Preferences of the size of family and the relationship between the size of family and a number of socio - economic and demographic variables were studied among high school senior girls in three northern Utah counties by a special survey. The questionnaire specifically designed for the study was administered between November 1967 and February 1968 in all high schools in Cache, Box Elder and Rich counties with the exception of Logan High School in Logan and Box Elder High School in Brigham City. Two questions were used to elicit the answers on the preference of family size; one was designed to elicit an answer with the respondent as the point of reference and the other was the "generalized other" as a reference point. Both sets of data were c ross-tabulated with socio - economic and demographic variables. Both data indicated that the mean number of children desired was 4 .4 and 4.3 for the family of "generalized others " and the respondent's own family respectively. A weak relationship was found between the ideal size of family and the education of respondent's mother and father, income, religion, residence, occupation, and the demographic variable, the respondent's own family size. The data also indicated that those with a belief in birth control prefer a smaller family than those who do not believe in the use of contraceptive devices. Due to the sample size and the exploratory nature of the study, relationships between ideal size of family and the selected number of variables can only be suggestive.

Behavioral activiti es and predatory behavior of 18 American Kestrels (Falco sparverius, 9 males and 9 females) were observed for 350+ hours during 3 seasons (nonbreeding = Jan-Feb , breeding = mid-~lar-Apr, and postbreeding = late-Aug-Sept) in northern Utah. Daily energy expenditure (DEE) of male and female kestrels was estimated with a model that incorporated flight activity data from free-living birds and laboratory measurements on daytime and nighttime metabolic rates and energy costs of tissue production derived from captive kestrels. Production costs were included in the DEE for breeding and postbreeding kestrels. The energy cost of gonadal growth for males (0.02 kcal/day) and females (0.20 kcal/day) was added to the DEE of breeding kestrels. Breeding females expended an estimated 10.13 kcal/day for producing an average clutch of 4.5 eggs. The energy costs of fat deposition (2.27 and 4.39 kcal / day for males and females, respectively) and molt (2.38 and 2.72 kcal/day for males and females , respectively) were added to the DEE of postbreeding kestrels. In addition to the DEE , the model predicted nonflight energy expenditure (NFEE) and flight energy expenditure (FEE) during the day, and energy expenditure during the night (NEE). DEE of nonbreeding birds is generally higher (47.71 kcal/day) than those from the breeding (44.89 kcal / day) and postbreeding (42.42 kcal / day) seasons. DEE of females (48.69 kcal/day) is higher than males (41.31 kcal/day) primarily because females averaged 15.5% heavier than males during all 3 seasons, and females have higher costs of production. Kestrels are heaviest during the nonbreeding season and the amount of metabolizable energy available is highest. DEE is lower during the breeding and postbreeding seasons because thermoregulatory demands have decreased which may allow energy to be metabolized for production. NFEE accounts for most (48.5%) of the DEE. Flight costs are relatively small because kestrels allocate an average 3% of the photoperiod (25.6 min/day) to flight activities. Egg production accounts for 20% of the DEE of breeding females. The energy cost of fat deposition and molt accounts for 11.6 and 15.9% of the DEE for postbreeding males and females, respectively. These reproductive and tissue production costs may also elevate the DEE of breeding and postbreeding females to that of nonbreeding females.

Water is not a single use resource. It can be used for completely unrelated purposes. There are four general uses for water: household, industrial, agricultural, and recreational. Since water is an economic good it must be properly allocated among the four uses to maximize the returns to society. Also, There must be proper allocation among competing units within each major use.

The purpose of this study has been to determine which species of thrips infest tomato plants and fruits in northern Utah, and to find out which other plants occurring in this area also serve as hosts for tomato-infesting thrips. Because of the importance of tomato-infesting thrips to the canning industry, it was decided that more complete knowledge of the species of thrips which are found on tomatoes should be obtained. Because most thrips generally have been difficult to control, it was believed that a general knowledge of the plants on which these thrips occur would enable tomato growers to eliminate many such plants from tomato fields and lands adjacent to them, and that such cultivation would tend to decrease thrips populations on tomato fruits and in tomato fields.

