Human body size and limb proportions can provide important information about adaptation, population movements, and health disparities. This study investigated changes in body size and limb proportions of adult Egyptians temporally and geographically in relation to climatological, sociopolitical and economic developments. It was predicted that Egyptian groups that experienced more environmental stress would be shorter and exhibit less sexual dimorphism. It was also predicted that Egyptians would be intermediate between higher and lower latitude populations in body form and limb length ratios. The main skeletal sample consisted of 492 males and 528 females, all adults from the Predynastic and Dynastic Periods, a time spanning c. 5500 BCE-600 CE. Egyptian body dimensions were compared to Nubian groups, as well as to modern Egyptians and other higher and lower latitude populations. The present study found a downward trend in ancient Egyptian stature for both sexes through time, as well as decreased sexual dimorphism in stature. The decreases may be associated with dietary and social stress with the intensification of agriculture and increased societal complexity. Modern Egyptians in the study's sample are generally taller and heavier than their predecessors; however, modern Egyptians exhibit relatively lower sexual dimorphism in stature. Ancient Egyptians have more tropically adapted limbs in comparison to body breadths, which tend to be intermediate when plotted against higher and lower latitude populations. These results may reflect the greater plasticity of limb lengths compared to body breadth. The results might also suggest early Mediterranean and/or Near Eastern influence in Northeast Africa.

Cette étude concerne la région du Kordofan, au centre-Sud du Soudan. La région étudiée est comprise entre les méridiens 28° 00' et 31° 00' E, et les latitudes 11° 30' et 15°00' N, et couvre une surface d’environ 125 835 km2. Le Kordofan est situé en bordure Sud du Sahara actuel. Les dépôts du Pléistocène supérieur-Holocène du Kordofan, ont enregistré des discontinuités sédimentaires qui reflètent des fluctuations climatiques au cours du Quaternaire terminal. Des datations au 14C et des collectes archéologiques ont permis de dater la série étudiée. Quatre unités stratigraphiques ont été identifiées, qui comprennent huit faciès sédimentaires.La première unité est antérieure à ≈ 10 ka BP et est formée de grès ou siltstone marmorisés d’origine éolienne. La deuxième unité (≈ 10 à 6 ka BP) comprend des faciès palustres et lacustres au Nord et au centre, et des faciès fluviatiles au Sud. La troisième unité, d’âge ≈ 6 à 3 ka BP, n’est présente qu’au Sud; elle est faite de dépôts éoliens intercalés de faciès fluviatiles ou de plaine d’inondation. La quatrième unité est plus jeune que 1000 ans BP, et est dominée par des grès rouges éoliens au Nord, et par des dépôts de plaine d’inondation au Sud. Entre ≈ 6 et 1 ka BP au Nord et entre ≈ 3 et 1 ka BP au Sud, un hiatus est marqué par une surface de déflation au North, et est interprété comme une période de forte activité éolienne, qui a empêché le dépôt et a même érodé une partie des sédiments déposés entre 6 et 3 ka BP.Plusieurs proxys (sédimentologie, gastéropodes, pollens, isotopes stables, géochimie des majeurs, minéralogie des argiles et paléo-hydrologie) ont servi à reconstituer l’évolution climatique de la région depuis 13000 ans, qui est cohérente avec l’évolution paléo-climatique de l’Afrique nord-orientale à la même époque. Nos résultats montrent que la région a connu un climat aride avant 10 ka BP, matérialisé par d’épais dépôts éoliens. Entre 10 et 6 ka BP, un climat humide est démontré par le développement de nodules calcaires pédogénétiques, le dépôt local de calcaires palustres et lacustres, l’abondance de gastéropodes aquatiques et semi-aquatiques, le haut niveau de lacs, et les valeurs très négatives du δ18O des coquilles d’escargots et des nodules calcaires. Après ≈ 6 ka BP, le climat s’assèche dans le Nord de la région étudiée comme le suggèrent la forte activité éolienne enregistrée par un hiatus sédimentaire, des érosions et surfaces de déflation, alors que le Sud reste plus humide, comme le montrent des dépôts fluviatiles (chenaux et plaine d’inondation), et les pollens tropicaux et aquatiques. Après 1000 ans BP, et plus probablement après 3 ka BP, la région devient aride comme en témoignent les dépôts éoliens, la prédominance de pollens de milieu aride et l’enrichissement en 18O des coquilles d’escargots terrestres. / This study is conducted in the Kordofan region, central-southern Sudan. The study area is bounded by longitudes 28° 00' and 31° 00' E, and latitudes 11° 30' and 15°00' N and covers an area of about 125835 km2. The Kordofan region is located at the southern end of the present-day Sahara. Late Pleistocene-Holocene deposits in Kordofan, recorded sedimentary discontinuities that probably reflect climatic fluctuations during the latest Quaternary. 14C dating and some archeological findings have been used to date the latest Pleistocene-Holocene succession. In the investigated sections, four stratigraphic units have been recognized, which exhibit eight sedimentological facies.The first unit is older that ≈ 10 ky BP and is formed of mottled sandstone or siltstone facies of aeolian origin. The second unit (≈ 10 to 6 ky BP) comprises palustrine and lacustrine facies in the central and northern parts, and fluviatile facies in the South. The third unit ranges from ≈ 6 to 3 ky BP and is restricted to the southern part; it is made of aoelian deposits intercalated with fluviatile or flood plain facies. The fourth unit is younger than 1000 y BP, and is dominated by aeolian red sandstone in the North, and by flood plain facies to the South. Between ≈ 6 and 1 ky BP in the North and between ≈ 3 and 1 ky BP in the South, no deposits are recorded. This hiatus is marked by deflation surfaces in the North, and is interpreted as a period of strong aeolian activity, which prevented deposition, or even eroded part of the sediments deposited between 6 and 3 ky BP.Several proxies (sedimentology, gastropod sub-fossil shells, pollens, stable isotopes, major element chemistry, clay mineralogy and paleohydrology) have been used to reconstruct the climatic evolution of the region for the past 13 ky, which can be correlated to the well-known evolution of Eastern Sahara during this time-span. Our results indicate that the region has been subjected to arid climate prior to 10 ky BP as evidenced by thick aeolian deposits. Between 10 and 6 ky BP, the region experienced a wet climate as evidenced by the development of pedogenetic calcareous nodules, local deposition of palustrine and lacustrine limestone, abundance of aquatic and semi-aquatic gastropods, high lake levels, and depleted δ18O values from gastropod shells and calcareous nodules. After ≈ 6 ky BP, climate evolved to dry conditions in the northern part of the region as indicated by an strong aeolian activity recorded by erosion features, sedimentary hiatus and deflation surfaces, while its southern part remained more humid, as shown by channel and flood plain deposits, and tropical and aquatic pollen taxa. From 1000 yr BP to Present, and probably after 3 ka BP, the region became arid as evidenced by aeolian deposits, the predominance of arid indicator pollens and the enrichment in 18O of land snail shells.

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