A caracterização de não linearidades em aeronaves é fundamental para a solução de problemas aeroelásticos, onde uma relação ótima entre desempenho e segurança é desejável. Sistemas aeroelásticos são inerentemente não lineares. Não linearidades podem ser admitidas no projeto, ou podem surgir a qualquer momento durante a vida útil da aeronave, afetando significativamente a resposta prevista por meios clássicos de análise linear, de forma que instabilidades catastróficas podem ocorrer antes dos limites de operação. Portanto, torna-se importante caracterizar, identificar e incluir tais efeitos não lineares no projeto e desenvolvimento de aeronaves. Neste trabalho, através da utilização de técnicas de análise de séries temporais não lineares e identificação, a não linearidade associada à folga, muito comum em superfícies de comando, é caracterizada de forma a permitir sua detecção em sinais aeroelásticos e inclusão de seus efeitos em modelos. Um modelo matemático de seção típica com folga na superfície de comando é implementado e utilizado para gerar uma base de dados confiável para testar a capacidade dos métodos de análise de séries temporais não lineares. As técnicas são aplicadas também em dados experimentais de uma asa a altos ângulos de ataque, sem um modelo matemático definido, para testar a capacidade de caracterização de comportamentos não lineares. Através de técnicas como reconstrução de espaço de estados, seções de Poincaré e determinação de invariantes, como os maiores expoentes de Lyapunov, os comportamentos e transições são classificados. Finalmente, as técnicas são aplicadas em dados experimentais de seções típicas com dois e três graus de liberdade, com folga no movimentos de torção e na superfície de comando, respectivamente. Os resultados mostram que uma folga pode gerar comportamentos similares aos apresentados por sistemas com não linearidade cúbica hardening em condições periódicas. No entanto, o comportamento subcrítico provocado pela folga, bem como a ocorrência de comportamento não linear mais complexo são características que diferenciam essas não linearidades. Em experimento com três graus de liberdade, a folga é localizada e caracterizada na superfície de comando através das técnicas propostas. Um modelo baseado em uma função aproximante para a folga é utilizado para identificar a resposta experimental e incluir a não linearidade no modelo matemático. Os resultados mostram que o modelo identificado é capaz de reproduzir a maior parte da dinâmica apresentada no experimento. / Characterization of nonlinearities in aircraft is critical to the solution of aeroelastic problems where an optimal relation between performance and safety is desirable. Aeroelastic systems are inherently nonlinear. Nonlinearities can be admitted in the project, or may arise at any time during the life of the aircraft, significantly affecting the predicted response by conventional methods of linear analysis and reducing the limits for catastrophic instabilities. Therefore, it is important to characterize, identify and include such non-linear effects to the design and development of aircraft. In this work, through nonlinear time series analysis and identification techniques, the freeplay nonlinearity, very common in control surfaces, is characterized to permit its detection in aeroelastic signals, and the inclusion of its effects in numerical models. A mathematical model of typical section with control surface freeplay nonlinearity is implemented and used to generate a reliable database to test the ability of nonlinear time series analysis methods. The techniques are also applied to experimental data of a wing at high angles of attack, without a prescribed mathematical model, to test the ability of characterizing non-linear behavior. Through techniques such as state space reconstruction, Poincaré sections and determination of system\'s invariants, as the largest Lyapunov exponents, non-linear behavior and transitions are classified. Finally, the techniques are applied to experimental data of typical sections with two and three degrees of freedom with freeplay in the torsional spring and in the control surface hinge, respectively. The results show that the freeplay may generate similar behavior to those presented by non-linear systems with cubic hardening nonlinearity under periodic conditions. However, the subcritical behavior caused by freeplay, and the occurrence of complex nonlinear behavior are features that distinguish these nonlinearities. In an experiment with three degrees of freedom, the freeplay is located in the control surface hinge and characterized by the presented techniques. A model based on an approximating function for the freeplay is used to identify the experimental response and include the nonlinearity in the mathematical model. It is shown that the identified model can reproduce the major part of the non-linear dynamics shown in the experiment.

