In Norway spruce there's a large natural variation in durability but knowledge about what is causing this variation is missing. In this thesis the focus were put into investigating how the water uptake ability was affected by the influence of heartwood versus sapwood and wood properties such as density and annual ring width. Liquid water permeability was checked trough a modified version of EN 927-5 and samples were also investigated trough the Mycologg Method. The wide grown wood with a coating system (a priming oil and alkyd or acrylate paint) absorbed less water than the narrow grown wood in the permeability test. The Mycologg test showed a clear difference between wide and narrow grown wood. Further research is necessary to examine the impact of wood properties when it comes to water uptake.

The Canadian Arctic is facing new international challenges as global warming melts Arctic ice, opening up new shipping routes and access to untapped, potentially rich resources. As it has in the past, Canada is turning to defense spending to help strengthen its sovereignty in the region. Sovereignty is a multi-dimensional concept which requires a state to demonstrate control over its territory and its citizens. Developing Arctic energy resources is one pathway for Canada to achieve greater control in the region and strengthen its sovereignty claim. This thesis considers realist and liberal policy approaches to the development of Canadas Arctic energy resources. In the past, Canada has used both approaches to encourage the development of its Arctic energy reserves. From the 1950s to the early 1970s Canada relied solely on private companies to explore and produce Arctic resources. Between 1975 and 1984 Canada took a more interventionist approach. In 1975, Petro-Canada was created to help stimulate the development of Arctic resources. One of Petro-Canadas primary goals was to act as a catalyst for private energy companies operating in the Arctic.<p> This thesis seeks to expand upon the literature discussing Canadian Arctic sovereignty. By examining the impact of the two energy approaches on state sovereignty, this study draws a series of conclusion about the role of energy development in improving Canadas sovereignty claim. This thesis argues that government intervention is required to develop working partnerships amongst Canadian oil producers in order to bring Arctic energy reserves online in a timely and efficient manner to help bolster Canadas sovereignty claim.<p> This thesis considers realist and liberal policy approaches to the development of Canadas Arctic energy resources. In the past, Canada has used both approaches to encourage the development of its Arctic energy reserves. From the 1950s to early 1970s Canada relied solely on private companies to explore and produce Arctic resources. Between 1975 and 1984 Canada took a more interventionist approach. In 1975, Petro-Canada was created to help stimulate the development of Arctic resources. One of Petro-Canadas primary goals was to act as a catalyst for private energy companies operating in the Arctic.<p> This thesis seeks to expand upon the literature discussing Canadian Arctic sovereignty. By examining the impact of the two energy approaches on state sovereignty, this study draws a series of conclusion about the role of energy development in improving Canadas sovereignty claim. This thesis argues that government intervention is required to develop working partnerships amongst Canadian oil producers in order to bring Arctic energy reserves online in a timely and efficient manner to help bolster Canadas sovereignty claim.

Syfte: Syftet med studien var att undersöka svenska sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att arbeta inom den norska sjukvården. Metod: Kvalitativ design med deskriptiv ansats. Tio svenska sjuksköterskor med erfarenhet av att arbeta inom den norska sjukvården intervjuades. En intervjuguide med bakgrundsfrågor samt intervjufrågor med relevans för studiens syfte användes som underlag under intervjuerna. Intervjumaterialet bearbetades och analyserades utifrån Graneheim &amp; Lundmans innehållsanalys (2003). Resultat: Upplevelsen av att arbeta som svensk sjuksköterska i Norge var individuell och erfarenheterna varierade beroende på anställningsform och sjuksköterskans personliga inställning till arbetet. En generell upplevelse bland de medverkande sjuksköterskorna var att arbetsbelastningen i Norge var relativt låg och att antalet patienter per sjuksköterska var lägre än vad de var vana vid. Detta bidrog till upplevelsen att det fanns mer tid att avsätta för patienten. Upplevelsen var att man som sjuksköterska i Norge ansvarade för många omvårdnadsuppgifter. De svårigheter sjuksköterskorna upplevde att de ställdes inför var ofta relaterade till att de kom till Norge som korttidsvikarier. Det framkom en upplevelse av att det fanns en viss språkbarriär, och då främst i kommunikationen och i dialogen med läkarna. Slutsats: Hur man som sjuksköterska ser på sin yrkesroll och vilken inställning man har till sitt arbete är faktorer av betydelse för hur man som svensk sjuksköterska upplever att arbeta inom den norska sjukvården. Studien uppvisar flera faktorer inom den norska sjukvården, som kan gynna såväl patienten som sjuksköterskan, då arbetsbelastningen är lägre. / Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate Swedish nurses' experiences of working in the Norwegian health care Method: Qualitative design with a descriptive approach. Interviews were conducted with 10 Swedish nurses with experience of working in the Norwegian health care. An interview guide with background questions and interview questions relevant to the purpose of the study was used as the basis for the interviews. Interview material was processed and analyzed by Graneheim &amp; Lundmans content analysis (2003). Results: The experience of working as a Swedish nurse inNorway was individual and the experience varied among Swedish nurses. The experience among the participating nurses was that the workload in the Norwegian health care was relatively low and the number of patients per nurse was lower than what they were accustomed to. This contributed to the perception that there was more time to dedicate to the patient. The experience was that you as a nurse in Norway were responsible for many care-related tasks. The nurses experienced difficulties related to coming to Norway as a substitute. A language barrier was found, mainly in communication and dialogue with the doctors. Conclusion: How a nurse looks at his role and the attitude to their work are factors relevant to the Swedish nurse’s experience of working in the Norwegian health care. The study shows several factors in the Norwegian health care, which can benefit both the patient and the nurse, when the workload is lower.

