Metalofármacos baseados em rutênio têm se mostrado promissores com relação à atividade anticancerígena frente a diversos tipos de tumores. Nosso grupo de pesquisa dedica-se ao estudo de compostos contendo o centro dimetálico de valência mista Ru2(II,III) coordenado a ligantes derivados de Faines (Fármacos anti-inflamatórios não esteroides), tendo demostrando o potencial desses complexos frente a glioma. O entendimento do modo de ação destes complexos requer o estudo de suas interações com biomoléculas presentes no meio biológico. Neste cenário, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo investigar a interação de três complexos de dirutênio-Faines, ou RuFaines, [Ru2(ibp)4Cl], [Ru2(ceto)4Cl] e [Ru2(npx)4(H2O)2]PF6 (ibp = ibuprofenato, ceto = cetoprofenato e npx = naproxenato), e também do precursor [Ru2(O2CCH3)4Cl], RuAc, com as principais proteínas presentes no soro humano, transferrina e albumina. Os complexos foram sintetizados e caracterizados conforme metodologias desenvolvidas no grupo. A interação destes complexos com a transferrina, em suas formas apo e holo, e com a albumina foi avaliada por técnicas como espectroscopia eletrônica, dicroísmo circular, fluorescência, e realizaram-se estudos de ultrafiltração com análise do aduto formado por ICP-OES e espectrometria de massas. Além disso, fez-se um estudo de captação celular dos complexos RuFaines por células de glioma humano da linhagem U-87. Os resultados demonstraram que os complexos de dirutênio-Faines interagem com ambas as proteínas séricas (transferrina (apo e holo) e albumina), de modo semelhante, mas que é distinto daquele observado para o complexo RuAc. A presença de íons Fe(III) nos sítios específicos da transferrina não afetou a interação dos complexos RuFaines, enquanto que um comportamento diferente foi observado para o RuAc. Verificou-se que todas as proteínas avaliadas (albumina, apo-transferrina e holo-transferrina) apresentam capacidades similares de retenção dos complexos (~ 70% da quantidade de Ru adicionada inicialmente), independentemente da natureza do ligante carboxilato coordenado. Estudos de captação celular mostraram que a interação dos complexos RuFaines com a transferrina não contribuiu para modificar a capacidade de entrada desses complexos na célula, em comparação com os metalofármacos livres. Em alguns casos, inclusive, a formação de aduto com a apo-transferrina teve um efeito contrário, diminuindo a captação de rutênio. Dessa forma, concluiu-se que o ciclo da transferrina provavelmente não é a principal rota de entrada nas células para os complexos estudados. / Ruthenium metallodrugs have shown promising antitumor activity against to several tumor types. Our research group is dedicated to study compounds containing the mixed-valence Ru2(II,III) dimetallic center coordinated to NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) derived ligands, and have demonstrated the potential of these complexes against glioma. The understanding of the mode of action of these complexes requires the study of their interactions with biomolecules present in biological environment. In this scenario, the present work aimed to investigate the interaction of three complexes of diruthenium-NSAIDs, or RuNSAIDs, [Ru2(ibp)4Cl], [Ru2(ceto)4Cl] and [Ru2(npx)4(H2O)2]PF6 (ibp = ibuprofenate, ceto = ketoprofenate, npx = naproxenate), and also of the precursor [Ru2(O2CCH3)4Cl], RuAc, with the major proteins present in the human serum, transferrin and albumin. The complexes were synthesized and characterized according to methods developed in our group. The interaction of these complexes with transferrin, in the two forms apo and holo, and with albumin was evaluated by techniques as electronic spectroscopy, circular dichroism, fluorescence, and ultrafiltration studies accompanied by analysis of adducts by ICP-OES and mass spectrometry. Moreover, cellular uptake studies of the RuNSAIDs complexes by U-87 human glioma cells line were performed. The results demonstrated that the diruthenium-NSAIDs complexes interact with both proteins (transferrin (apo and holo) and albumin), in a similar way, but that is distinct of that observed for the RuAc complex. The presence of Fe(III) ions in transferrin specific binding sites did not affect the interaction of the RuNSAID complexes with the protein, while a different behavior was shown by RuAc. All the proteins studied here (albumin, apo-transferrin and holo-transferrin) showed similar capabilities for retention of the complexes (~ 70 % of the initial amount of Ru added), independently of the nature of the coordinated carboxylate ligand. Cellular uptake studies showed that the interaction of the RuNSAIDs complexes with transferrin did not contribute to modify the internalization capacity of these complexes, in comparison with the free metallodrugs. In some cases, the adduct formation with apo-transferrin showed an opposite effect, leading to the decrease of ruthenium uptake. The findings led to the conclusion that transferrin cycle probably is not the main entry way to the cells for the studied complexes.