A caracterização de não linearidades em aeronaves é fundamental para a solução de problemas aeroelásticos, onde uma relação ótima entre desempenho e segurança é desejável. Sistemas aeroelásticos são inerentemente não lineares. Não linearidades podem ser admitidas no projeto, ou podem surgir a qualquer momento durante a vida útil da aeronave, afetando significativamente a resposta prevista por meios clássicos de análise linear, de forma que instabilidades catastróficas podem ocorrer antes dos limites de operação. Portanto, torna-se importante caracterizar, identificar e incluir tais efeitos não lineares no projeto e desenvolvimento de aeronaves. Neste trabalho, através da utilização de técnicas de análise de séries temporais não lineares e identificação, a não linearidade associada à folga, muito comum em superfícies de comando, é caracterizada de forma a permitir sua detecção em sinais aeroelásticos e inclusão de seus efeitos em modelos. Um modelo matemático de seção típica com folga na superfície de comando é implementado e utilizado para gerar uma base de dados confiável para testar a capacidade dos métodos de análise de séries temporais não lineares. As técnicas são aplicadas também em dados experimentais de uma asa a altos ângulos de ataque, sem um modelo matemático definido, para testar a capacidade de caracterização de comportamentos não lineares. Através de técnicas como reconstrução de espaço de estados, seções de Poincaré e determinação de invariantes, como os maiores expoentes de Lyapunov, os comportamentos e transições são classificados. Finalmente, as técnicas são aplicadas em dados experimentais de seções típicas com dois e três graus de liberdade, com folga no movimentos de torção e na superfície de comando, respectivamente. Os resultados mostram que uma folga pode gerar comportamentos similares aos apresentados por sistemas com não linearidade cúbica hardening em condições periódicas. No entanto, o comportamento subcrítico provocado pela folga, bem como a ocorrência de comportamento não linear mais complexo são características que diferenciam essas não linearidades. Em experimento com três graus de liberdade, a folga é localizada e caracterizada na superfície de comando através das técnicas propostas. Um modelo baseado em uma função aproximante para a folga é utilizado para identificar a resposta experimental e incluir a não linearidade no modelo matemático. Os resultados mostram que o modelo identificado é capaz de reproduzir a maior parte da dinâmica apresentada no experimento. / Characterization of nonlinearities in aircraft is critical to the solution of aeroelastic problems where an optimal relation between performance and safety is desirable. Aeroelastic systems are inherently nonlinear. Nonlinearities can be admitted in the project, or may arise at any time during the life of the aircraft, significantly affecting the predicted response by conventional methods of linear analysis and reducing the limits for catastrophic instabilities. Therefore, it is important to characterize, identify and include such non-linear effects to the design and development of aircraft. In this work, through nonlinear time series analysis and identification techniques, the freeplay nonlinearity, very common in control surfaces, is characterized to permit its detection in aeroelastic signals, and the inclusion of its effects in numerical models. A mathematical model of typical section with control surface freeplay nonlinearity is implemented and used to generate a reliable database to test the ability of nonlinear time series analysis methods. The techniques are also applied to experimental data of a wing at high angles of attack, without a prescribed mathematical model, to test the ability of characterizing non-linear behavior. Through techniques such as state space reconstruction, Poincaré sections and determination of system\'s invariants, as the largest Lyapunov exponents, non-linear behavior and transitions are classified. Finally, the techniques are applied to experimental data of typical sections with two and three degrees of freedom with freeplay in the torsional spring and in the control surface hinge, respectively. The results show that the freeplay may generate similar behavior to those presented by non-linear systems with cubic hardening nonlinearity under periodic conditions. However, the subcritical behavior caused by freeplay, and the occurrence of complex nonlinear behavior are features that distinguish these nonlinearities. In an experiment with three degrees of freedom, the freeplay is located in the control surface hinge and characterized by the presented techniques. A model based on an approximating function for the freeplay is used to identify the experimental response and include the nonlinearity in the mathematical model. It is shown that the identified model can reproduce the major part of the non-linear dynamics shown in the experiment.

