Os ensaios não destrutivos visam avaliar um elemento sem gerar danos a ele com a técnica empregada. Um tipo de ensaio não destrutivo é o método da velocidade do pulso de ondas ultrassônicas. Este método é comumente utilizado para determinar propriedades elásticas de um dado material e verificar danos no interior dos elementos estudados. Outra aplicação do ultrassom é a medição do nível de tensão num material por meio da propagação das ondas ultrassônicas, tendo como base a teoria da acustoelasticidade. Entretanto, o uso do ultrassom para esta finalidade ainda é pouco difundido, principalmente na aplicação em estruturas de concreto. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a possibilidade de medir tensões em estruturas de concreto com o uso do ultrassom. Para tanto, foram realizados ensaios de compressão uniaxial em prismas de concreto. Durante os ensaios, foram emitidas ondas ultrassônicas nos elementos para cada nível de tensão aplicada no material. A partir destes ensaios, foi feito um estudo do comportamento acustoelástico do concreto. Verificou-se que as velocidades das ondas ultrassônicas variaram em função da intensidade das tensões normais de compressão existentes nos corpos de prova. Com base na variação das velocidades, os coeficientes acustoelásticos do concreto de cada prisma foram determinados e relacionados com propriedades do concreto. Verificou-se a possibilidade de se estimar o nível mínimo de tensão em determinadas estruturas de concreto a partir do conhecimento de seus coeficientes acustoelásticos. Concluiu-se que é possível estimar tensões em estruturas de concreto utilizando o ultrassom. / Nondestructive tests aim to analyze an element generating no damages. The pulse velocity of ultrasonic waves method is a type of nondestructive test. This method is commonly used to determine elastic properties of materials and to verify damages inside studied elements. Another application for ultrasound is the measurement of stress level in a material by means of propagation of ultrasonic waves. This application is based on the theory of acoustoelasticity. However, the use of ultrasound is still unusual for this purpose, mainly in application in concrete structures. This work intended to study the possibility of measuring stresses in concrete structures with the use of ultrasound. Uniaxial compression tests were performed on concrete prisms. During tests, ultrasonic waves were propagated in elements for each level of applied stress in the material. Then, a study about acoustoelastic behavior of concrete was performed. It was verified that the velocities of ultrasonic waves changed according to the intensity of normal compressive stresses there were in the specimens. Based on the variation of velocities, the acoustoelastic coefficients of concrete were determined for each prism. The coefficients were related with properties of concrete. The possibility of estimating the minimum level of stress in certain structures of concrete from their acoustoelastic coefficients was verified. It was concluded it is possible to estimate stresses in concrete structures using ultrasound.

