Com a consolidação do saneamento em algumas bacias urbanas, um novo desafio surge: o da recuperação dos corpos dágua. O que a principio parece ser uma consequência do processo, na realidade se mostra uma tarefa muito mais complexa e que envolve diversos fatores, tornando o processo de recuperação lento e dispendioso. Muito se diz a respeito da despoluição dos corpos dágua através da eliminação da carga pontual, mas o que se observa na prática é que, mesmo diante do controle das cargas pontuais, os corpos dágua continuam poluídos devido às cargas difusas. A preocupação com a poluição por carga difusa já é um assunto muito estudado em locais onde a poluição por cargas pontuais já possui um controle efetivo, mas este assunto ainda é um grande desafio em países como o Brasil, onde o controle da carga pontual ainda não constitui uma realidade palpável. Atualmente, na região metropolitana de São Paulo, há diversos programas atuando na despoluição de corpos dágua através do controle de cargas pontuais, dentre eles o programa Córrego Limpo se destaca por agir na otimização de sistemas de esgotamento sanitário, e apesar dos bons resultados obtidos, como o programa se baseia no controle de cargas pontuais, estas bacias não se encontram completamente despoluídas. Considerando o caso brasileiro, o programa é pioneiro no que se refere à adoção de medidas que integram a população no processo de recuperação, pois implanta em algumas de suas bacias um programa de governança colaborativa, que, através da mobilização da população, promove a integração desta com o corpo dágua. Diante deste panorama, o presente estudo, tem como intuito, através da análise de córregos de interesse do programa Córrego Limpo, contribuir para a melhor compreensão dos desafios envolvidos no processo de recuperação de corpos dágua urbanos através do controle de cargas pontuais e difusas. No estudo empregou-se o método da Unidade de carga para quantificação da geração de cargas difusas nas bacias e identificação do seu potencial poluidor, resultando na criação de um índice de qualidade da superfície da bacia; Avaliou-se também a qualidade ambiental destes corpos dágua através de indicadores físicos, químicos e biológicos, o que revelou a importância do uso conjunto destes indicadores, já que obteve-se resultados distintos para cada um destes indicadores; com base nos resultados obtidos nestes estudos foi possível avaliar o quão complexo é o processo de recuperação de corpos dágua em áreas urbanas. / With the consolidation of sanitation in some urban watersheds, a new challenge arises: the recovery of bodies of water. What at first appears to be a consequence of the process, in fact it shows to be a much more complex task and involves several facts, making the recovery process slow and costly. Much is said about the remediation of water bodies by removing point charge, but what we notice in practice is that even after controlling of point charge, they remain polluted because nonpoint pollution. The concern with nonpoint pollution is much studied in places where pollution by point charge already has an effective control, but this issue is still a challenge in countries like Brazil, where the control point charge does not constitutes a tangible reality. Currently, the São Paulo metropolitan area there are several programs working on recovering of water bodies through the control of point charge, including the Córrego Limpo that acts optimizing sewage systems, and is notorious the improvement in the quality of water bodies covered its actions. However, as the program based on controlling of point charge, the streams are not completely unpolluted. Considering the Brazilian case, the program is a pioneer when it comes to the adoption of measures that integrate the population in the recovering process. It deploys in some watersheds a program of collaborative governance that, through the people mobilization, promotes the body of water, resulting in reduction of the potential pollution in the watersheds and rendering more effective the process. The present study has the intention, through the analysis of streams of interest to the program Córrego Limpo, contribute to a better understanding of the challenges involved in the recovery process of urban water bodies through the control of the point and nonpoint pollution. In the study was used the method of unit load to quantify the generation of diffuse loads in basins and identification of their pollution potential, resulting in the creation of an index of quality of the surface of the basin, also evaluated the environmental quality of these bodies of water through physical, chemical and biological indicators, which revealed the importance of the combined use of these indicators, since we obtained different results for each of these indicators, the results of this study showed how complex is the recovery process of water bodies in urban areas.