This paper empirically investigates the cointegrated relationship between oil price and nominal exchange rate of US Dollar/ Norwegian Krone (USD/NOK) which is covering a time period from 2001 to 2011. The Augmented Dickey-Fuller test, Engle-Granger test and Error Correction Mechanism are employed for this research. This paper concludes that there is a cointegrated relationship between oil price and nominal exchange rate of USD/NOK in the long term.

The aim for this bachelor thesis is to find an answer for the placement of Migration and Vendel period graves on preexisting house constructions in Sweden. The reason behind these graves being built on their respective places will be analyzed, discussed and compared with similar finds in Scandinavia, where a wide contact net had been established during this time. Different kinds of social and religious meanings and functions with the grave mounds will also be taken into consideration during the discussion and analysis. The actual findings in the graves will be not be a part of this thesis, as the aim is to focus more on the grave itself as a cultural and social symbol for the people, and the values it had, during the time period it was built.

AimSustainability has become an important factor to consider while buying goods and services. People are being more conscious toward environmental impacts of products and services. This attitude has motivated many businesses to develop their production in contact with sustainability. The aim of this paper is to investigate different consumer behaviors toward sustainability in general and in relation to vehicles in Norway and Sweden.ApproachThe project has been embarked by dividing it into two tasks.1. Analyzing past, present and future development, growth and importance of sustainability concept. Describe the role of Government authorities in Norway and Sweden to promote sustainable consumption.2. Investigating important factors of consumer behaviors which influence their buying decision toward sustainable products in general and in relation to sustainable vehicles. Highlight the role of vehicle manufacturing companies to promote sustainable consumption.MethodA research has been conducted in order to explore consumer behavior toward sustainability in Norway and Sweden. Research is based on Document study and primary research which include questionnaire survey with consumers and interviews with vehicle dealers. In addition an expert inquiry is conducted to light up consumer intensions in Norway and Sweden toward sustainability.ResultsThe result of investigation has been revealed in shape of analyses and conclusion at the end. A comparison has been made between primary research and secondary research and findings are overlapping. Sustainable vehicles are being more popular among consumers in Norway and Sweden. Consumption trends are changing over time and environmental friendly attitudes are more developing among Swedish consumers as compared to Norwegian.

Edvard Grieg (1843-1907) is the representative of Norway Nationalism composer in the nineteenth century. His compositions consist of orchestral pieces, concertos, piano pieces and songs. Most of his works use Norwegian folksong. He promoted Norwegian folksong throughout his creative career. In 1874, Grieg collaborated with the playwright, Henrik Ibsen (1828-1906), in Ibsen¡¦s new play ¡§Peer Gynt¡¨ (1874-1876). The play contains twenty-three incidental music. Few years later (1888 & 1892), Grieg chose and rearranged eight popular pieces of ¡§Peer Gynt,¡¨ and separated them into two suites. This thesis is divided into two sections, excluding the introduction and conclusion. The first section discusses the biography of Grieg and Ibsen, and the correlation of their lives and background of the ¡§Peer Gynt.¡¨ The second section analyzes the form and characteristics of eight pieces from ¡¥Peer Gynt¡¦ Suites No. 1 and 2, and it also discusses the interpretation from a conductor¡¦s viewpoint. Examples are also provided in the discussion.

Minority government is defined by the relationship between the legislative and executive branches of government in parliamentary democracies; it means single-party cabinet or coalition cabinet, which are not supported by a parliamentary majority in Parliamentary and Semi-Presidential countries. For instance, in Taiwan, Chen Shui-bian won the Presidential Election in 2000, but he just garnered 39.3¢Mof the popular vote, so he was a minority president. After election, the president Chen Shui-bian appointed Chang Chun-hsiung as Premier (Executive Yuan); therefore, ¡§Chen Shui-bian government¡¨ indeed was a minority government. Because the ¡§regime turnover¡¨ happened in Taiwan is the first time, as a ruling party, Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) didn¡¦t deal with very well in cabinet portfolios, policy concession or policy implementation. On the other hand, the political disturbance has been existed in the executive-legislative relations since 2000. Under this context, to understand why minority governments form and how they operate become an important issue. As we noted, there is not rich literature on minority governments, so this is why the study focus on initially exploring minority government. This essay includes two research subjects: The first point is to analyze theory of minority government. By following the documents of the scholars¡¦ comparison and research, I try to explain why a minority government form from the part of the institution and strategy; I also introduce the operation and performance of minority government briefly. The second point is to do the studies of cases of minority government and performance in Norway and Fourth Republic France: From the two empirical cases, I expect to find a suitable solution for the constitutional deadlock at present in Taiwan.

Norwegian nationalist composer Edvard Grieg composed one hundred and eighty songs, including songs in Norwegian, Bokmal, German, and Danish. The Sechs Lieder, Op. 48 was written in German texts, which Grieg successfully merged the style of High Romantic Lieder with his Norwegian cultural background. This lecture-recital document contains the following four main sections: Grieg¡¦s biographical information, the musical characteristics of Grieg¡¦s art songs, the background of his composing the Sechs Lieder, Op. 48, and a performance analysis of the Sechs Lieder, Op. 48. The work captures the essence of German Lieder with its text painting and expressive piano accompaniment, and has earned a well-deserved place in the German Lieder repertoire, despite the fact that Grieg does not have German nationality.

Thesis (doctoral)--Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2002. / Thesis documentation sheet inserted. Appendix reprints four papers and manuscripts, three co-authored with others. Includes bibliographical references. Issued also electronically via World Wide Web in PDF format; online version lacks appendix.