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The thesis is about the assertion of identity and the maintenance of solidarity in Carnia - a mountainous area in the north east of Italy. The topic is analysed in relation to three interlocking themes: the social units which embody identity and organise cooperation; the tension between rivalrous assertion and the desire for harmonious cooperation; and the different social fields - economic activity, ritual, communication, property and prestation, kinship, and relationships with natural forces - in which the tension is acted out. Constraints on the possibilities of social organisation arise from formal characteristics specific to each field. The structuring of these social fields both shapes and reflects people's commitment to key institutions: patrilocal domestic group, corporate village, church, state, nation. The corporate village is shown to have an affinity with free choice of marriage partners (at least within the village), linguistic particularism, and state organisation. Recent changes in economic life and communications have transformed local society - leading to widespread despondency, self-conscious modernity, but also emphasis on tradition, and political regionalism. It is felt that social relationships should ideally be characterised by sympathetic cooperation and legitimate authority, but the fear is that they may collapse into - or be redefined as - conflicts involving the dangerous force of envy. Two contrasting strategies enable people to deal with this ambiguity: either use of one's own strength and vitality to exclude or overcome opposition, or identification with potential enviers and an emphasis on self-sacrifice. The strategies chosen by individual people depend on the context as well as on their sex, age, and wealth. But social solidarity requires an overall solution which assigns a legitimate role to each strategy. Implicit in the substantive analyses is a methodological point: that a structuralist approach can make a major contribution to our understanding of European societies.

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This thesis examines the practice and experience of religion at the parish level in post-Reformation North East Scotland. It challenges the traditional view that the region was solidly and resolvedly "conservative" and argues that it became predominantly, but not uniformly, reformed in the first half-century following the Reformation. Kirk session and presbytery records drawn from the distinctive and diverse region of the North East provide the foundation of the primary research, allowing religion as lived by parishioners from all segments of society to be the focus of this study and offering the opportunity to map geographical variance. After introducing and defining the subject and setting it within its historiographical context, an overview is provided of the region's physical, social, political, and religious landscapes. The main body of the thesis explores the practice and experience of faith in the North East between 1560 and 1610 using three main themes. The first studies the Sabbath, the weekly fixture that was the heart of public worship and observance in the parish. Sacramental practice is the second theme with an in-depth study of the annual administration of Communion, which reinforced temporal and spiritual bonds among Kirk adherents and starkly exposed non-adherents and recusants. The final theme considers the role and position of ministers and readers in religious practice and investigates the relationship between them and their parishioners. From detailed analysis of these three themes, it is concluded that the North East as a whole was transformed into the general mould of Scottish Reformed Protestantism by 1610, but that there was a spectrum of practices and experiences of faith. More broadly, this thesis demonstrates that, whilst religious reform in Scotland was achieved, the religion as lived by Scots was nuanced and polychromed.

This thesis provides a geochemical interpretation of natural gas resources in north eastern British Columbia (NEBC), Canada. The work is part of the three-year project, British Columbia Natural Gas Atlas (BC-NGA) to collect samples and compile data on molecular (C1 to C5) and stable isotope ratio (δ13C and δ2H) compositions of natural gases in NEBC. The primary objective of the BC-NGA project is to produce a comprehensive, public, web database with maps of the gas geochemical data from a variety of gas tests including mudgas collected during drilling, downhole flow tests, production gas, and gas collected from surface emissions. The area of study in NEBC is a large portion of the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin (WCSB) with Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic strata of thousands of meters thickness. Within this stratigraphic package there are numerous depositional hiatus and regional aquitards complicating the generation of regional maps and profiles. This M.Sc. thesis utilizes the geochemical gas parameters to characterize the range of gases in the BC-NGA database. The thesis found that the petroleum sources and active generation processes are not uniform in the NEBC. In some cases, the original gas signatures have been overprinted by localized processes in specific strata. The results of this new data plus compilation of existing data in the BC-NGA dataset indicate that many classical interpretive diagrams, e.g., Bernard Diagram (C1/[C2+C3] vs. δ13C1) and CD Diagram (δ13C1 vs. δ2H-C1), confirm the microbial/ thermogenic nature of the gases, but lack the resolution for detailed stratigraphic interpretation of gas sources and migration. A particularly interesting finding is that δ13Ckerogen (-33 ‰) estimated from δ13C1 observed for most strata in NEBC is 13C depleted compared with conventional kerogens and the data supports new calibration of the methane isotopes. This δ13Ckerogen value is an unlikely value and therefore the offset observed compared with conventional natural gases requires a different explanation, including commingling of 13C depleted methane from microbial sources. Enhanced characterization is obtained by combinations of the gas parameter ratios: δ13C1, δ13C2, δ13C3, C2/C3, C2/iC4, (e.g., ‘Berner-Faber Diagram’, ‘Prinzhofer Diagram’, ‘Lorant Diagram’). In addition, a new plot of δ13C2-δ13C1 versus iC4/nC4 ratio was developed in this thesis. / Graduate

