Des céramiques piézoélectriques sans-plomb de composition (CazBa1-z)(Ti1-x-wCoxNbw)O3- ont étésynthétisées e Li2O ou de Li2CO3des matériaux denses à une température de 1100 °C au lieu des 1300 °C usuellement requis pour fritter leBaTiO3.fonctionnelles : le coefficient piézoélectrique d33 et le coefficient de couplage kp atteignent respectivement255 pC/N et 43,5%. De plus, un recuit sous O2 des échantillons dopés au cobalt mène à un d33 = 265 pC/Net à un kp = 42,8%.En fonction de la nature des dopants, un caractère « doux » ou « dur » a été observé dans les céramiquespiézoélectriques. Le dopage par les ions Co/Li mène à un comportement « dur » et provoque desphénomènes de vieillissement. On observe ainsi pour un BT:Co,Li vieilli, un cycle P = f(E) àdouble boucle ou déformé pour des échantillons respectivement non-polarisés ou polarisés. Les cyclescours du temps. Ce champ inCes phénomènes particuliers sont dus à la formation de dipôle de défaut (MTi VO )x causée parin, les grandes valeurs ducoefficient de qualité mécanique (Qmsynthétisées vis-à-vis de fortes contraintes, mécanique ou électrique. Cela rend ces matériaux compétitifscomparés au PZT 4 pour des applications de type transduction acoustique. / (CazBa1-z)(Ti1-x-wCoxNbw)O3- lead-free piezoelectric ceramics were prepared using solid-state reaction. Theuse of a Li2O or Li2CO3 sintering aid enables one to obtain dense ceramics at a temperature of 1100 °Cinstead of the 1300°C used for BaTiO3 in conventional sintering. Insertion of Li/Ca/Co/Nb in the perovskitestructure improves functional properties: for micrograin-size ceramics, a piezoelectric charge constant andelectromechanical coupling factor of d33 = 255 pC/N and kp = 43,5% were reached, respectively.Furthermore, a thermal annealing of the cobalt doped sample under O2 atmosphere led to d33 = 265 pC/Nand kp = 42,8%.Soft/hard characteristics of the piezoelectric ceramics are observed depending on the dopant ions. The Co/Liacceptor dopants lead to hard piezoelectric ceramics and aging phenomena. The aged BT:Co,Li exhibitsdouble loops and a distorted hysteresis cycle for non-poled and poled ceramics, respectively. Distortedhysteresis loops for BT:Co,Li show an increased internal bias field with aging time. Insertion of donordopants such as niobium ions significantly reduces the internal field. These behaviors are related to thepresence of defect dipoles (MTi VO )x due to the insertion of acceptor dopants in the B sites following theoxygen vacancies to equilibrate charge compensation. The high mechanical quality factors (Qm > 1000)obtained for the doped BaTiO3 ceramics affords stability against mechanical stress and electrical stress of upto 400 VRMS/mm, which makes these materials competitive with PZT4 for acoustic transducer applications.

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / Recent research shows that the study of optical properties of organic material natural dyes has gained much consideration. The specific functional groups in several natural dyes remain essential for the large nonlinear absorption expressed in terms of nonlinear optical susceptibilities or other mechanism of absorption such as two photon absorption (TPA), reverse saturable absorption (RSA) or intensitydependent refractive index characteristic. In this thesis we highlight the optical limiting responses of selected natural dyes as nonlinear response in the femtosecond regime. This technique refers to the decrease of the transmittance of the material with the increased incident light intensity.Three dyes derived from beetroot, flame flower and mimosa flower dyes were investigated. The results showed a limiting behaviour around 795 mW for the beetroot and the flame dye while there is total transmission in the flame dye sample. The performance of the nonlinearity i.e. the optical limiting is related to the existence of alternating single and double bonds(i.e. C-C and C=C bonds) in the molecules that provides the material with the electron delocalization, but also it is related to the light intensity.Beside nonlinearity study, crystallographic investigation was carried out for more possible applicability of the selected dyes and this concerned only the mimosa and flame flower dye thin film samples since the beetroot thin film was very sensitive to strong irradiation (i.e. immediately destroyed when exposed to light with high intensity). For more stability,dye solutions were encapsulated in gels for further measurements.

