional category, which enables the individuation of those Psychologists whom did not take part in working time reduction discussion in a collective way. Besides that, precariousness naturalization and productivity discourse assimilation could be noticed, emerging, foremost, from neoliberal ideology widespread. According such ideology, professional pursuit, through themselves, punctual modifications to ease the precarious conditions. In Psychologists example, they get a second job and fight for labor time reduction. Such struggle seems to contribute to intensify exploration relationships more than to propitiate worker’s emancipation. / A luta pela redução da jornada de trabalho se configura como uma das maiores reivindicações trabalhistas da história do movimento operário. A busca pela redução do tempo de trabalho também possibilita a reflexão acerca da vida e do autocontrole em relação ao tempo laboral, se configurando como ponto de partida importante para compreender a relação do sujeito trabalhador com seu próprio tempo. Após um período de latência, surge no Brasil movimentos de diversas categorias profissionais em busca da redução da jornada de trabalho para no máximo 30 horas semanais, uma dessas categorias é a dos psicólogos, profissionais investigados nesse estudo. Dentre as questões apontadas para demonstrar a importância da redução da carga horária de trabalho estava a necessidade do profissional de reduzir sua jornada para conseguir conciliar outros empregos durante a semana. A necessidade de múltiplos vínculos laborais é justificada pelas condições precárias as quais os profissionais são submetidos e os baixos salários ofertados à categoria. Diante de tal cenário, foram realizadas entrevistas com oito (8) profissionais sobre a sua jornada de trabalho e sua participação na luta pelas 30 horas semanais. A análise sociológica do discurso foi utilizada para interpretação dos dados coletados, encontrando na fala dos entrevistados uma modelo de representação e de compreensão do texto concreto em seu contexto social e histórico. A interpretação das entrevistas ressaltou a grande fragmentação da categoria profissional analisada, o que possibilita a individualização dos profissionais, que não chegaram a participar da luta pela redução da sua jornada de maneira coletiva. Além disso, foram identificadas nas falas a naturalização da precariedade da profissão e uma assimilação do discurso produtivista, advindo, sobretudo, da difusão da ideologia neoliberal, na qual os profissionais buscam através de si mesmo, modificações pontuais para amenizar a situação precária do seu trabalho, no caso dos psicólogos, procurando um outro trabalho e buscando reduzir sua jornada laboral. A busca pela redução da jornada de trabalho, dessa forma, parece servir mais à intensificação das relações de exploração, do que possibilitar a emancipação desses trabalhadores.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / A luta pela reduÃÃo da jornada de trabalho se configura como uma das maiores reivindicaÃÃes trabalhistas da histÃria do movimento operÃrio. A busca pela reduÃÃo do tempo de trabalho tambÃm possibilita a reflexÃo acerca da vida e do autocontrole em relaÃÃo ao tempo laboral, se configurando como ponto de partida importante para compreender a relaÃÃo do sujeito trabalhador com seu prÃprio tempo. ApÃs um perÃodo de latÃncia, surge no Brasil movimentos de diversas categorias profissionais em busca da reduÃÃo da jornada de trabalho para no mÃximo 30 horas semanais, uma dessas categorias à a dos psicÃlogos, profissionais investigados nesse estudo. Dentre as questÃes apontadas para demonstrar a importÃncia da reduÃÃo da carga horÃria de trabalho estava a necessidade do profissional de reduzir sua jornada para conseguir conciliar outros empregos durante a semana. A necessidade de mÃltiplos vÃnculos laborais à justificada pelas condiÃÃes precÃrias as quais os profissionais sÃo submetidos e os baixos salÃrios ofertados à categoria. Diante de tal cenÃrio, foram realizadas entrevistas com oito (8) profissionais sobre a sua jornada de trabalho e sua participaÃÃo na luta pelas 30 horas semanais. A anÃlise sociolÃgica do discurso foi utilizada para interpretaÃÃo dos dados coletados, encontrando na fala dos entrevistados uma modelo de representaÃÃo e de compreensÃo do texto concreto em seu contexto social e histÃrico. A interpretaÃÃo das entrevistas ressaltou a grande fragmentaÃÃo da categoria profissional analisada, o que possibilita a individualizaÃÃo dos profissionais, que nÃo chegaram a participar da luta pela reduÃÃo da sua jornada de maneira coletiva. AlÃm disso, foram identificadas nas falas a naturalizaÃÃo da precariedade da profissÃo e uma assimilaÃÃo do discurso produtivista, advindo, sobretudo, da difusÃo da ideologia neoliberal, na qual os profissionais buscam atravÃs de si mesmo, modificaÃÃes pontuais para amenizar a situaÃÃo precÃria do seu trabalho, no caso dos psicÃlogos, procurando um outro trabalho e buscando reduzir sua jornada laboral. A busca pela reduÃÃo da jornada de trabalho, dessa forma, parece servir mais à intensificaÃÃo das relaÃÃes de exploraÃÃo, do que possibilitar a emancipaÃÃo desses trabalhadores. / The struggle for working time reduction configures as one of the biggest laborist claims of all laborer movement history. The pursuit of working time also enables the reflection about life and self-control towards labor time, which emerge as an important starting point for worker subject relation with their own time comprehension. After a latency period, arise in Brazil movements coming up from several professional categories aiming for workload reduction for thirty hour per week, maximum. One of those professional categories is Psychologists, objects of the present study. Among all exposed issues, reducing working time for conciliate more than one job is one of them. The need for multiple employment bonds is related to precarious conditions and low wages. In light of this, eight interviews with Psychologists about their labor time and fight for thirty-hour work week were arranged. The discourse sociological analysis has been chosen as a method to interpret the collected data, finding a comprehension and representation model for concrete text of their social and history context. Such interpretation highlighted a huge fragmentation in the professional category, which enables the individuation of those Psychologists whom did not take part in working time reduction discussion in a collective way. Besides that, precariousness naturalization and productivity discourse assimilation could be noticed, emerging, foremost, from neoliberal ideology widespread. According such ideology, professional pursuit, through themselves, punctual modifications to ease the precarious conditions. In Psychologists example, they get a second job and fight for labor time reduction. Such struggle seems to contribute to intensify exploration relationships more than to propitiate workerâs emancipation.

The aim of this thesis is to provide a comprehensive look at the evolution of schedule of working time legislation and to highlight the longtime process of the institute to evolve to its present form. Since the Czech Republic is the member of the European Union, the thesis is prepared with regard to the law of the European Union. The thesis consists of introduction , three chapters and conclusion. In the introductory chapter, I briefly focuses on the development of schedule of working time legislation. Historical overview began in 1918, although it is certainly possible that the institute had already existed earlier. This chapter deals mainly with the law No. 65/1965 Coll., Labor Code, the predecessor of the current legislation. The second chapter deals with the schedule of working time under the current Labor Code and focuses in detail on the various types of working time schedule, particularly working time account, which is a novelty in our legal system. The final chapter describes schedule of working time in relation to an international documents and European Community law, which the Czech legal system must be consistent with.