M.Ed. / For many years, Environmental Education was marginalised in the school curriculum, as it was seen to belong with subjects like geography and biology. This alienated it from the majority of teachers who are not trained in science related subjects. Thus only few pupils, who happened to have studied under science oriented institutions or teachers, were exposed to this field of knowledge. On 24 March 1997, the national Ministry of Education launched a new Outcomes Based Education (OBE) system for South Africa, called Curriculum 2005. This marked the end of different education systems that had existed in South Africa, and also opened new avenues for cross curricular issues such as Environmental Education, which did not form part of the school curriculum in the past. The primary aims of the study are: to investigate ways in which Environmental Education could benefit and support Curriculum 2005; to document the process that led to the infusion of Environmental Education into the school curriculum; and to determine needs and problems of teachers implementing Curriculum 2005 and suggest possible solutions for their problems. The data for this study was collected by using qualitative techniques of consultative synthesis; group open-ended interviews; public forums; field studies; observations and literature research related to different aspects of Environmental Education activities. In addition, a questionnaire was used in four regions that constitute the Northern Cape Provincial Education Department. The realities are that teacher education programmes in many institutions do not include courses in Environmental Education. Education about the environment has not been a visible priority in many countries, including South Africa. As indicated in this study, the situation in the Northern Cape clearly gives evidence of this. On the other hand, teachers had serious misgivings about their competence to teach Environmental Education. The enthusiasm reflected by teachers in the province, their potential and willingness to learn, are but a few indications of the possible success of Environmental Education in the province. The major/main problem identified is the OBE terminology which seems to hamper the implementation of Curriculum 2005. Thus, the success of Environmental Education in South African formal education depends on how well teachers adapt to, understand, are prepared for and committed to Curriculum 2005. I believe that if Curriculum 2005 succeeds, Environmental Education will also succeed. If it fails, Environmental Education will probably fail too, since is regarded as an integral part of the curriculum.

The study was undertaken to investigate the following: limiting factors faced by the developers in complying with the EIA conditions and to determine whether the various developers comply with the conditions. The study was undertaken by use of questionnaires, site visits, meetings, photographs, group interviews. Trained fields assistants were also used to administer the questionnaires in order to collect data. Data from two sites were collected between 2012 and 2014 and were intentionally collected in order to provide information regarding the implementation of mitigation measures. The collected data was subjected to SAS (statistical software). Chi-square test for independence was performed in order to compare the differences (Snedecor & Cocharen, 1978) between the two sites. Based on the results of the study, it is therefore recommended that competent authorities should consider drafting and supplying follow-up guidelines and these guidelines should also apply to all the relevant role players involved. / Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Management)

MA, School of Music, Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand / In 2003 I made a documentary film called Karoo Kitaar Blues with South African songwriter and guitarist, David Kramer, on the rare musicians, music, and instruments of scattered coloured communities in the Northern Cape. When I set out, seven years ago, to make the film I had no intention of making an ethnographic film or producing a visual ethnography in the anthropological sense (I am a documentary filmmaker), but two academic reviews, critical of its lack of ‘ethnographic context’ caught my intention. This dissertation attempts to respond to their critique. I explore the territory of visual anthropology and ethnographic methodology in order to understand why my film, with hindsight, is and is not ‘ethnographic’, and to establish how ethnographic practice could enhance my work as a filmmaker. I use Karoo Kitaar Blues as my visual monograph and examine the differences between ethnographic film and documentary (in the observational mode) with reference to ethnographic methodologies and theory in ethnomusicology, and consider how film can be used ‘as’ ethnography or ‘in’ ethnography. I conclude that Karoo Kitaar Blues film lies somewhere between ethnographic and observational filmmaking.

