The present study was designed to provide data bearing on the question of the relationship between verbal and nonverbal behavior. And, in particular, to see if it is possible to control human nonverbal behavior through the manipulation of verbal behavior.

Inom yrken som polis tullbevakare och säkerhetskontrollant är det av stor betydelse att kunna avgöra när en person ljuger eller talar sanning. Forskning har visat att personer som arbetar i dessa yrken såväl som studenter, tenderar att basera sin bedömning av lögn på stereotypa uppfattningar. Studiens syfte var att undersöka kroppsspråkets betydelse vid bedömning av lögn. Deltagare var 20 säkerhetskontrollanter, 6 tullbevakare, 31 poliser och 26 personer med övriga yrken varav 42 män. Deltagarna fick svara på en enkät om kroppsspråkets betydelse. Resultatet visar att deltagarna baserar sin bedömning på stereotypa uppfattningar om vad som indikerar lögn. Säkerhetskontrollanterna och tullbevakarna skattade sin egen förmåga att upptäcka en lögn högre än både poliser och övriga yrkesarbetare, och poliser svarade i större utsträckning att de tittade efter tecken utöver kroppsspråket i sin bedömning. Fler studier om vad som verkligen indikerar lögn är nödvändiga för att undvika bedömningar som baseras på stereotypa uppfattningar.

No description available.

Eshkol-Wachmann Movement Notation was applied to describe and quantify nonverbal behavioral synchrony between romantic partners. The interaction of 30 couples was observed across three study conditions, Pre-Stressor, and two Post-Stressor conditions when the female partner had been targeted with a stress manipulation. Participant-level behavior, and forms of dyadic synchrony were predicted with the male and females' self-reported attachment style. Results support theories from the attachment literature.

This study explored the state of art education in Turkey as revealed by pre-service art education university instructors, and the potential of incorporating visual culture studies in pre-service art education in Turkey. The instructors' ideas about visual culture, and popular culture, the impact it might have, the content (objects), and the practices within the context of Turkey were examined. Visual culture was examined from an art education perspective that focuses on a pedagogical approach that emphasizes the perception and critique of popular culture and everyday cultural experiences, and the analysis of media including television programs, computer games, Internet sites, and advertisements. A phenomenological human science approach was employed in order to develop a description of the perception of visual culture in pre-service art education in Turkey as lived by the participants. In-person interviews were used to collect the data from a purposive sample of 8 faculty members who offered undergraduate and graduate art education pedagogy, art history, and studio courses within four-year public universities. This empirical approach sought to obtain comprehensive descriptions of an experience through semi-structural interviews. These interviews employed open-ended questions to gather information about the following: their educational and professional background; their definitions of art education and art teacher education and what it means for them to teach pre-service art education; critical reflections on the educational system of Turkey; perceptions of visual and popular culture; and finally individual approaches to teaching art education. This study was conducted for the purpose of benefiting pre-service art teacher education in general and specifically in Turkey. It provided the rationale, the nature, and pedagogy of visual culture as well as the why and how of visual culture art education in the context of Turkey. Furthermore, it provided insights into the potential contribution of the concept of visual culture to the understanding of art and improvement of art teacher training in the context of Turkey.

Estímulos antecedentes verbais emitidos por um falante podem levar um ouvinte a agir, a depender das características do estímulo e de um histórico de reforçamento. Ao compor o conteúdo da fala e organizá-lo, o falante pode torná-la mais eficaz no controle do comportamento do ouvinte, aumentando o controle. Um tipo especial de operante verbal, o autoclítico, refere-se aos arranjos especiais de estímulos antecedentes verbais que aumentam o controle sobre o comportamento do ouvinte. A presente pesquisa investigou o efeito de diferentes manipulações de autoclíticos em histórias contadas vocalmente sobre o comportamento não verbal de crianças com idades entre 6 e 7 anos. Foram realizados dois experimentos, tendo oito crianças participado do Experimento 1 e nove do Experimento 2. Um delineamento de tratamentos alternados foi empregado, com três condições experimentais em cada experimento. Cada Condição experimental correspondeu à uma versão de uma história com manipulação de autoclíticos. No Experimento 1, as histórias foram sobre uma situação de restrição física e, no Experimento 2, sobre uma situação de coceira. Os resultados mostram que as versões de história com manipulação de autoclíticos e as versões com as mesmas manipulações acrescidas de trechos de descontinuação da história foram mais eficazes em controlar o comportamento não verbal da maioria dos participantes do que as versões sem manipulações específicas de autoclíticos. Para vários participantes, no entanto, esse efeito ocorreu de forma transitória / Verbal antecedent stimuli emitted by a speaker can lead a listener to act, depending on the characteristics of the stimulus and on the history of reinforcement. When composing and organizing the speech content, the speaker can make it most effective on the listener\'s behavior control, increasing the control. A special type of verbal operant, the autoclitic refers to special arrangements of antecedent verbal stimuli which increases the control over the behavior of the listener. This research investigated the effect of different manipulations of autoclitics in stories vocally told on nonverbal behavior of children aged 6 to 7 years. Two experiments were conducted. Eight children participated in Experiment 1 and nine in Experiment 2. An alternated treatment design was used with three experimental conditions in each experiment. Each experimental condition corresponded to a version of a story with autoclitics manipulation. In Experiment 1, the stories were about a physical restriction situation and in Experiment 2 the stories were about an itching situation. The results show that the versions of stories with manipulation of autoclitics and the versions with the same manipulations plus parts of discontinuation of the story were more effective in controlling the nonverbal behavior of most participants than the versions without specific manipulations of autoclitics. For many participants, however, this effect occurred transiently