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Na identificaÃÃo das possÃveis fontes e cargas poluidoras das Ãguas superficiais da bacia hidrogrÃfica do rio Jaibaras, desenvolveu-se um trabalho composto por trÃs etapas, com o objetivo de se obter um melhor conhecimento da qualidade das Ãguas. Na primeira etapa (Etapa I), identificaram-se as fontes de poluiÃÃo hÃdrica da parte alta desta sub-bacia, desde as nascentes do rio Jaibaras e seus tributÃrios atà o aÃude Ayres de Souza. O levantamento ocorreu no perÃodo de maio de 2004 a julho de 2005. As principais fontes poluidoras estÃo ligadas aos esgotos domÃsticos e resÃduos sÃlidos despejados no leito e prÃximo Ãs margens dos mananciais. Poucas fontes de poluiÃÃo ligadas à agricultura foram identificadas. O aÃude Ayres de Souza sofre intervenÃÃes de esgotos domÃsticos, disposiÃÃo de resÃduos sÃlidos, inclusive lixÃes a cÃu aberto, carga de produtos oriundos da piscicultura intensiva, ocupaÃÃo das Ãreas de PreservaÃÃo Permanente (APPs) por balneÃrios, residÃncias e atividades de pecuÃria e agricultura. NÃo se tÃm dados conclusivos sobre a contribuiÃÃo da piscicultura para a poluiÃÃo do manancial. Na etapa seguinte (Etapa 2), identificou-se a influÃncia do clima na variabilidade temporal e os fatores determinantes da qualidade das Ãguas no aÃude Ayres de Souza, pelo emprego da AnÃlise de Agrupamento HierÃrquico (AAH) e AnÃlise da Componente Principal (ACP). Os parÃmetros fÃsicos, quÃmicos e biolÃgicos, somando 28 variÃveis, foram medidos em 4 pontos distintos na bacia hidrÃulica, no perÃodo de setembro de 2004 a maio de 2005. Observou-se por meio da AAH que a qualidade da Ãgua sofre maior influÃncia da sazonalidade climÃtica, com descontinuidade geogrÃfica no processo de agrupamentos. A ACP mostrou que 82% da variÃncia total dos dados foi explicada por um modelo com duas componentes. A primeira componente principal està relacionada ao aporte antropogÃnico na bacia hidrÃulica, sendo K+, PO-3 4, Ca2+ e DBO, os elementos de maior peso nesta componente. A segunda componente relaciona-se ao processo de sodificaÃÃo (Na+ e RAS) das Ãguas pelos solos, provenientes da Ãrea sedimentar à montante da bacia hidrÃulica. Na Ãltima etapa (Etapa III), identificaram-se os parÃmetros quÃmicos mais importantes na variabilidade espacial da qualidade da Ãgua no trecho perenizado do rio Jaibaras, pelo emprego da AnÃlise da Componente Principal. Foram realizadas 24 campanhas de coletas de Ãgua, no perÃodo de abril/2002 a junho/2005, em dois pontos ao longo do rio (na saÃda da galeria do aÃude Ayres de Souza e na foz). As variÃveis consideradas foram: pH, condutividade elÃtrica (CE), cÃlcio (Ca2+), magnÃsio (Mg2+), sÃdio (Na+), potÃssio (K+), bicarbonato (HCO- 3), fosfato (PO-3 4), cloreto (Cl-), amÃnia (NH+ 4), nitrato (NO- 3), sulfato (SO- 4) e RelaÃÃo de AdsorÃÃo de sÃdio (RAS). Observou-se por meio da ACP que no inÃcio do trecho perenizado, a qualidade da Ãgua relaciona-se com trÃs fatores, explicando 80% da variÃncia total. O primeiro fator expressa uma componente mineral. ImportÃncia secundÃria teve a poluiÃÃo orgÃnica, seguida pela presenÃa de detergentes e esgotos domÃsticos. Na confluÃncia do rio Jaibaras com o rio AcaraÃ, dois fatores explicaram 81% da variÃncia total dos dados. Neste ponto, a qualidade da Ãgua recebe maior influÃncia da aÃÃo antrÃpica (dejetos dos balneÃrios, fertilizantes nitrogenados e esgotos domÃsticos). A ACP permitiu verificar o efeito dos parÃmetros quÃmicos na variaÃÃo espacial da qualidade das Ãguas superficiais no trecho perenizado do rio Jaibaras. / Aiming to identify the apportionment of pollution sources/factors with a view to get better information about the water quality at Jaibaras watershed, a research composed of three steps was developed. In the first step (Step I), it was identified the water pollution sources at the upland of Jaibaras watershed until Ayres de Souza dam. The survey occurred from May/2004 to Jul/2005. The pollution sources are related about domestical sewages and land disposal, which are poured in the river and close to the repair zones. Few pollution sources can be related to agricultural activity. The Ayres de Souza dam is also under the effect of domestical swage, land disposal as well as other human activities. In the second step (Step II) multivariate statistical techniques (Cluster Analysis/Principal Component Analysis, CA/PCA) were applied to identify weather influence on temporal variability and the factors that determined the water quality in Ayres de Souza dam. It was measured 28 physical, chemical and biological variables in four sampling stations sited in the reservoir, and in four different campaigns from Sept/2004 to May/2005. The CA allowed the identification of the weather variability influency under water quality. Two principal components were extracted, explaining the 82% of the data variance. The first principal component was mainly associated with K+, PO-3 4, Ca2+ e DBO (anthropogenic factor). The second principal component showed a strong loading