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science. Johannesburg, 2015 / Three new methods for determining the structural index and source distance for magnetic field data are presented. These methods require only the calculation of the first and second order analytic signal amplitudes of the total field and are applicable to both profile and gridded data. The three methods are first tested on synthetic data and then on two real datasets to test for applicability and repeatability. It was found that each method had different strengths and weaknesses and thus one method cannot be favoured over the others. Cooper (2014) describes how to calculate the distance to source over both profile and gridded data given a user defined structural index. Often however, particularly in the case of real data, the structural index is not known or varies over the surveyed area. These three new methods however do not require any user input since the structural index is calculated thus making them more applicable to regions of unknown geology. It was found that the first of the three new methods, the multi-distance inversion method, was best used as an edge-detection filter, since the use of higher order derivatives resulted in increased noise levels in the distance to source calculation. The third of these new methods, the unconstrained inversion method, discussed in Chapter 7, not only solves for the structural index but also determines the depth of the source. In that particular case, the structural index is used as a rejection filter, whereby, depth solutions associated with structural index values outside of the expected range are deemed to be invalid. Unlike the third new method, the first two methods require the distance to source to be calculated via the approach described by Cooper (2014) (which requires the user to define the structural index), the results of which are later rescaled by the calculated structural index to yield what is termed a rescaled distance to source. All three of the new methods are fully automatic and require no user control. The techniques were first tested on both profile and gridded theoretical data over sources with known structural index values. All of the methods were able to estimate the structural index of each of the particular sources and give depth estimates that varied from the true depth by less than 20 percent (with deeper sources being more inaccurate). Noise was also added to the theoretical data in an attempt to assess how the methods can be expected to perform with real data. It was found that when applied to noisy data, these methods performed equally well to slightly worse, than when the method developed by Cooper (2014) was used. As a real world case study these three new methods were tested on aeromagnetic data collected over the Kuruman Military Area, Northern Cape, South Africa. Regional deformations as well as later intrusive dykes and cross cutting faults were imaged by the chosen depth determination procedures. The dolerite dykes in the area were found to occur between 20 to 60 m deep. While the sand cover was estimated to be between 30 to 40 m thick. Overall, the techniques yield distance to source estimates that differ by less than 15 m, over sources, to the results obtained by using the source distance method (Cooper, 2014). To test for repeatability a second aeromagnetic dataset, collected over a dyke swarm within the Bushveld Complex, South Africa was considered. Again comparable (less than 15 m over sources) depth estimates were made between the unconstrained and constrained inversions. Since the distance to source estimates produced by these new unconstrained inversion methods are comparable to those produced by constrained inversion (Cooper, 2014) the project can be deemed successful.

This research project focuses on the application of a structured inclusive approach to the use of ethnography for the interpretation of rock art. The geographical research location is the Upington area north of the Orange/Gariep River. Both tangible and intangible heritage are explored using a multiple intelligence theoretical framework including auto ethnographic, ecosystemic methodology. The study is embedded in constructivist educational theory, which builds on the researcher and others' previous knowledge and research. The intangible heritage is made up of oral narratives about a Water Snake told by a group of women of a mixture of cultural backgrounds. The tangible rock art, made up of various rock engraving styles is situated at Biesje Poort. Contemporary indigenous as well as various academic interpretations of the site are included in the research. Secondary sources relating to theory and methodology on myth and ethno archaeology, specifically on rock art, are used in the first section of the research in order to convey the research context. The second section of the research concentrates on the application of various dominant intelligences in regard to the analysis of primary sources. Experiential, intrapersonal and interpersonal encounters with the subjects are included. Synthesis of the primary and secondary sources plus new and prior research is included in the presentation through written text and visual representation and imagery. The research is conducted in order to include and expand on present museum practices which emphasize inclusion and ownership of heritage research and representation. As such this research process emphasizes the ethical implications of participatory research and aims to maintain an empowering partnership with the research informants. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2006.

With the extension of the Nchwaning Mine shaft complex in the Northern Cape Province, various geological and geotechnical complications needed to be identified in order to ensure correct use of tunnelling methods and support techniques. An understanding of the geological history of the area and the resulting geotechnical nature was important in defining the rock mass quality ahead of shaft development. A total of 12 geotechnical boreholes were drilled, and an additional 18 old boreholes revisited to accurately detennine the stratigraphy, geological structure and associated weathering effects. Various soils and rock testing helped quantify the materials encountered. Sands of the Gordonia Fonnation form the surface cover of this area, and together with the weathered calcrete, calc-arenite, conglomerate and clay, they form part of the Cenozoic Kalahari Group. The 30m thick basal unit of red clay is common throughout this region. This silty clay material is problematic in that it is expansive and hygroscopic. The clay unit rests unconformably on folded, faulted and highly weathered shale of the Proterozoic Lucknow and Mapedi Formations of the Olifantshoek Supergroup. Unconformably below this sequence lies the manganiferous ore deposits of the Hotazel Member, which is contained within the Voelwater Formation of the Griqualand West Supergroup. For the development of the decline shaft through the Gordonia Formation a box cut was excavated to a depth of 25m. The anticipated poor geotechnical conditions for a further 125m below the Gordonia sands called for high quality permanent tunnel support in the upper weathered horizons. Barton's Q-analysis was adopted as a recognized tunnelling quality index to predict and quantify the rock mass characteristics ahead of the shaft. The highly variable and generally low Q-values from borehole core analysis indicated that precast tunnel lining be used for 800m (at 11.5°) through the entire weathered Cenozoic sequence and into the weathered shales immediately below the Red Clay. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2002.