Nous présentons une étude de la dynamique de la lumière et des mesures des caractéristiques non-linéaires optiques dans le disulfure de carbone.Dans la première partie, nous calculons dans le cadre d’un modèle classique des expressions des susceptibilités non-linéaires jusqu’au cinquième ordre, en tenant compte des corrections de champ local. Nous formulons différentes hypothèses que nous confirmons ou infirmons par la mesure des indices d’absorption et de réfraction non-linéaires. Celles-ci sont obtenues en combinant deux méthodes de caractérisation des non-linéarités au sein d’un système 4fd’imagerie. L’analyse des données expérimentales utilise une méthode nouvellement développée, qui consiste à inverser numériquement, par la méthode de Newton, les solutions analytiques des équations différentielles qui décrivent l’évolution du faisceau.Dans la deuxième partie, nous observons la filamentation d’un faisceau laser à la longueur d’onde de 532 nm et en régime picoseconde. Puis nous procédons à la mesure de l’indice de réfraction non-linéaire effectif du troisième ordre n2,eff en fonction de l’intensité incidente. Par un ajustement de la courbe de saturation de l’effet Kerr,nous développons un nouveau modèle. La résolution numérique de celui-ci reproduit la filamentation observée.La dernière partie est consacrée à l’étude de la dynamique des solitons dissipatifs au sein de milieux à gains et pertes non-linéaires. La résolution numérique de l’équation complexe de Ginzburg-Landau cubique-quintique est réalisée suivant différentes configurations :soliton fondamental, dipôle, quadrupôle,vortex carré et rhombique. / We present a study of light dynamics and measurements of the nonlinear optical characteristics of carbon disulphide. In the first part, we calculate using the classical model, the nonlinear susceptibilities up to the fifth order taking into account local field corrections. We express different assumptions that we confirm or refute by measuring the nonlinear absorption coefficient and the nonlinear refractive index. The measurements are performed by means of two nonlinear characterization methods combined with an imaging 4f system. We analyse the experimental data using a newly developed method which numerically inverts the analytical solutions of the differential equations which describe the evolution of the beam, using Newton’s method. In the second part, we observe light filamentation at wavelength 532 nm, in the picoseconds regime. Then we measure the effective third order nonlinear refractive index n2,eff versus the incident intensity. By fitting the curve of the Kerr effect saturation, we develop a new model. Numerically solving this model, allows us to reproducethe experimentally observed filamentation. The last part is dedicated to the study of dissipative solitons dynamics. The complex Ginzburg-Landau equation with cubic-quintic nonlineraties is numerically solved in various configurations : soliton fundamental dipole, quadrupole, vortex and square rhombic.

Récemment, les actionneurs ioniques ultra-minces à base de poly (3,4-éthylènedioxythiophène) (PEDOT) ont surmonté certains obstacles initiaux pour augmenter le potentiel d'applications dans les dispositifs microfabriqués. Bien que la microfabrication d’actionneurs à trois couches, n’impliquant aucune manipulation manuelle, ait été démontrée, leurs performances mécaniques restent limitées pour des applications pratiques. Le but de cette thèse est d'optimiser les transducteurs dans la phase de fabrication des couches minces en utilisant des micro technologies, de caractériser complètement les propriétés électrochimiques des transducteurs ainsi obtenus, et de développer un modèle pour simuler leurs capacités électromécaniques bidirectionnelles (actionnement et détection). Tout d'abord, les actionneurs à trois couches ultra-minces à base de PEDOT sont fabriqués par polymérisation en phase vapeur de 3,4-éthylènedioxythiophène en réalisant un procédé de synthèse couche par couche. Le travail présenté constitue la première caractérisation complète de microactionneurs ioniques à base de PEDOT fonctionnant dans l’air d’une si faible épaisseur (17 μm) présentant une déformation en flexion et une génération de force de 1% et 12 μN respectivement. En effet, les propriétés électriques, électrochimiques et mécaniques des microactionneurs ont été minutieusement étudiées. La caractérisation non linéaire a été étendue à la dépendance de la capacité volumétrique sur une fenêtre de tension. Le coefficient d'amortissement a été caractérisé pour la première fois. Par ailleurs, un modèle multi-physique non linéaire a été proposé comme méthode de simulation des réponses en mode actionneur et capteur dans des couches multiples, représenté à l'aide d'un formalisme Bond Graph, et a été capable de mettre en œuvre tous les paramètres caractérisés. La concordance entre les simulations et les mesures a confirmé l'exactitude du modèle pour prédire le comportement dynamique non linéaire des actionneurs. En outre, les informations extraites du modèle ont également permis de mieux comprendre les paramètres critiques des actionneurs et leur incidence sur l'efficacité de l'actionneur et sur la distribution de l'énergie. Enfin, un nouveau modèle linéaire électromécanique bidirectionnel a été introduit pour simuler la capacité de détection du transducteur à trois couches et a été confirmé par des résultats expérimentaux dans les domaines fréquentiel et temporel d'un déplacement d'entrée sinusoïdal. Les actionneurs résultants et les modèles proposés sont prometteurs pour la conception, l'optimisation et le contrôle des futurs dispositifs de microsystèmes souples dans lesquels l'utilisation d'actionneurs en polymère devrait être essentielle. / Recently, ultrathin poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) – based ionic actuators have overcome some initial obstacles to increase the potential for applications in microfabricateddevices. While microfabrication processing of trilayer actuators that involve no manual handling has been demonstrated, their mechanical performances remain limited for practical applications. The goal of this thesis is to optimize the transducers in thin films fabrication by micro technologies, fully characterize the electrochemomechanical properties of the resulting trilayers, and develop a model to simulate their bidirectional electromechanical ability (actuation and sensing). At first, ultrathin PEDOT-based trilayer actuators are fabricated via the vapor phase polymerization of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene combining with the layer by layer synthesis process. This constitutes the first full characterization of ionic PEDOT-based microactuators operating in air of such a small thickness (17 μm) having bending deformation and output force generation of 1% and 12 μN respectively. Secondly, electrical, electrochemical and mechanical properties of the resulting microactuators have been thoroughly studied. Non-linear characterization was extended to volumetric capacitance dependence on voltage window. Damping coefficient was characterized for the first time. Thirdly, a nonlinear multi-physics model was proposed as a method of simulating actuator and sensor responses in trilayers, represented using a Bond Graph formalism, and was able to implement all of the characterized parameters. The concordance between the simulations and the measurements confirmed the accuracy of the model in predicting the non-linear dynamic behavior of the actuators. In addition, the information extracted from the model also provided an insight into the critical parameters of the actuators and how they affect the actuator efficiency, as well as the energy distribution. Finally, a nouveau bidirectional electromechanical linear model was introduced to simulate the sensing ability of the trilayer transducer and was confirmed via experimental results in both frequency and time domains of a sinusoidal input displacement. The resulting actuators and the proposed models are promising for designing, optimizing, and controlling of the future soft microsystem devices where the use of polymer actuators should be essential.