Estímulos antecedentes verbais emitidos por um falante podem levar um ouvinte a agir, a depender das características do estímulo e de um histórico de reforçamento. Ao compor o conteúdo da fala e organizá-lo, o falante pode torná-la mais eficaz no controle do comportamento do ouvinte, aumentando o controle. Um tipo especial de operante verbal, o autoclítico, refere-se aos arranjos especiais de estímulos antecedentes verbais que aumentam o controle sobre o comportamento do ouvinte. A presente pesquisa investigou o efeito de diferentes manipulações de autoclíticos em histórias contadas vocalmente sobre o comportamento não verbal de crianças com idades entre 6 e 7 anos. Foram realizados dois experimentos, tendo oito crianças participado do Experimento 1 e nove do Experimento 2. Um delineamento de tratamentos alternados foi empregado, com três condições experimentais em cada experimento. Cada Condição experimental correspondeu à uma versão de uma história com manipulação de autoclíticos. No Experimento 1, as histórias foram sobre uma situação de restrição física e, no Experimento 2, sobre uma situação de coceira. Os resultados mostram que as versões de história com manipulação de autoclíticos e as versões com as mesmas manipulações acrescidas de trechos de descontinuação da história foram mais eficazes em controlar o comportamento não verbal da maioria dos participantes do que as versões sem manipulações específicas de autoclíticos. Para vários participantes, no entanto, esse efeito ocorreu de forma transitória / Verbal antecedent stimuli emitted by a speaker can lead a listener to act, depending on the characteristics of the stimulus and on the history of reinforcement. When composing and organizing the speech content, the speaker can make it most effective on the listener\'s behavior control, increasing the control. A special type of verbal operant, the autoclitic refers to special arrangements of antecedent verbal stimuli which increases the control over the behavior of the listener. This research investigated the effect of different manipulations of autoclitics in stories vocally told on nonverbal behavior of children aged 6 to 7 years. Two experiments were conducted. Eight children participated in Experiment 1 and nine in Experiment 2. An alternated treatment design was used with three experimental conditions in each experiment. Each experimental condition corresponded to a version of a story with autoclitics manipulation. In Experiment 1, the stories were about a physical restriction situation and in Experiment 2 the stories were about an itching situation. The results show that the versions of stories with manipulation of autoclitics and the versions with the same manipulations plus parts of discontinuation of the story were more effective in controlling the nonverbal behavior of most participants than the versions without specific manipulations of autoclitics. For many participants, however, this effect occurred transiently

Therapeutic alliance and its relationship to client nonverbal behavior, specifically facial expressions, were examined. Therapist interpretation of the client nonverbal behavior, or affect, influences the therapeutic alliance and process. Based on a sample of clients from a graduate school therapy training facility, results suggest therapist training in facial expressions, and how they relate to client emotion, improve the therapeutic alliance between therapist and client. After a micro-expression training for therapists, clients reported higher life functioning on the Outcome Rating Scale (ORS) and an improved therapeutic alliance on the Session Rating Scale (SRS). Overall, these findings support the benefit of incorporating micro-expression training into therapy instruction.

Conceptualization psychotherapy as an interpersonal influence process emphasizes how a therapist is perceived by a client. Factors affecting a client's early impressions of a therapist could influence therapeutic interactions since first impressions are relatively stable. The study investigated effects of nonverbal behavior and gender during a simulated initial meeting between a therapist and client. Undergraduates (N = 466) viewed a male or female therapist interviewing with a new female client. Therapist gaze .(100%, 80%, 40%) and smiling (high, low) were manipulated. After subjects viewed one of 12 videotapes, they completed questionnaires rating therapist expertness, trustworthiness, attractiveness, masculinity and femininity. A comparison of the therapist with subjects' expectations of a therapist in general was obtained by pre- and post-testing utilizing a measure of client expectations. MANOVAs were performed on all ratings except expectation scores, where an ANCOVA was utilized. Main effects for therapist gender indicated the female therapist was rated as significantly more expert, attractive, trustworthy and feminine than the male (ps < .81). For ratings of masculinity, subject gender interacted with therapist gender (p < .001). Wain effects showed that high smiling was rated as more attractive and more feminine (ps < .01). Smiling and level of gaze interacted on ratings of trustworthiness, expertness and masculinity (ps < .04). The 100 per cent and 80 per cent gaze levels increased expertness, trustworthiness and masculinity ratings. Smiling affected expertness at the 80 per cent level, and trustworthiness and masculinity at the 40 per cent level. Analysis of the expectation scores resulted in a three-way interaction between subject gender, smiling and gaze (p < .02). The results suggested that female subjects expected more responsive therapist behavior. The results suggested that the ratings of the male and female therapist reflected both the use of sex stereotypes and the influence of the therapist role. Based on the nonverbal behavior manipulation, several recommendations for therapist behavior were suggested.

In previous years, researches have found significant increase of the female attractiveness around the time of ovulation. Among changes, that have been identified, were for example changes in olfactory, vocal, facial and body attractivenes. However, it has not been examined so far, whether this perception is also reflected in non-verbal expressions of women and men interacting with women. We also examined if attractiveness of men influences women nonverbal behavior depending on menstrual cycle phase. The study used a speed-dating paradigm (each person meets several people of the opposite sex for 3 minutes) and interactions were videotaped. We analyzed 391 videotapes of 92 men interacting with women who were in the follicular (187 interactions) or luteal (204 interactions) cycle phase and 391 videotapes of 34 women (18 in the follicual and 16 in luteal cycle phase). We recorded specific behavioural acts and states and these behavioural components loaded into two factors: (i) expressions of interest and (ii) expressions of disinterest. We found no significant differences in overall score of interest or disinterest in relation to the women's menstrual cycle. However, men communicating with women in the fertile phase spoke significantly longer than those communicating with women in the luteal phase of the cycle...