Metalofármacos baseados em rutênio têm se mostrado promissores com relação à atividade anticancerígena frente a diversos tipos de tumores. Nosso grupo de pesquisa dedica-se ao estudo de compostos contendo o centro dimetálico de valência mista Ru2(II,III) coordenado a ligantes derivados de Faines (Fármacos anti-inflamatórios não esteroides), tendo demostrando o potencial desses complexos frente a glioma. O entendimento do modo de ação destes complexos requer o estudo de suas interações com biomoléculas presentes no meio biológico. Neste cenário, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo investigar a interação de três complexos de dirutênio-Faines, ou RuFaines, [Ru2(ibp)4Cl], [Ru2(ceto)4Cl] e [Ru2(npx)4(H2O)2]PF6 (ibp = ibuprofenato, ceto = cetoprofenato e npx = naproxenato), e também do precursor [Ru2(O2CCH3)4Cl], RuAc, com as principais proteínas presentes no soro humano, transferrina e albumina. Os complexos foram sintetizados e caracterizados conforme metodologias desenvolvidas no grupo. A interação destes complexos com a transferrina, em suas formas apo e holo, e com a albumina foi avaliada por técnicas como espectroscopia eletrônica, dicroísmo circular, fluorescência, e realizaram-se estudos de ultrafiltração com análise do aduto formado por ICP-OES e espectrometria de massas. Além disso, fez-se um estudo de captação celular dos complexos RuFaines por células de glioma humano da linhagem U-87. Os resultados demonstraram que os complexos de dirutênio-Faines interagem com ambas as proteínas séricas (transferrina (apo e holo) e albumina), de modo semelhante, mas que é distinto daquele observado para o complexo RuAc. A presença de íons Fe(III) nos sítios específicos da transferrina não afetou a interação dos complexos RuFaines, enquanto que um comportamento diferente foi observado para o RuAc. Verificou-se que todas as proteínas avaliadas (albumina, apo-transferrina e holo-transferrina) apresentam capacidades similares de retenção dos complexos (~ 70% da quantidade de Ru adicionada inicialmente), independentemente da natureza do ligante carboxilato coordenado. Estudos de captação celular mostraram que a interação dos complexos RuFaines com a transferrina não contribuiu para modificar a capacidade de entrada desses complexos na célula, em comparação com os metalofármacos livres. Em alguns casos, inclusive, a formação de aduto com a apo-transferrina teve um efeito contrário, diminuindo a captação de rutênio. Dessa forma, concluiu-se que o ciclo da transferrina provavelmente não é a principal rota de entrada nas células para os complexos estudados. / Ruthenium metallodrugs have shown promising antitumor activity against to several tumor types. Our research group is dedicated to study compounds containing the mixed-valence Ru2(II,III) dimetallic center coordinated to NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) derived ligands, and have demonstrated the potential of these complexes against glioma. The understanding of the mode of action of these complexes requires the study of their interactions with biomolecules present in biological environment. In this scenario, the present work aimed to investigate the interaction of three complexes of diruthenium-NSAIDs, or RuNSAIDs, [Ru2(ibp)4Cl], [Ru2(ceto)4Cl] and [Ru2(npx)4(H2O)2]PF6 (ibp = ibuprofenate, ceto = ketoprofenate, npx = naproxenate), and also of the precursor [Ru2(O2CCH3)4Cl], RuAc, with the major proteins present in the human serum, transferrin and albumin. The complexes were synthesized and characterized according to methods developed in our group. The interaction of these complexes with transferrin, in the two forms apo and holo, and with albumin was evaluated by techniques as electronic spectroscopy, circular dichroism, fluorescence, and ultrafiltration studies accompanied by analysis of adducts by ICP-OES and mass spectrometry. Moreover, cellular uptake studies of the RuNSAIDs complexes by U-87 human glioma cells line were performed. The results demonstrated that the diruthenium-NSAIDs complexes interact with both proteins (transferrin (apo and holo) and albumin), in a similar way, but that is distinct of that observed for the RuAc complex. The presence of Fe(III) ions in transferrin specific binding sites did not affect the interaction of the RuNSAID complexes with the protein, while a different behavior was shown by RuAc. All the proteins studied here (albumin, apo-transferrin and holo-transferrin) showed similar capabilities for retention of the complexes (~ 70 % of the initial amount of Ru added), independently of the nature of the coordinated carboxylate ligand. Cellular uptake studies showed that the interaction of the RuNSAIDs complexes with transferrin did not contribute to modify the internalization capacity of these complexes, in comparison with the free metallodrugs. In some cases, the adduct formation with apo-transferrin showed an opposite effect, leading to the decrease of ruthenium uptake. The findings led to the conclusion that transferrin cycle probably is not the main entry way to the cells for the studied complexes.