on Na+ and SAR. It was basically assigned to sodicity factor. Although, there are an intensive fishing activities in the dam it was not possible to relate this activity as a source of water pollution. In the least step (Step III) PCA was applied to the data set on water quality of the Jaibaras River, from Ayres de Souza dam to the mouth of the river, generated during three years (Apr/2002-Jun/2005), to define pollution factors. It was measured 13 physico-chemical variables (pH, EC, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+), bicarbonato (HCO- 3), fosfato (PO- 3 4), cloreto (Cl-), amÃnia (NH+ 4), nitrato (NO- 3), sulfato (SO- 4) and RelaÃÃo de AdsorÃÃo de SÃdio (RAS) in the two sampling stations (Ayres de Souza dam gallery and Jaibaras mouth). At Ayres de Souza aqueduct three factors were extracted which explained 80% of the total variance. The first factor represent âweatheringâ processes from rocks (meneralization factor). The second factor can be interpreted as an organic pollution and domestical sewages. At Jaibaras River mouth two factors were extracted, explaing 81% of the total variance in the original data set. The identified factors were related do human action (fertilizers and sewages). The multivariate statistical technique allowed the identification of the chemical and weather actions over the water quality at Jaibaras River.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T19:24:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Valmir Baltokoski.pdf: 2787750 bytes, checksum: fe61cb2f7c894d46e777852e6fec1e06 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-30 / Hydrological models developing that may to predict the nonpoint source pollution and the land use and occupation impacts on water quality has been a powerful tool at agricultural systems study. Within this context, the objective of the present research work was to evaluate the SWAT 2005 (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) applicability to simulate surface runoff, sediments yield and total phosphorous flow mass. The research was developed in two contiguous watersheds, from Conrado and Pinheiro rivers, on the Pato Branco River basin, from Pato Branco and Mariopolis counties, Parana State. Climatological data relative to period 1979/2006 and observed data of flow rate, sediments yeld and total phosphorous concentration relative to 2004/2005 years, taken at two monitoring locations, were used. The model requires input data in spatial format concerning to land use and soils data, associated to a digital elevation model (DEM). It was used the AvSWAT_X interface with ArcView 3.3® and its extension Spatial Analyst 2.0®, for input and manipulation data. Monthly and yearly averages of flow rate, sediments yeld and total phosphorous mass flow were compared to the observed values, being this proceeding used in the model calibration and evaluation. The Nash-Sutcliffe Coefficient (COE) and the Sum of Deviations of the Simulated Data (Dv) were used to evaluate the modeling efficiency. The results have proved to be satisfactory for the several modelings. / O desenvolvimento de modelos hidrológicos capazes de predizer o impacto das fontes difusas de poluição e do uso e ocupação do solo na qualidade das águas, superficiais e subterrâneas, tem sido de grande auxílio no estudo de agroecossistemas agrícolas. Com esse objetivo, foi utilizado o modelo Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT 2005), para avaliar sua aplicabilidade na previsão de escoamento superficial, na produção de sedimentos e no fluxo de massa do fósforo total, utilizando técnicas de análise de sensibilidade e calibração. O estudo foi realizado em duas microbacias hidrográficas contíguas, dos rios Conrado e Pinheiro, afluentes do Rio Pato Branco, localizadas nos municípios de Pato Branco e Mariópolis, no Estado do Paraná. Foram utilizados dados climatológicos do período de 1979/2006 e dados observados de vazão, sedimentos e concentração de fósforo total dos anos 2004/2005 de duas estações de monitoramento instaladas na área de estudo. O modelo requer dados espacializados de usos e tipos de solos, associados com banco de dados e um Modelo Digital de Elevação. Utilizou-se a interface AvSWAT_X, com o ArcView 3.3® e a extensão Spatial Analyst 2.0®, para entrada e manipulação dos dados no modelo. As médias anuais e mensais das simulações de vazão, sedimentos e fósforo total, foram comparadas com os dados observados, procedimento que serviu para calibrar o modelo e avaliar seu desempenho. Tanto o coeficiente de eficiência de Nash-Sutcliffe (COE) como a soma dos desvios dos dados simulados em relação aos dados observados (Dv) foram utilizados para avaliar a eficiência do modelo. Os resultados mostraram-se satisfatórios para as várias modelagens realizadas.