Thesis (MComm))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Farming is often perceived to be associated with an idyllic lifestyle and many city-dwellers secretly dream of owning a farm where they can escape the city and its stressful lifestyle. The reality associated with farming however is very different from the perception. Research conducted overseas found that the unique challenges farmers face in their everyday business subjects them to high levels of stress. The American Institute for Occupational Health and Safety ranks farming in the top ten percent of the most stressful occupations while research in the United Kingdom shows that the occurrence of suicide amongst farmers are significantly higher than for the rest of the population. Stress can manifest in health, emotional and physical problems and can have a dramatic impact on quality of living. This in turn negatively influences personal and work performance. Taking into account that farming plays a vital role in the global economy and in combating food shortage; the prevalence of stress amongst farmers is worrying. In South Africa little research has been conducted into the psychological wellbeing of farmers and the possible impact stress might have. Viticulture and the wine industry are major contributors to the economy and tourism industries of the Western and Northern Cape provinces. It would thus be in the interest of the country and its labour force to investigate the impact of stress on farmers in these regions and to find ways to mitigate the experience of stress. A qualitative study amongst wine growers (N=24) resulted in the identification of possible stressors along with demographic, biographic and personality symptoms that may potentially influence the impact of stress. The Agricultural Stress Questionnaire was developed considering overseas literature and information gathered from the qualitative interviews. Sense of coherence and organisational trust between farmers and management of the cellar they deliver products to, were identified as possible factors influencing the impact of stress. Quantitative research was conducted by means of questionnaires sent to a convenience sample of wine growers. The Organisational Trust Inventory was used to measure the level of organisational trust, while the Orientation to Life Questionnaire was used to evaluate sense of coherence. The 28-item version of the General Health Questionnaire was used as a measure of psychological wellbeing. In total 132 respondents were recruited from the sample of more than 1 000 wine growers. Data gathered was subjected to statistical analysis and results showed that all measuring instruments had excellent psychometric properties. This was also true for the Agricultural Stress Questionnaire that was used for the first time. Multiple regression analysis showed that organisational trust does not act as a moderator in the relationship between agricultural stress and psychological wellbeing. Sense of coherence was however found to be a strong moderator of the interaction between agricultural stress and psychological wellbeing. Some demographic and biographic factors also proved to influence the impact of agricultural stress on psychological wellbeing. Stressors were ranked to show which caused the most stress amongst South African wine growers. Proposals for possible interventions were made along with recommendations for future research. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Boerdery word dikwels geag 'n idilliese beroep te wees en menige stedelinge droom van 'n plaas waar hulle kan ontspan en vlug van die stad se stresvolle leefstyl. Die realiteit is egter ver verwyder van hierdie siening en buitelandse navorsing toon dat landbouprodusente aan hoë vlakke van stres blootgestel word vanweë uitdagings uniek aan hul beroep. Die Amerikaanse Instituut van Beroepsveiligheid en –Gesondheid plaas boerdery onder die boonste tien persent van stresvolle beroepe, en navorsing in die Verenigde Koningryk het gevind dat selfmoord onder landbouprodusente baie meer dikwels voorkom as in die res van die bevolking. Stres kan manifesteer in gesondheid-, gedrags-, en emosionele probleme en veroorsaak verlaagde lewenskwaliteit wat 'n dramatiese impak op persoonlike prestasie, maar ook werksprestasie, het. Gegewe die rol wat landbou in die globale ekonomie speel en die noodsaaklikheid van landbou vir voedselvoorsiening, is die hoë voorkoms van stres in die landbou-industrie, en die impak daarvan, 'n bron van kommer. In Suid-Afrika was die streservaring van landbouprodusente, en die uitwerking daarvan op hul sielkundige welsyn, egter nog nie die fokus van navorsing nie en dus is literatuur oor stres onder landbouprodusente in Suid-Afrika beperk. Wingerdbou en die wynbedryf dra betekenisvol by tot die ekonomie, werkskepping en toerisme in die Wes- en Noord Kaap van Suid-Afrika. Indien daar die moontlikheid bestaan dat wingerdprodusente onder die uitwerking van stres gebuk gaan, is dit dus in die belang van Suid-Afrika en die arbeidsmag om die probleem te identifiseer en die impak van stres te beperk. Na aanleiding van kwalitatiewe onderhoude met wingerdprodusente (N = 24) is „n lys van moontlike stressors geïdentifiseer, asook moontlike demografiese, biografiese en persoonlikheidsfaktore wat die impak van stres kan beïnvloed. Die Landboustressor-vraelys is ontwikkel op grond van inligting verkry uit oorsese navorsing, asook vanuit die kwalitatiewe onderhoude. Die vlak van organisasievertroue tussen wingerdprodusente en bestuur van die kelder waaraan hul lewer, asook koherensiesin, is ondersoek as faktore wat die streservaring, en die impak daarvan, kan modereer. Kwantitatiewe navorsing is uitgevoer deur 'n vraelys aan 'n gerieflikheidsteekproef wingerdprodusente te stuur. Die Organisasievertroue-vraelys is aangewend om die vlak van vertroue te evalueer, terwyl die 28-item Algemene Gesondheidsvraelys (GHQ-28) gebruik is om die sielkundige welsyn van wingerdprodusente te ondersoek. Antonovsky se Lewensoriëntasie-vraelys is gebruik om koherensiesin te meet. In totaal is 132 respondente gewerf vanuit 'n steekproef van meer as 1 000 wingerdprodusente. Die data is statisties verwerk en die resultate toon dat die psigometriese eienskappe van die meetinstrumente deurgaans bevredigend was, ook van die Landboustressor-vraelys wat die eerste keer aan statistiese ontleding onderwerp is. Meervoudige regressie het getoon dat organisasievertroue nie 'n moderator is in die interaksie tussen landboustres en geestesgesondheid nie. Koherensiesin is egter wel bevind om 'n sterk moderator in die interaksie te wees. Sekere biografiese en demografiese faktore het ook die effek van stres op geestesgesondheid beïnvloed. 'n Rangorde van stressors is saamgestel om te toon watter faktore die meeste stres onder Suid-Afrikaanse wingerdprodusente veroorsaak. Aanbevelings is gemaak ten opsigte van moontlike intervensies wat wingerdprodusente kan ondersteun in die hantering van landboustres, asook voorstelle vir toekomstige navorsing.