La cyclooxygénase (COX) 1 augmente significativement dans la peau inflammée des Ophidiens et dans les muscles inflammés des Chéloniens. Les inhibiteurs non sélectifs de la COX-1 et de la COX-2, comme le kétoprofène, pourraient donc réduire l’inflammation plus efficacement chez les reptiles que les inhibiteurs préférentiels de la COX-2. L’objectif de cette étude était d’évaluer les effets adverses potentiels du kétoprofène chez le dragon barbu (Pogona vitticeps). Treize dragons barbus ont été répartis aléatoirement dans trois groupes lors d’une étude prospective, randomisée, contrôlée et en aveugle. Ils ont reçu une administration intramusculaire quotidienne d’un traitement durant 14 jours. Le groupe 1 (n = 5) a reçu de la saline, le groupe 2 (n = 4) a reçu 2 mg/kg de kétoprofène (dilué 1:10 avec de la saline) et le groupe 3 (n = 4) a reçu 20 mg/kg de kétoprofène (non dilué). Des paramètres biochimiques, des tests de sang occulte fécal et le temps de coagulation sanguine ont été évalués avant et après les deux semaines de traitements. Une évaluation histopathologique des reins, du système digestif, du foie et des muscles a été effectuée. Cliniquement, une réaction aux sites d’injections a été détectée dans le groupe 3. Il n’y avait pas de différences dans les valeurs biochimiques et les temps de coagulation avant et après les traitements, ni entre les groupes. Aucune lésion n’a été détectée à l’évaluation histologique des reins, du foie et du tractus gastro-intestinal. Des lésions histopathologiques de nécrose musculaire aux sites d’injections ont été notées dans tous les groupes et elles étaient statistiquement plus sévères dans le groupe 3 que dans le groupe 1. En conclusion, l’administration intramusculaire quotidienne de 2 mg/kg de kétoprofène dilué durant 14 jours n’a pas causé d’effets adverses chez ce petit nombre de dragons barbus, tandis que de la nécrose musculaire sévère a été détectée suite à l’administration de 20 mg/kg de kétoprofène non dilué. / Cyclooxygenase (COX) 1 has been shown to increase significantly in inflamed ophidian skin and chelonian muscles. Non-selective COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitors, such as ketoprofen, could therefore reduce inflammation more effectively than preferential COX-2 inhibitors in reptiles. The objective of this study was to evaluate potential adverse effects of ketoprofen in bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps). Thirteen adult bearded dragons were divided into three groups receiving daily intramuscular injections for 14 days in a prospective randomized controlled blinded study design. Group 1 (n = 5) received saline, group 2 (n = 4) received ketoprofen at 2 mg/kg (diluted 1:10 with saline) and group 3 (n = 4) received ketoprofen at 20 mg/kg (undiluted). Biochemical values, fecal occult blood tests and blood clotting time were assessed before and after the two- week treatment. Renal, digestive, hepatic and muscular histopathology was evaluated. Clinically, injection site reactions were noted in group 3 only. No other clinical adverse effects were detected. No changes were detected in plasma biochemical values and clotting times before and after treatments, nor between control and treatment groups. No lesion associated with ketoprofen toxicity was detected on histologic examination of the kidney, liver and gastrointestinal tract. Histopathological lesions of muscular necrosis at the injection sites were noted in all groups and were statistically more severe in group 3 compared to group 1. In conclusion, daily intramuscular administration of diluted ketoprofen at 2 mg/kg for 14 days did not cause adverse effects in a small number of bearded dragons, while severe muscular necrosis was detected following administration of undiluted ketoprofen at 20 mg/kg.