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:47:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Valmir Baltokoski.pdf: 2787750 bytes, checksum: fe61cb2f7c894d46e777852e6fec1e06 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-30 / Hydrological models developing that may to predict the nonpoint source pollution and the land use and occupation impacts on water quality has been a powerful tool at agricultural systems study. Within this context, the objective of the present research work was to evaluate the SWAT 2005 (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) applicability to simulate surface runoff, sediments yield and total phosphorous flow mass. The research was developed in two contiguous watersheds, from Conrado and Pinheiro rivers, on the Pato Branco River basin, from Pato Branco and Mariopolis counties, Parana State. Climatological data relative to period 1979/2006 and observed data of flow rate, sediments yeld and total phosphorous concentration relative to 2004/2005 years, taken at two monitoring locations, were used. The model requires input data in spatial format concerning to land use and soils data, associated to a digital elevation model (DEM). It was used the AvSWAT_X interface with ArcView 3.3® and its extension Spatial Analyst 2.0®, for input and manipulation data. Monthly and yearly averages of flow rate, sediments yeld and total phosphorous mass flow were compared to the observed values, being this proceeding used in the model calibration and evaluation. The Nash-Sutcliffe Coefficient (COE) and the Sum of Deviations of the Simulated Data (Dv) were used to evaluate the modeling efficiency. The results have proved to be satisfactory for the several modelings. / O desenvolvimento de modelos hidrológicos capazes de predizer o impacto das fontes difusas de poluição e do uso e ocupação do solo na qualidade das águas, superficiais e subterrâneas, tem sido de grande auxílio no estudo de agroecossistemas agrícolas. Com esse objetivo, foi utilizado o modelo Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT 2005), para avaliar sua aplicabilidade na previsão de escoamento superficial, na produção de sedimentos e no fluxo de massa do fósforo total, utilizando técnicas de análise de sensibilidade e calibração. O estudo foi realizado em duas microbacias hidrográficas contíguas, dos rios Conrado e Pinheiro, afluentes do Rio Pato Branco, localizadas nos municípios de Pato Branco e Mariópolis, no Estado do Paraná. Foram utilizados dados climatológicos do período de 1979/2006 e dados observados de vazão, sedimentos e concentração de fósforo total dos anos 2004/2005 de duas estações de monitoramento instaladas na área de estudo. O modelo requer dados espacializados de usos e tipos de solos, associados com banco de dados e um Modelo Digital de Elevação. Utilizou-se a interface AvSWAT_X, com o ArcView 3.3® e a extensão Spatial Analyst 2.0®, para entrada e manipulação dos dados no modelo. As médias anuais e mensais das simulações de vazão, sedimentos e fósforo total, foram comparadas com os dados observados, procedimento que serviu para calibrar o modelo e avaliar seu desempenho. Tanto o coeficiente de eficiência de Nash-Sutcliffe (COE) como a soma dos desvios dos dados simulados em relação aos dados observados (Dv) foram utilizados para avaliar a eficiência do modelo. Os resultados mostraram-se satisfatórios para as várias modelagens realizadas.

Stormwater nonpoint source pollution (NPSP) is a result of diffuse sources of pollutants transported by rainfall and surface runoff into stormwater ponds and drainage systems before percolating into the ground. In particular, the nutrients found in fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides applied in excess by homeowners and landscapers can cause a range of issues in stormwater ponds from fish kills to eutrophication. As a result, Manatee County, Florida has issued a fertilizer ordinance with best management practices (BMPs) and a fertilizer black out period to reduce NPSP. This study is aimed at capturing the perceptions of residents which affect stormwater NPSP through their behaviors, awareness, and knowledge. Interviews, surveys,and observational data were used to establish social indicator scores, gather qualitative data, and evaluate outreach efforts surrounding the Manatee County fertilizer ordinance and the function stormwater ponds in Lakewood Ranch. Results showed that residents substantially lacked awareness of the fertilizer ban, ordinance and grass clipping violation fine. Outreach questions revealed that 69% of residents had not seen any materials related to the ban. While residents' feelings generally ranged from neutral to positive with regard to shoreline and aquatic plants, they remained resistant to the actual installation of the plants. The results also indicated that residents were well aware of the purposes shoreline plants serving as barriers and nutrient filters. In addition, Key Informant interviews revealed that while residents understood the environmental consequences of their actions, they maintained their behavior to adhere to deeply rooted social norms.