The recent advancement of superconducting nano devices has allowed for making a Superconducting Nanowire Single Photon Detector (SNSPD), whose extraordinary features have strongly motivated the research community to exploit it in many practical applications. In this thesis, an experimental setup for testing the SNSPD has been established. It contains an in-house packaging that meets the requirements of RF/microwave and optoelectronic characterizations. The quantum efficiency and detection efficiency measurements have confirmed that our approach is satisfactory. The dark count performance has reached the anticipated level. The factors affecting rise and fall times of the photoresponses are addressed. Based on the successful setup, the characterizations including dc, small signal ac measurements have been undertaken. The measurements are aimed at quantitatively investigating Cooper pair density in the superconducting nanowire. The experimental method involves a two-step, small signal S-parameter measurement either in the presence or absence of optical powers. The subsequent measurements by varying the temperature and dc bias current have achieved remarkable understanding on the physical properties of SNSPD nanowires. Then, the electrically induced nonlinearity is studied via the large signal RF and Microwave measurements. The experiments are a set of one-tone and two-tone measurements, in which either the RF driving power is varied at a fixed frequency, or vice versa. Two major nonlinear microwave circuit analysis methods, i.e. time-domain transient and hybrid-domain harmonic balance analysis, are employed. The simulation result reveals the optimized conditions of reaching the desired nonlinearity. Finally, we have successfully measured the optoelectronic mixing products in an electrically pumped optoelectronic mixer, which has identical structures as that of the SNSPD. The experiments confirm that this mixer is not only sensitive to the classical light intensities, but also to that of the single photon level. Meanwhile, the quantum conversion matrices is derived to interpret the quantum optoelectronic mixing effects.

The recent advancement of superconducting nano devices has allowed for making a Superconducting Nanowire Single Photon Detector (SNSPD), whose extraordinary features have strongly motivated the research community to exploit it in many practical applications. In this thesis, an experimental setup for testing the SNSPD has been established. It contains an in-house packaging that meets the requirements of RF/microwave and optoelectronic characterizations. The quantum efficiency and detection efficiency measurements have confirmed that our approach is satisfactory. The dark count performance has reached the anticipated level. The factors affecting rise and fall times of the photoresponses are addressed. Based on the successful setup, the characterizations including dc, small signal ac measurements have been undertaken. The measurements are aimed at quantitatively investigating Cooper pair density in the superconducting nanowire. The experimental method involves a two-step, small signal S-parameter measurement either in the presence or absence of optical powers. The subsequent measurements by varying the temperature and dc bias current have achieved remarkable understanding on the physical properties of SNSPD nanowires. Then, the electrically induced nonlinearity is studied via the large signal RF and Microwave measurements. The experiments are a set of one-tone and two-tone measurements, in which either the RF driving power is varied at a fixed frequency, or vice versa. Two major nonlinear microwave circuit analysis methods, i.e. time-domain transient and hybrid-domain harmonic balance analysis, are employed. The simulation result reveals the optimized conditions of reaching the desired nonlinearity. Finally, we have successfully measured the optoelectronic mixing products in an electrically pumped optoelectronic mixer, which has identical structures as that of the SNSPD. The experiments confirm that this mixer is not only sensitive to the classical light intensities, but also to that of the single photon level. Meanwhile, the quantum conversion matrices is derived to interpret the quantum optoelectronic mixing effects.