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Nigerian women, especially those from the North-East sub-region continue to suffer preventable maternal mortality. Recent statistics places Nigeria as the highest contributor of maternal deaths globally. These avoidable deaths disproportionately affect women from the North-East due to socio-economic inequalities that are discriminatory. More so, the low socio-economic status of women in the region has been further worsened by humanitarian crisis with attendant increase in the incidence of maternal mortality. Maternal mortality has been framed a human rights issue that can be mitigated through a human rights-based approach. Thus this research engages with a multi-disciplinary approach in uncovering the factors that contribute to the worrisome statistics of maternal deaths in the North-East and investigates through a human rights-based perspective the need for a holistic approach to ending preventable maternal deaths in the sub-region. Findings reveal many interrelated socio-economic factors intersect to inflame the continued tragedy of maternal mortality in the region. For the North-East to break the negative cycle of maternal mortality, a holistic approach is imperative considering the complexities of the predispositions to maternal mortality, the socio-economic reality of the region and the inadequacies of legal framework. / Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Centre for Human Rights, University of Pretoria. / Centre for Human Rights / LLM / Unrestricted

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Exhumation of high-pressure and ultrahigh-pressure eclogites in large orogens and associated petrological change during the process remain enigmatic problems. This dissertation examines eclogites from high-pressure (HP) and ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) terranes in the North-East Greenland Eclogite Province, aiming to decipher their metamorphic pressure-temperature (P-T) paths, evaluate spatial variation of P-T paths, and understand petrological changes during the exhumation. Kyanite-bearing UHP eclogites from North-East Greenland contain a peak mineral assemblage of phengite, garnet, omphacite, kyanite, coesite, rutile and probably epidote-group minerals. Thermodynamic modeling with an XRF-derived bulk composition yielded a peak P-T condition of 3.4 GPa and 920 °C. Petrographic textures, such as graphic intergrowth of amphibole and plagioclase, cusps of plagioclase into garnet and quartz, and neoblasts of garnet indicate that the eclogites were partially melted through dehydration melting of phengite and epidote-group minerals. Since thermodynamic modeling could not yield a satisfactory solidus curve, experimental phase relations were considered in interpreting the melting process, and show a near isothermal decompression path across the epidote mineral melting curve. Additional thermodynamic modeling of a symplectite after omphacite, consisting of amphibole, plagioclase and clinopyroxene, yields a P-T condition of ~ 1.2 GPa and 800 °C. Thermodynamic modeling of a melt pocket yields a further P-T constraint of 1.4 GPa and 740 °C. The HP zoisite eclogites from the Storstrømmen shear zone in the Sanddal area preserve partial melting textures both in garnet and in the matrix. The textures include multiphase solid inclusions of albite and K-feldspar in garnet, graphic intergrowth of amphibole and plagioclase, cuspate textures, and leucosome. Thermodynamic modeling combined with mineral composition and modes yielded an exhumation P-T path from subsolidus conditions at ~1.95 GPa and ~670 °C, to ~1.85 GPa and 715 °C at suprasolidus, to ~1.45 GPa and 640 °C. Paragonite, phengite, and amphibole were the major dehydration melted phases along the exhumation path. The HP kyanite eclogite from the Danmarkshavn area contains disequilibrium textures developed during retrograde stages. Petrographic observation documents two groups of textures: a strongly zoned plagioclase (anorthite to andesine) enclosing a poorly developed symplectite of sapphirine + spinel + plagioclase after kyanite, and a less zoned plagioclase (labradorite to andesine) enclosing a fully developed symplectite after kyanite. Thermodynamic modeling of the bulk rock returns a peak P-T condition of 1.9 GPa and 840 °C. Thermodynamic modeling of a symplectite domain yields poor P-T constraints of 0.8 – 1.3 GPa and 700 – 900 °C. Modeling also indicates the plagioclase development would be richer in Ca during decompression while progressive replacement of kyanite induced the plagioclase rim to be less Ca-rich. This study reveals that HP and UHP eclogites may experience partial melting on their exhumation path. Dehydration melting of hydrous minerals (e.g. phengite and zoisite) is the most plausible way in partially melt the eclogites, because of limited amounts of free fluid. The partial melting does not trigger exhumation of the eclogites, but may facilitate the exhumation process. The near-isothermal exhumation path for the UHP terranes suggests that it was initially exhumed through vertical extrusion. Lateral extrusion by the Storstrømmen and Germania Land shear zones is suggested to have further exhumed the HP and UHP rocks, which is analogous to the lateral escape tectonics in the Tibetan Plateau