The research was undertaken to simulate the surface transport of water and chemicals from a flat agricultural watershed at the Green Belt farm in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The GIS database created for the Black Rapid Creek watershed focused on attributes and data necessary to run a non-point source model for surface transport of water and chemicals called AGNPS. The GIS used in the current study was SPANS for the OS/2 warp (version 3) environment. The years of simulation for the study area were 1992 and 1993. The study was carried out on a watershed scale and flow routing from different cells to the outlet of the watershed was simulated with AGNPS under different management practices. The results of the study indicate that input variables of AGNPS model for a flat agricultural watershed, flow direction, precipitation event and topography of the land, affect the surface runoff volume at the outlet considerably. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

Non point source pollution (NPS) has long been the negated form of pollution within our natural systems. With an increase in the demand for quality crops and staple foods, there have been added pressures on water systems to cope with increasing NPS pollution (NPS-P). The effect and importance of scale on the assessment of NPS pollution has been identified as a pivotal component in the assessment of such pollutants, in particular the translation of processes from a field to a catchment scale. It has therefore become important to further investigate and research the processes involved in transporting and retaining pollutants at each measurement scale. A number of models have been developed for simulation catchments, however none of the suitably address the issue of NPS pollution and the translation of processes from the field through to the catchment scale. Each model researched fails to effectively address processes over varying scales, and tend to concentrate on a particular scale of observation. There is a distinct lack of a capable mechanism that assesses NPS pollution across varying scales within a catchment. The Water Research Commission (WRC) NPS-P project aims at eventually developing a successful model that addresses the issue of assessing NPS pollution across a number of different scales. This study aimed at assessing the loads of sediments and nutrients at different scales and included the establishment of a research catchment in the Mkabela Catchment outside Wartburg in KwaZulu-Natal, and the collection and interpretation of rainfall, runoff and nitrate data for a full year of sampling. The sampling provided valuable data for the calculation of pollutant masses and concentrations within the Mkabela Catchment. Non Point Sources are generally more dilute with suspended solids and nitrate in particular tending to have a high transport dependence upon summer events with a high intensity and low duration. A varying degree of scales were monitored during this study, ranging from plot to catchment scale in order to assess the varying influences on NPS Pollution (Nitrate and Suspended Solids). Monitoring was conducted through research mechanisms ranging from runoff plots at the plot scale to catchment scale flumes. It was found that scale has a varying influence on NPS pollution, with pollutant concentrations measured to be at a maximum at the field scale, with a value of 13.54mg/l of nitrate measured within the cane fields from event 3. Suspended solid values taken from within the water samples were most apparent at the plot scale, within the runoff plots, with a maximum of 2866.7mg/l measured during event 3 as well. It was evident from measurements and results obtained for each of the 10 sampled events that the main influencing factor of the nitrate concentrations and suspended solid values was the nature of the event. Summer rainfall events (high intensity and short duration) provided large overland flow volume that contributed largely towards the high concentrations of both nitrate and suspended solids, whereas the winter rainfall event (low intensity and long duration) contributed little to the concentrations of nitrate and suspended solids. In contrast to nitrate concentration, the largest nitrate loads by mass were measured during event 1 at the large catchment scale (Bridge 2), with a total cumulative load of 74.17kg nitrate estimated to have been yielded at the catchment outlet. The majority of nitrate are yielded from the agricultural lands where farming practices lead to the application of chemicals preplanting and post emergence. Suspended solids displayed a similar trend to that of nitrate, with an increasing cumulative yield measured throughout the catchment, resulting in a total 13414kg of sediment being measured at Bridge 2. It is interesting that Event 1 measured the largest cumulative loads for both nitrate and suspended solids; however it was recorded as an average intensity event (19.1mm/h) in comparison to the largest sampled intensity event of 165.9mm/h (Event 4) during the study. This may be attributed to the fact that the event coincided with the planting schedule of the sugarcane crops, and so the bare nature of the agricultural fields resulted in increased overland flow, and hence nitrate and suspended solid transportation. Data collected during all the events clearly show that the impoundment (a farm dam) acts as a water quality filter by retaining many of the nitrate pollutants when they enter the dam as channel flow. In summary, the controlling processes governing NPS-P movement varied through the differing scales, with crop size, artificial chemical application, nature of the event and timing during the year all contributing in varying manners at the differing scales. Future research within the WRC-NPS-P project should continue with sampling from the designated research points and add several more seasons of data to the already comprehensive first season of sampling. In addition, once a reasonable number of seasons have been sampled and analysed within the Mkabela Catchment, the initiation and development of an effective, representative scaled NPS-P model that addresses the movement and retardation of pollutants is necessary to be able to successfully model and predict the movement of NPS-P through catchment systems. In particular the effects of the controls afforded by such features as road crossings, wetlands and farm dams should be taken into account in the modelling of sediment and nutrient movement from field to catchment scale. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2011.