Surface geology is combined with abundant industry seismic-reflection and drill­-hole data in the central Bear River Range and Bear Lake Plateau to depict the forms and interactions of the Paris-Woodruff-Willard, Laketown-Meade-Home Canyon, and Crawford thrust faults. Displacement on the Paris thrust diminished to the south, and died out in splays where displacement was transferred to the Willard thrust. West of Woodruff, Utah, splays of the Laketown thrust deformed a complex footwall imbricate of the Willard thrust. To the east, a major northeast-striking Crawford thrust splay exhibits a change in slip vectors from east to southeast. Reorientation of these slip vectors is recorded by an imbricate stack of thrusts in the Willard thrust footwall to the west. The sharp bend in the surface trace of the Crawford normal fault southeast of Randolph, Utah, reflects the separation of the south-southeast-trending surface traces of the Crawford thrust and this northeast-trending splay. Cross sections indicate that the Sheep Creek thrust, a major splay off the basal decollement at the base of the Crawford thrust sheet, accommodated displacement during the transition from thrusting on the western thrust system (Paris-Woodruff-Willard, and Laketown-Meade-Home Canyon) to the structurally lower eastern thrust system (Crawford, Absaroka, and younger thrusts). The Sheep Creek thrust trends northeast and folded the Laketown thrust in the central Bear River Range. Shortening in the northeast part of the study area was accommodated by the Home Canyon thrust along a detachment in the Jurassic Twin Creek Limestone. Several splays from this thrust extensively folded the footwall of the Meade thrust and rocks of the Bear Lake Plateau, and thereby formed a series of hanging-wall anticlines that have been extensively drilled for hydrocarbons.

Hydraulic parameters of aquifers in Cache Valley were compiled from existing but largely unpublished data, from specific capacity data reported in well drillers' records, and from aquifer tests conducted for this study. A GIS database was also created to organize this information. A complete and thorough literature review was performed, which included obtaining unpublished aquifer test data from state and federal agencies, as well as reviewing Drinking Water Source Protection plans for each municipality in the valley. Well drillers' records were obtained from the Utah Division of Water Rights website and examined for pertinent information. Screened unit intervals from 1,314 well drillers' logs were databased and mapped. Transmissivity was estimated from specific capacity values obtained from 378 well drillers' records and keyed into a spatial database. Five pumping tests were also performed. Four of the tests were single-well tests using private domestic wells, and one was a multiple-well test using high-yield municipal wells owned and operated by Logan City. The sites selected for conducting the aquifer tests were the Stevenson well in Weston, Idaho in an unconfined alluvial aquifer; the Tomkinson well south of Newton, Utah in the confined gravels of western Cache Valley; the Henningsen well east of Paradise, Utah in the Salt Lake Formation; the Luthy well east of Cove, Utah in the Salt Lake Formation; and three Logan City, Utah wells in the principal aquifer. Drawdown data collected for each test provide clues regarding the surrounding geology, including the existence of a low permeability barrier and the possible presence of fractured material. The transmissivity and storativity of the principal aquifer, into which the Logan City wells are screened, have been estimated to be 300,000 square feet per day (ft2/day) and 0.000275, respectively. Drawdown curves from wells penetrating close to the East Cache fault display boundary effects. The GIS database shows that the principal aquifer underlies the east side of the valley between Smithfield and Hyrum, and has the highest density of wells, most of which are screened into confined unconsolidated gravels. The transmissivity is highest in the principal aquifer and decreases to the west, north and south of it.