A la suite de la première démonstration de l'écriture de guide d'onde au sein de verres en 1996 par laser femtoseconde, l'écriture direct par Laser Femtoseconde (Femtoseconde Direct Laser Writing - FLDW) est apparu comme une technique souple pour la fabrication de structure photonique en trois dimensions au sein de matériaux pour l'optique. La thèse a porté sur l'inscription par laser femtoseconde de fonctionnalités optiques au sein de verres. Des éléments diffractifs par modification de l'indice de réfraction et des structures présentant des propriétés de luminescence ou d'optique non linéaire d'ordre deux ont pu être obtenus au sein de matériaux vitreux et étudiés. / Since the first demonstration of femtosecond laser written waveguides in 1996, femtosecond laser direct writing (FLDW) has been providing a versatile means to fabricate embedded 3-D microstructures in transparent materials. The key mechanisms are nonlinear absorption processes that occur when a laser beam is tightly focused into a material and the intensity of the focused beam reaches the range creating enough free electrons to induce structural modification. This dissertation was an attempt to make an improvement on the existing FLDW technique to achieve a reliable fabrication protocol for integrated optical devices involving micro diffractive optical elements and laser-structures exhibiting second order nonlinear optical properties. Relaxation processes of directly-written structures in chalcogenide glasses have been also investigated.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-07-03T12:17:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 lyanemarisemoreirarochacosta.pdf: 51851328 bytes, checksum: 854badfa61c4e99a9ec4048be7579bd9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-08-08T12:56:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 lyanemarisemoreirarochacosta.pdf: 51851328 bytes, checksum: 854badfa61c4e99a9ec4048be7579bd9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-08T12:56:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 lyanemarisemoreirarochacosta.pdf: 51851328 bytes, checksum: 854badfa61c4e99a9ec4048be7579bd9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-01 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Materiais laser dopados com Nd são muito atraentes e extensivamente estudados para uma ampla variedade de aplicações por causa de seu fácil modo de operação em 4 níveis laser e geralmente altas seções de choque de emissão. A busca de novas matrizes laser de estado sólido dopadas com Nd tendo propriedades térmicas, mecânicas e ópticas especificas ainda é muito atrativa. A fim de minimizar relaxações não radiativas multifônon e otimizar a eficiência quântica da emissão 4F3/2→ 4I11/2 do Nd, é apropriado trabalhar com matrizes dopadas com Nd de baixas frequências máximas de fônon e baixos teores de impurezas OH. O vidro de Te02-ZnO, combina boa estabilidade mecânica, durabilidade química, altos índices de refração lineares e não lineares, juntos a baixas energias baixas fônon (~750cm-1), uma janela de transmissão ampla (0,4-6µm) e uma alta solubilidade de terras raras. Os grandes índices de refração lineares (1.8<n<2.3) dos vidros telurito implicam grande seções de choque de emissão estimulada. Suas altas propriedades ópticas não-lineares podem ser usadas vantajosamente para o desenvolvimento de lasers pulsados subpicosegundo modo travados por lente Kerr. As características do vidro misto de telurito e oxido de zinco (Te02-ZnO) motivaram a pesquisa apresentada neste trabalho, em que foram estudadas as características ópticas não lineares, espectroscópicas e de emissão estimulada para vidros Te02-ZnO dopados com Nd somente e codopado com nanopartículas de prata. Os parâmetros obtidos pelos espectros de absorção foram analisados de acordo com a teoria de Judd-Offelt. Também foram realizados experimentos de fotoluminescência e fotoluminescência resolvida no tempo. De onde foram obtidas as bandas de emissão das amostras e o tempo de vida da transição 4F3/2→4I11/2. Os altos parâmetros não lineares foram mensurados através da varredura em Z. Por fim, as amostras foram submetidas a testes em cavidade ressonante com eficiência de emissão em regime contínuo de até 21%. Os resultados obtidos foram encorajadores. Fato que mostra que o Te02- ZnO:Nd merece maiores investigações e mesmo melhorias como cobertura antirreflexiva. / Nd-doped laser Materials are very attractive and extensively studied for a wide variety of applications because of its easy operation in 4 level mode and generally high gain cross sections. The search of new solid-state laser hosts doped with Nd having specific thermal, optical and mechanical properties is still very attractive. In order to minimize nonradiative multiphonon relaxations and optimizing quantum efficiency of the Nd transition 4F3/2→4I11/2, is suitable to work with hosts with low maximum phonon frequencies and low levels of OH impurities. The Te02-ZnO glass, combines good mechanical stability, chemical durability, high linear and nonlinear refraction, together with low phonon energies (~750cm- 1), a wide transmission window (0.4-6µm) and a high solubility of rare earth ions. The large linear refractive indices (1.8 < n < 2.3) of tellurite glasses involve large cross sections of stimulated emission. Their high nonlinear optical properties can be used advantageously for the development of subpicosecond mode-locked pulsed lasers through Kerr lens effect. The characteristics of the mixed tellurite glass and zinc oxide (Te02-ZnO) motivated the research presented in this work, in which the nonlinear optical and spectroscopic characteristics, the stimulated emission properties for Te02-ZnO glasses doped with Nd only and codoped with silver nanoparticles were studied. The absorption spectra results were analyzed according to the Judd-Offelt framework. Photoluminescence and lifetime experiments were also carried out. From these, the emission bands were identified and the lifetime of the transition 4F3/2→ 4l11/2 for each sample. The high nonlinear parameters were measured with the aid of z-scan experiments. Finally, the samples were subjected to resonant cavity tests with CW laser action efficiency up to 21%. The results were encouraging. This shows that the TeO2-ZnO:Nd deserve further investigation and even improvements like anti reflective cover.