The objective of this study was to apply the WEND model, a nutrient mass balance model, to the Castor watershed in southern Quebec to evaluate phosphorus movement, storage and export over time. The WEND model was customized to run on a field-scale and then individually applied to 266 fields on the watershed for a 30-year simulation period. Field-specific information for the period of 1997-1999, was used as basic inputs to the model. Climatic information was obtained from local sources. The additional information required to run the model was derived from the literature. Model outputs were analysed at three different levels: (i) the overall watershed impacts, (ii) by cropping system, and (iii) for field management practices presenting a high risk of P losses. Specific outputs examined were: soil test Mehlich-III P, soil P saturation with aluminium, RUSLE soil loss potential and TP export. / The model was used to examine the impacts of crop rotations, fertilizer application and tillage management on TP export. For the Castor watershed, the soil test P increased at a mean rate of 3.71 kg Mehlich-III P ha -1 yr-1, equivalent to a mean input of about 32 kg P2O5 ha-1 yr-1 in excess of plant requirements, assuming current field management practices remain constant. / If TP export is considered the most important parameter in terms of P contamination, crop rotations are a good alternative to continuous corn monocropping under which losses could reach as high as 3.36 kg TP ha-1 yr -1. Crop rotations were shown to be an important management practice that should be more carefully examined when establishing field management practices. Just one year of grassland within a rotation can greatly improve the overall environmental health of a watershed. The management of P inputs is also an important target for improvement, as fertiliser inputs often surpassed plant requirements by two- or three-fold.

GIRÃO, Enio Giuliano. Análise multivariada na identificação dos fatores determinantes da qualidade da água na Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Jaibaras-Ceará. 2006. 105 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Curso de Mestrado em Agronomia: Irrigação e Drenagem, Fortaleza-CE, 2006. / Submitted by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-06-23T12:33:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_dis_amalves.pdf: 14925638 bytes, checksum: bc31a3d275887d1f220c60504dc75f6c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-06-23T12:37:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_dis_amalves.pdf: 14925638 bytes, checksum: bc31a3d275887d1f220c60504dc75f6c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-23T12:37:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_dis_amalves.pdf: 14925638 bytes, checksum: bc31a3d275887d1f220c60504dc75f6c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Aiming to identify the apportionment of pollution sources/factors with a view to get better information about the water quality at Jaibaras watershed, a research composed of three steps was developed. In the first step (Step I), it was identified the water pollution sources at the upland of Jaibaras watershed until Ayres de Souza dam. The survey occurred from May/2004 to Jul/2005. The pollution sources are related about domestical sewages and land disposal, which are poured in the river and close to the repair zones. Few pollution sources can be related to agricultural activity. The Ayres de Souza dam is also under the effect of domestical swage, land disposal as well as other human activities. In the second step (Step II) multivariate statistical techniques (Cluster Analysis/Principal Component Analysis, CA/PCA) were applied to identify weather influence on temporal variability and the factors that determined the water quality in Ayres de Souza dam. It was measured 28 physical, chemical and biological variables in four sampling stations sited in the reservoir, and in four different campaigns from Sept/2004 to May/2005. The CA allowed the identification of the weather variability influency under water quality. Two principal components were extracted, explaining the 82% of the data variance. The first principal component was mainly associated with K+, PO-3 4, Ca2+ e DBO (anthropogenic factor). The second principal component showed a strong loading on Na+ and SAR. It was basically assigned to sodicity factor. Although, there are an intensive fishing activities in the dam it was not possible to relate this activity as a source of water pollution. In the least step (Step III) PCA was applied to the data set on water quality of