Thesis (M.A.)--Naval Postgraduate School, 2003. / Title from home page (viewed Feb. 17, 2004). Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print version.

Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2003. / Thesis advisor(s): David S. Yost, Hans-Eberhard Peters. Includes bibliographical references (p. 77-85). Also available online.

Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2003. / Thesis advisor(s): David Yost, Hans-Eberhard Peters. Includes bibliographical references. Also available online.

Thesis (M.A. in International Security and Civil-Military Relations)--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2003. / Thesis advisor(s): Donald Abenheim, Edwin R. Micewski. Includes bibliographical references (p. 65-68). Also available online.

Recent debate concerning the suitability of mortality profile analysis for identifying secondary product utilisation within archaeozoological assemblages has prompted the search for alternative methodologies. This research explores the potential of using weaning age to provide insight into herding strategies in ovicaprines, determined through the prevalence of developmental enamel defects. A histological methodology was developed, adapted to the specific nature of sheep molars through an understanding of formation processes and enamel structures. This established a relationship between weaning and developmental defects in modern sheep, revealed as distinct patterns in defect distribution within the enamel. Based on historical/archaeological data a weaning age model was developed for the North Atlantic region by which herding strategies could be recognised, specifically: mixed milk/meat subsistence, with an emphasis on milk (0-2 months) or on meat (2-4 months), and the optimisation of meat and/or wool (4-6 months). This methodology was then tested on archaeological material to interpret husbandry at Iron Age and Norse/Viking period sites. The results of this analysis showed that interpretations were in general agreement with those of mortality profile and correspondence analysis conducted as a methodological comparative. Some disparity, however, highlighted the ability of this new technique to provide more sensitivity in cases of mixed subsistence systems, possibly identifying the economic focus of husbandry, or where mortality profiles are confused. It was concluded that the study of weaning age has potential to provide valuable insight into ovicaprine husbandry in archaeological contexts, adding to the understanding of faunal assemblages, especially when supported with other evidence.

Previous correlations have been established between the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and both the tropical north Atlantic sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) and precipitation anomalies in the southeastern and mid-Atlantic states. Both bivariate and partial correlations are used over a five and six-month lag to assess the relevance the tropical Atlantic SSTs have in eastern United States precipitation patterns. Significant correlations between Pacific SSTs and precipitation were found during winter months which agree with previous literature. The relationship with the Atlantic SSTs was less robust, as some significant values were established over three seasons, excluding winter. Only the spring season showed a partial explanation of the Atlantic SST's role in the precipitation's response to Pacific SSTs. These relationships did not occur during the times when significant correlations were made between Pacific SSTs and precipitation. / Department of Geography

Der Eintrag von Mineralstaub in den Ozean geschieht entweder durch trockene oder durch nasse Deposition. Dies ist ein wichtiger Prozess um ozeanische Organismen wie Phytoplankton mit Nährstoffen (z.B. Nitrat, Phosphat oder Eisen) zu versorgen. Viele Modelle befassen sich mit der Simulation von Depositionsflüssen von Mineralstaub in den Ozean. Messungen von Massendepositionsflüssen von Mineralstaub sind hingegen selten. Daher ist es von großer Notwendigkeit, diese Messungen durchzuführen um die vielen Modelle zu validieren und den Mineralstaubzyklus besser zu verstehen. Innerhalb des SOPRAN Projektes (Surface Ocean PRocesses in the ANthropocene) wird der Materialtransport zwischen der Atmosphäre und dem Ozean untersucht. Die Messungen dafür wurden auf den Kapverdischen Inseln durchgeführt, über welchen der Saharastaub durch die Passatwindzirkulation vorwiegend transportiert wird. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit werden in-situ Messungen von trockener Deposition von Mineralstaub in den Ozean präsentiert. Verschiedene Methoden wurden auf ihre Anwendbarkeit getestet und deren Ergebnisse miteinander verglichen. Alle Messergebnisse liegen im Bereich der Messunsicherheiten, wodurch ein Satz qualitätsgesicherter Daten aufgebaut werden konnte. Diese Daten wurden mit den Ergebnissen eines regionalen Chemie-Transport Modells verglichen. Modellierte Massendepositionsflüsse von Mineralstaub waren manchmal doppelt so hoch wie gemessene. Die größte Unsicherheit der Modelle liegt in der Emission des Mineralstaubs, die im Transport und der Deposition fortgesetzt wird. Weitere Unterschiede entstehen durch den Vergleich von Punktmessungen mit einer Gitterzelle, wenn der Staub nicht gleichmäßig über die Gitterzelle verteilt ist. Zusammenfassend wurden Massendepositionsmessungen von Mineralstaub erfolgreich mit verschiedenen Methoden durchgeführt. Mit den Erfahrungen aus dieser Studie ist es nun möglich, Langzeitmessungen von Mineralstaubdeposition in den Ozean erstellen. Diese Daten können von Atmosphärenmodellierern für ihre Modellvalidierung genutzt werden. Anwender von Ozeanmodellen und SOPRAN Partner werden diese Ergebnisse nutzen um z.B. die ozeanische Reaktion auf den Mineralstaubeintrag zu untersuchen. / The input of mineral dust to the oceans, via dry or wet deposition, is an important process, because the entrainment of nutrients (e.g., Nitrate, Phosphor and Iron) is essential for oceanic life such as phytoplankton. A lot of effort has been done to model the dust deposition fluxes to the ocean. However, field measurements concerning the deposition flux are sparse. Therefore, those measurements are needed in order to verify the huge amount of model outputs and to better understand the mineral dust cycle. Within the project SOPRAN (Surface Ocean PRocesses in the ANthropocene), the influence of material exchange between the atmosphere and the ocean is investigated. Measurements were carried out at the Cape Verde Islands in the direct outflow of the Saharan Desert. This study presents the first in-situ measurements of the dry mass deposition flux of mineral dust to the ocean. The applicability of different methods was tested and the results were compared to each other. The results of the measured data were comparable and a set of quality assured data could be built up. Those results were compared to the output of a regional chemistry- transport model. The modeled mass deposition flux was sometimes double as high as the measured one. The main uncertainty of the models is the emission of mineral dust at the source region, proceeding in the transport and emission of mineral dust. Furthermore, comparing single point measurements with outputs of a grid cell leads to differences in deposition fluxes by an inhomogeneous distribution of the mineral dust layer. Summarizing, the measurements of the mass deposition flux of mineral dust could be performed successfully with several methods. With the expertise of this study, long-term observations of the mineral dust deposition to the ocean can now be established. These data can be used by atmosphere modelers to validate their models. Ocean modelers and partners of the SOPRAN project will use these data to investigate e.g., the biological response of the ocean to mineral dust entrainment.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Tufts University, 2003. / Submitted to the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy. Chair: Robert L. Pfaltzgraff, Jr. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 286-299). Access restricted to members of the Tufts University community. Also available via the World Wide Web;

Thesis (M.A.)--Ohio University, June, 2007. / Title from PDF t.p. Includes bibliographical references.