This study compared the effects of nitrogen sources on the available inorganic soil nitrogen, nitrogen movement, nitrogen losses, and wheat yields when nitrogen fertilizers were applied to soil planted to drylond winter wheat at the Blue Creek Experimental Station in northern Utah. In the fall 1973 soil samplings, the fertilizers producing the largest mineral nitrogen contents in the 0-30 em soil depths were ammonium nitrate >ammonium sulfate > S-cooted urea, when they were broadcast at the practical rate of 56 kg N/ha. There was no increase in the mineral nitrogen at the deeper depths in the fall or at any depth in the following spring. Statistically, the three nitrogen sources did not increase grain yield significantly but did increase grain protein content and nitrogen content in grain. Ammonium nitrate and potassium bromide at the rates of 400 kg N and 200 kg Br/ha were broadcast to soil planted to winter wheat in October 1974. Nitrate-nitrogen and bromide distribution patterns in the soil profile looked alike in May 1975. These showed that their movements were similar. Considerable nitrate-nitrogen (35 percent of the added nitrogen) had moved down below the 120 em depth. The highest nitrate-nitrogen concentrations were found at the 45 to 90 em depth . There seems to be evidence that nitrate-nitrogen and bromide had moved deeper than the 150 em depth. Ammonia- nitrogen losses from nitrogen fertilized soils were conducted in the laboratory. Ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, or urea applied to the soil surface lost ammonia-nitrogen differently. From noncalcareous soil, the ammonia-nitrogen loss was greatest from urea. From calcareous soil or soils receiving carbonates or high soil pH by the addition of sodium hydroxide solution, the greatest losses were from ammonium sulfate. High losses were favored by high temperatures and longer periods of moist soil. The total amounts of water lost from the soil was not closely related to the total ammonia-nitrogen loss during two weeks. No loss of ammonia-nitrogen occurred when nitrogen fertilizers were applied at a 2.5 em depth or deeper. The ammonia-nitrogen losses were also greatly reduced when nitrogen fertilizers applied to the soil surface was followed by irrigation or heavy rainfall. In the field, the higher temperatures increased the ammonia-nitrogen losses from ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, and urea when applied to both a noncalcareous and a calcareous soil . However, the loss from calcareous soil was reduced by irrigation following fertilizer application. No ammonia-nitrogen was observed when ammonium sulfate was applied at a 2. 5 em soil depth, despite of the high soil temperature during the day time in moist soil. Rapid drying of the moist soil surface quickly reduced the losses per day.

Dairying ranked second in producing farm income in the state of Utah in 1929 (II) . Twenty-two and two tenths percent of cash receipts from the sale of agricultural products came from dairying. Beef enterprises were the only larger source of farm income in the state, with 24.7 per cent of the total cash receipts. Because of the importance of dairying in the state, much work has been done to provide dairymen with information that will enable them to obtain a higher net return from dairying.

Many species of wildlife use roadside vegetation as habitat. The ring-necked pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) utilizes roadsides for all types of cover. Because pheasants are nonmigratory and generally live their entire lives within a 1- to 2-mile radius, pheasants are excellent indicator species to predict both quantity and quality of roadside wildlife habitat. Pheasants were introduced to Utah in the late 1800's. Populations climbed until pheasant habitat occupied 2-4 percent of the total land area in Utah. Populations began to decrease in the 1950's. Since 1962, pheasant populations in Cache County, Utah have dropped 2.71 percent annually. Experts believe the decline in pheasants is directly related to decreased habitat. They attribute the decrease to land use changes. Cache County roadsides currently support 3,643 acres of wildlife habitat and have the potential to support over 15,000 acres. To evaluate roadside habitat in Cache County, a roadside vegetation inventory was conducted. This was done by conducting a windshield survey of Cache County roadsides in agricultural areas. Next, vegetation density was measured along roadside transects using a Daubenmire frame and vertical profile board. The results showed Cache County roadsides did not support quality wildlife habitat. The exception was wetlands that contained significant stands of cattail. The evaluation found current maintenance practices of mowing and spraying roadside vegetation has degraded the plant communities and created dense monocultures of a few grass species. A questionnaire was completed by county weed supervisors throughout the state of Utah as well as Utah Department of Transportation personnel and other people associated with the managment of roadside vegetation. The questionnaire provided information about current roadside maintenance practices and attitudes. As a result of the roadside vegetation data and the questionnaire, the study determined that healthier roadside plant communities are possible if current maintenance practices and standards are modified. These modifications should include 1) spot spraying herbicide to eradicate weed species, 2) mowing only 10% of the right-of-way, which will provide more residual nesting cover in the unmowed areas, and 3) allowing woody vegetation along the backs! ope of ditches and other areas where motorist safety is not compromised. By modifying maintenance practices and implementing diverse seed mixes, roadside plant communities will support quality wildlife habitat.

Americans across the nation are showing an increased awareness of the problems caused by the rapid and uncontrolled growth our country has undergone over the last fifty years. It is apparent to most that we can no longer abuse our natural resources as if they were inexhaustable . In the last few years, there has been a specific concern for prices, consumption, and energy conservation. These real concerns are moving us towards a reconsideration of our living habits that will certainly affect the future of residential planning and site design.