the Jaibaras River, from Ayres de Souza dam to the mouth of the river, generated during three years (Apr/2002-Jun/2005), to define pollution factors. It was measured 13 physico-chemical variables (pH, EC, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+), bicarbonato (HCO- 3), fosfato (PO- 3 4), cloreto (Cl-), amônia (NH+ 4), nitrato (NO- 3), sulfato (SO- 4) and Relação de Adsorção de Sódio (RAS) in the two sampling stations (Ayres de Souza dam gallery and Jaibaras mouth). At Ayres de Souza aqueduct three factors were extracted which explained 80% of the total variance. The first factor represent “weathering” processes from rocks (meneralization factor). The second factor can be interpreted as an organic pollution and domestical sewages. At Jaibaras River mouth two factors were extracted, explaing 81% of the total variance in the original data set. The identified factors were related do human action (fertilizers and sewages). The multivariate statistical technique allowed the identification of the chemical and weather actions over the water quality at Jaibaras River. / Na identificação das possíveis fontes e cargas poluidoras das águas superficiais da bacia hidrográfica do rio Jaibaras, desenvolveu-se um trabalho composto por três etapas, com o objetivo de se obter um melhor conhecimento da qualidade das águas. Na primeira etapa (Etapa I), identificaram-se as fontes de poluição hídrica da parte alta desta sub-bacia, desde as nascentes do rio Jaibaras e seus tributários até o açude Ayres de Souza. O levantamento ocorreu no período de maio de 2004 a julho de 2005. As principais fontes poluidoras estão ligadas aos esgotos domésticos e resíduos sólidos despejados no leito e próximo às margens dos mananciais. Poucas fontes de poluição ligadas à agricultura foram identificadas. O açude Ayres de Souza sofre intervenções de esgotos domésticos, disposição de resíduos sólidos, inclusive lixões a céu aberto, carga de produtos oriundos da piscicultura intensiva, ocupação das Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APPs) por balneários, residências e atividades de pecuária e agricultura. Não se têm dados conclusivos sobre a contribuição da piscicultura para a poluição do manancial. Na etapa seguinte (Etapa 2), identificou-se a influência do clima na variabilidade temporal e os fatores determinantes da qualidade das águas no açude Ayres de Souza, pelo emprego da Análise de Agrupamento Hierárquico (AAH) e Análise da Componente Principal (ACP). Os parâmetros físicos, químicos e biológicos, somando 28 variáveis, foram medidos em 4 pontos distintos na bacia hidráulica, no período de setembro de 2004 a maio de 2005. Observou-se por meio da AAH que a qualidade da água sofre maior influência da sazonalidade climática, com descontinuidade geográfica no processo de agrupamentos. A ACP mostrou que 82% da variância total dos dados foi explicada por um modelo com duas componentes. A primeira componente principal está relacionada ao aporte antropogênico na bacia hidráulica, sendo K+, PO-3 4, Ca2+ e DBO, os elementos de maior peso nesta componente. A segunda componente relaciona-se ao processo de sodificação (Na+ e RAS) das águas pelos solos, provenientes da área sedimentar à montante da bacia hidráulica. Na última etapa (Etapa III), identificaram-se os parâmetros químicos mais importantes na variabilidade espacial da qualidade da água no trecho perenizado do rio Jaibaras, pelo emprego da Análise da Componente Principal. Foram realizadas 24 campanhas de coletas de água, no período de abril/2002 a junho/2005, em dois pontos ao longo do rio (na saída da galeria do açude Ayres de Souza e na foz). As variáveis consideradas foram: pH, condutividade elétrica (CE), cálcio (Ca2+), magnésio (Mg2+), sódio (Na+), potássio (K+), bicarbonato (HCO- 3), fosfato (PO-3 4), cloreto (Cl-), amônia (NH+ 4), nitrato (NO- 3), sulfato (SO- 4) e Relação de Adsorção de sódio (RAS). Observou-se por meio da ACP que no início do trecho perenizado, a qualidade da água relaciona-se com três fatores, explicando 80% da variância total. O primeiro fator expressa uma componente mineral. Importância secundária teve a poluição orgânica, seguida pela presença de detergentes e esgotos domésticos. Na confluência do rio Jaibaras com o rio Acaraú, dois fatores explicaram 81% da variância total dos dados. Neste ponto, a qualidade da água recebe maior influência da ação antrópica (dejetos dos balneários, fertilizantes nitrogenados e esgotos domésticos). A ACP permitiu verificar o efeito dos parâmetros químicos na variação espacial da qualidade das águas superficiais no trecho perenizado do rio Jaibaras.