Os ensaios não destrutivos visam avaliar um elemento sem gerar danos a ele com a técnica empregada. Um tipo de ensaio não destrutivo é o método da velocidade do pulso de ondas ultrassônicas. Este método é comumente utilizado para determinar propriedades elásticas de um dado material e verificar danos no interior dos elementos estudados. Outra aplicação do ultrassom é a medição do nível de tensão num material por meio da propagação das ondas ultrassônicas, tendo como base a teoria da acustoelasticidade. Entretanto, o uso do ultrassom para esta finalidade ainda é pouco difundido, principalmente na aplicação em estruturas de concreto. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a possibilidade de medir tensões em estruturas de concreto com o uso do ultrassom. Para tanto, foram realizados ensaios de compressão uniaxial em prismas de concreto. Durante os ensaios, foram emitidas ondas ultrassônicas nos elementos para cada nível de tensão aplicada no material. A partir destes ensaios, foi feito um estudo do comportamento acustoelástico do concreto. Verificou-se que as velocidades das ondas ultrassônicas variaram em função da intensidade das tensões normais de compressão existentes nos corpos de prova. Com base na variação das velocidades, os coeficientes acustoelásticos do concreto de cada prisma foram determinados e relacionados com propriedades do concreto. Verificou-se a possibilidade de se estimar o nível mínimo de tensão em determinadas estruturas de concreto a partir do conhecimento de seus coeficientes acustoelásticos. Concluiu-se que é possível estimar tensões em estruturas de concreto utilizando o ultrassom. / Nondestructive tests aim to analyze an element generating no damages. The pulse velocity of ultrasonic waves method is a type of nondestructive test. This method is commonly used to determine elastic properties of materials and to verify damages inside studied elements. Another application for ultrasound is the measurement of stress level in a material by means of propagation of ultrasonic waves. This application is based on the theory of acoustoelasticity. However, the use of ultrasound is still unusual for this purpose, mainly in application in concrete structures. This work intended to study the possibility of measuring stresses in concrete structures with the use of ultrasound. Uniaxial compression tests were performed on concrete prisms. During tests, ultrasonic waves were propagated in elements for each level of applied stress in the material. Then, a study about acoustoelastic behavior of concrete was performed. It was verified that the velocities of ultrasonic waves changed according to the intensity of normal compressive stresses there were in the specimens. Based on the variation of velocities, the acoustoelastic coefficients of concrete were determined for each prism. The coefficients were related with properties of concrete. The possibility of estimating the minimum level of stress in certain structures of concrete from their acoustoelastic coefficients was verified. It was concluded it is possible to estimate stresses in concrete structures using ultrasound.

This study involved a comparative investigation of chloride-induced corrosion detection techniques on loaded reinforced concrete slabs which were exposed to deicing salts and wetting-drying cycles to simulate typical aggressive environments in cold climates. The studied techniques involved linear polarization technique, galvanostatic pulse technique, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, half-cell potential and concrete electrical resistivity mapping. The results showed that concrete quality and moisture content have a direct effect on corrosion activity, and these properties are represented well with concrete electrical resistivity. The galvanostatic pulse technique was shown to correlate well with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, which was used as a benchmark for corrosion rate measurements in this study; however, the galvanostatic pulse technique was not capable of detecting corrosion activity in saturated concrete accurately. The results of this research do not support the criteria provided by the ASTM C876-09 standard for using half-cell potentials to estimate the probability of reinforcing steel corrosion in reinforced concrete structures.

This study involved a comparative investigation of chloride-induced corrosion detection techniques on loaded reinforced concrete slabs which were exposed to deicing salts and wetting-drying cycles to simulate typical aggressive environments in cold climates. The studied techniques involved linear polarization technique, galvanostatic pulse technique, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, half-cell potential and concrete electrical resistivity mapping. The results showed that concrete quality and moisture content have a direct effect on corrosion activity, and these properties are represented well with concrete electrical resistivity. The galvanostatic pulse technique was shown to correlate well with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, which was used as a benchmark for corrosion rate measurements in this study; however, the galvanostatic pulse technique was not capable of detecting corrosion activity in saturated concrete accurately. The results of this research do not support the criteria provided by the ASTM C876-09 standard for using half-cell potentials to estimate the probability of reinforcing steel corrosion in reinforced concrete structures.

This study involved a comparative investigation of chloride-induced corrosion detection techniques on loaded reinforced concrete slabs which were exposed to deicing salts and wetting-drying cycles to simulate typical aggressive environments in cold climates. The studied techniques involved linear polarization technique, galvanostatic pulse technique, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, half-cell potential and concrete electrical resistivity mapping. The results showed that concrete quality and moisture content have a direct effect on corrosion activity, and these properties are represented well with concrete electrical resistivity. The galvanostatic pulse technique was shown to correlate well with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, which was used as a benchmark for corrosion rate measurements in this study; however, the galvanostatic pulse technique was not capable of detecting corrosion activity in saturated concrete accurately. The results of this research do not support the criteria provided by the ASTM C876-09 standard for using half-cell potentials to estimate the probability of reinforcing steel corrosion in reinforced concrete structures.