The study was undertaken to investigate the following: limiting factors faced by the developers in complying with the EIA conditions and to determine whether the various developers comply with the conditions. The study was undertaken by use of questionnaires, site visits, meetings, photographs, group interviews. Trained fields assistants were also used to administer the questionnaires in order to collect data. Data from two sites were collected between 2012 and 2014 and were intentionally collected in order to provide information regarding the implementation of mitigation measures. The collected data was subjected to SAS (statistical software). Chi-square test for independence was performed in order to compare the differences (Snedecor & Cocharen, 1978) between the two sites. Based on the results of the study, it is therefore recommended that competent authorities should consider drafting and supplying follow-up guidelines and these guidelines should also apply to all the relevant role players involved. / Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Management)

Magister Philosophiae (Land and Agrarian Studies) - MPhil(LAS) / This research investigated whether local economic development interventions necessarily improve the livelihoods of poor communities. More specifically, the goal of this thesis was to explore some of the reasons why land-based economic development interventions often struggle to meet their main objective of improving the livelihoods of local poor people. / South Africa

Magister Scientiae - MSc / Spousal communication on issues related to family planning and reproductive health is important in influencing fertility limiting behaviour. In South Africa, studies analyzing the relationship between spousal communication and family planning behaviour are virtually nonexistant. Understanding this relationship is critical for less developed countries where fertility remains at substantially high levels. In most countries, the isolation of men's participation in family planning issues is acknowledged as one of the major causes of poor performance of most family planning programs. In addition, lack of spousal communication about family planning is identified as one of the reasons for low levels of contraceptive use among women. The main objective of this study was to assess spousal communication on contraceptive use and family planning behaviour in three distinct areas in the Richtersveld (Northern Cape) area. / South Africa