Em caráter experimental, a tese examina o desempenho de sistemas de biorretenção na mitigação da poluição difusa ocasionada pelas águas de chuva. A avaliação dessa tecnologia ambiental urbana partiu da construção de um modelo de manejo dos escoamentos pluviais, utilizando uma matriz orgânica composta por vegetação, solo e agregados para retenção e tratamento inicial localizados. O protótipo, em escala 1:1, implementado na Cidade Universitária Armando Salles de Oliveira (CUASO-USP), São Paulo, SP, é composto por dois canteiros isolados entre si, que recebem as vazões através da sarjeta na via adjacente. Com preenchimentos iguais, os canteiros receberam coberturas vegetais distintas: gramado (G), com uma única espécie de gramínia, e jardim (J), com forrações, herbáceas e arbustos diversos, predominantemente nativos. O experimento foi monitorado por um ano, entre março de 2012 e março de 2013, quando foram coletados os dados referentes ao seu funcionamento e eficiência em sete eventos chuvosos paulistanos. A compilação dessas informações permitiu a análise comparativa da qualidade da água dos escoamentos antes e depois da passagem pelos canteiros. Com recursos da FUNDEP, FCTH e LabVERDE, a pesquisa interdepartamental e interdisciplinar, desenvolvida numa cooperação entre a FAU-USP e a Escola Politécnica-USP, busca oferecer respostas às hipóteses com que trabalha a Arquitetura da Paisagem ao propor soluções naturalizadas de manejo dos escoamentos pluviais em complementação às técnicas convencionais atualmente empregadas nas cidades brasileiras, tomando a cidade de São Paulo como cenário. Como efeito do processo histórico de canalização do seu patrimônio hídrico, ocupação das áreas de várzea e impermeabilização, a população paulistana e da RMSP tem sofrido com enchentes que se agravam com o crescimento urbano e com a intensificação das chuvas. As soluções imediatistas para essa situação crítica seguem a práxis das obras convencionais de engenharia, que segregam a drenagem urbana dos processos ecológicos e hidrológicos e não contribuem para melhoria da qualidade ambiental dos escoamentos antes de destiná-los aos corpos hídricos superficiais, o que agrava o quadro generalizado de poluição dos rios e córregos urbanos. Os resultados do experimento prático atestam o desempenho da biorretenção na mitigação da poluição difusa, com reduções médias das cargas poluidoras acumuladas de 89,94% para o gramado e 95,49% para o jardim, que foi comprovadamente mais eficiente. Aliados ao estudo de tipologias paisagísticas já utilizadas com sucesso em outras cidades do mundo, esses resultados poderão corroborar o processo de transição na infraestrutura de São Paulo, respaldando tecnicamente e cientificamente as soluções investigadas de manejo das águas de chuva através da biorretenção no tratamento dos espaços abertos e na conformação de uma Infraestrutura Verde na cidade. / This thesis experimentally assesses the performance of bioretention systems in mitigating nonpoint-source pollution caused by runoff. A 1:1 scale experiment of a stormwater management facility was built in USP Campus based in São Paulo, SP. This prototype has been evaluated for one year, since March 2012, over its technical efficiency to improve water quality by analyzing runoff samples collected in its inlet and outlet. Combining landscape architecture and hydraulic engineering knowledge, this experiment consists of two independent vegetated plots connected to the gutter through a concrete channel, which drives the runoff into the facility from the avenue next to it. Each plot has its own spillway, where samples were collected for laboratory analysis under 22 water quality parameters and thus compared to gutter runoff. Regarding construction techniques, it was decided to apply simplified solutions without unnecessary expenses, but that ensured feasibility, solidity and isolation to the plots from the ground on all faces. As for filling the model, it was chosen to use the same material for both facilities, laid out from bottom to surface: 60cm of broken rocks, 15cm of gravel, coconut geotextile fabric, 5cm of coarse sand and, finally, 45 to 75cm of planting substrate with side slopes and covered with mulch. Regarding vegetation cover, two sets of plants have been used in the bioretention cells as a research strategy to compare the efficiency among different models in stormwater management, considering other issues in addition to improving the environmental quality of water, such as maintenance, adaptation and development of species and visual interest. Thus, the experiment plots were filled with the same substrate but with different vegetable toppings, according to the following configuration: mixed garden (M) - ground covers with predominance of native shrubs and herbaceous vegetation, and lawn (L) - covered only with emerald grass carpet (Zoysia japonica), which has been extensively used for lawns all over the country. This experimental model has provided scientific answers that attest the effectiveness of techniques using vegetated surfaces to retain and treat stormwater. Its results have attested the performance of bioretention for diffuse pollution mitigation, with average reductions of accumulated pollutant loads of 89.94% in the lawn (L) and 95.49% in the mixed garden (M), which wasproven to be more efficient. This research developed by USP Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism in partnership with Polythecnic School, does not aim to threat conventional methods of urban drainage in local cities, but to join them in the efforts of reaching solutions and technical knowledge that are suitable for urban ecosystems and harmless to environment and landscape.