Le besoin en isolation vibratoire des voies ferrées conduit de plus en plus souvent au recours à des systèmes d'attache de rail souples avec des designs sophistiqués. Par contre, les produits deviennent diversifiés mais leur conception se fait de manière empirique dans la pratique. Dans ce travail de thèse, deux systèmes d'attache de rail sont étudiés expérimentalement et numériquement: un système qui travaille principalement en cisaillement et l'autre en compression. Des essais quasi-statiques et dynamiques sont menés puis les résultats sont analysés à l'aide de différents modèles mécaniques. En plus, une série de tests sur les élastomères utilisés dans les deux systèmes sont réalisés. Ces tests permettent de choisir des modèles hyperélastiques et viscoélastique appropriés, et de déterminer les paramètres de propriétés mécaniques des élastomères dans ces modèles par des simulations Abaqus. En utilisant également Abaqus, des analyses par élément fini des deux systèmes d'attache sont effectués et les résultats sont comparés aux ceux des essais. Des non-linéarités d'origine matérielle et géométrique sont ainsi analysées et expliquées. Enfin, des études de sensibilité des paramètres sont effectuées, suivies d'études d'optimisation structurale. Cet étude devrait être utile pour une meilleure compréhension du comportement mécanique des systèmes d'attache de rail sous chargement statique et dynamique, et au final pour une meilleure pratique dans la conception et l'optimisation des produits / Higher demand on vibration isolation of track structure in modern railway track leads to a trend of lower stiffness of rail fastening systems, places an increasing need for better design approach as well. However the current development status of rail fastening industry is dramatically diversified but mainly empirical. In this work, a shear type and a bonded compressed type of rail fastening systems are investigated experimentally and numerically. Quasi-static and dynamic experiments are carried out and the results are analysed with different mechanical models. Besides, a series of fundamental rubber material tests is performed to accurately describe the rubber material used in the two fastening systems. The most appropriate hyperelastic and hysteresis models are chosen with the help of simulations by Abaqus. Also by using Abaqus, finite element analyses are conducted for the two fastening systems and the numerical results are compared with those of experiments. Material and geometrical nonlinear features observed in the measured displacement-force curves are analysed and explained. Finally, parameter sensitivity of the two fastening specimens are studied, followed by an optimization process to meet practical optimization objectives. The present work is believed to be helpful for understanding the mechanical behavior of rail fastening systems, while enlightening the engineering practice, and eventually improving product designing and optimizing measures

Le besoin en isolation vibratoire des voies ferrées conduit de plus en plus souvent au recours à des systèmes d'attache de rail souples avec des designs sophistiqués. Par contre, les produits deviennent diversifiés mais leur conception se fait de manière empirique dans la pratique. Dans ce travail de thèse, deux systèmes d'attache de rail sont étudiés expérimentalement et numériquement: un système qui travaille principalement en cisaillement et l'autre en compression. Des essais quasi-statiques et dynamiques sont menés puis les résultats sont analysés à l'aide de différents modèles mécaniques. En plus, une série de tests sur les élastomères utilisés dans les deux systèmes sont réalisés. Ces tests permettent de choisir des modèles hyperélastiques et viscoélastique appropriés, et de déterminer les paramètres de propriétés mécaniques des élastomères dans ces modèles par des simulations Abaqus. En utilisant également Abaqus, des analyses par élément fini des deux systèmes d'attache sont effectués et les résultats sont comparés aux ceux des essais. Des non-linéarités d'origine matérielle et géométrique sont ainsi analysées et expliquées. Enfin, des études de sensibilité des paramètres sont effectuées, suivies d'études d'optimisation structurale. Cet étude devrait être utile pour une meilleure compréhension du comportement mécanique des systèmes d'attache de rail sous chargement statique et dynamique, et au final pour une meilleure pratique dans la conception et l'optimisation des produits / Higher demand on vibration isolation of track structure in modern railway track leads to a trend of lower stiffness of rail fastening systems, places an increasing need for better design approach as well. However the current development status of rail fastening industry is dramatically diversified but mainly empirical. In this work, a shear type and a bonded compressed type of rail fastening systems are investigated experimentally and numerically. Quasi-static and dynamic experiments are carried out and the results are analysed with different mechanical models. Besides, a series of fundamental rubber material tests is performed to accurately describe the rubber material used in the two fastening systems. The most appropriate hyperelastic and hysteresis models are chosen with the help of simulations by Abaqus. Also by using Abaqus, finite element analyses are conducted for the two fastening systems and the numerical results are compared with those of experiments. Material and geometrical nonlinear features observed in the measured displacement-force curves are analysed and explained. Finally, parameter sensitivity of the two fastening specimens are studied, followed by an optimization process to meet practical optimization objectives. The present work is believed to be helpful for understanding the mechanical behavior of rail fastening systems, while enlightening the engineering practice, and eventually improving product designing and optimizing measures

Nowdays, optical fibers are one of important parts of computer networks, especially for their ability to transfer information for long distance. This thesis doesn´t utilize optical fibers as carriers, but as sources of information, specifically as sensors intended to detect physical effects acting on the optical fiber, which is usually used for telecommunication purposes. Linear and nonlinear properties of the fiber are used to gain information about acting effects on the optical fiber.