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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Globalization is changing the face of health concerns worldwide and states are reacting by modifying their foreign policies to keep up with the resultant challenges and opportunities. The purpose of this study is to investigate, using the case studies of South Africa and Norway, the similarities and differences in how emerging and traditional middle powers respectively approach the new foreign policy phenomenon of health diplomacy. The study is interested in the reasons for how and why these similarities and differences manifest themselves in practice. Health diplomacy is a multifaceted concept which envelops negotiation involving health in a number of different concerts and across a wide spectrum of actors. Despite its novelty within the fields of both Global Health Governance and International Relations, the literature offers limited but sufficient frameworks that have utility for its study. The study surveys the literature on middle powers, and its sub-categories of emerging and traditional middle powers. Whilst identification with the middle power category requires the fulfilment of a number of criteria, this further categorization is made on the background of both quantifiable and behavioural characteristics, making their respective members’ inclinations and rationales for engaging in specific foreign policy types typically divergent on a number of issues. The two countries selected for case studies, South Africa and Norway, are generally regarded as exemplars of the two respective middle power categories. In these case studies the health diplomacy of these countries is assessed on the basis on the frameworks developed in the first half of this study, serving as the empirical foundation upon which the subsequent analysis is based. The findings speak volumes both for the two different middle power types and for the respective case study states. A common emphasis on multilateralism is one unsurprising similarity, as middle powers of both types tend to share this general preference in their foreign policy undertakings. However, as South Africa’s health diplomacy is nascent and Norway’s well-developed, divergences are obvious in terms of what strategies the respective countries use in order to gain the international influence that they covet. Furthermore, domestic and regional issues clog the agendas of emerging middle powers, whilst traditional ones enjoy stability in this regard and are able to seek opportunities elsewhere. These characteristics are exemplified in an extreme sense in South Africa, where a genuine health crisis is ravaging the country; conversely, in Norway, domestic issues are relatively minor, and niche diplomacy has bred massive success. At bottom, health diplomacy is a significant nascent area of interest within International Relations broadly, and in niche diplomacy and global health governance specifically, and demands further study. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Globalisering verander wêreldwyd die aard van gesondheidsoorwegings en state reageer hierop deur hul buitelandse beleide aan te pas om tred te hou met die gevolglike uitdagings en geleenthede. Die doel van hierdie studie is om die ooreenkomstige en verskille duidelik te stel van hoe ontluikende en tradisionele middelmoondhede (met Suid-Afrika en Noorweë as onderskeidelike voorbeelde) die nuwe buitelandse beleidsfenomeen van gesondheidsdiplomasie benader. Die studie stel belang in die redes waarom en hoe hierdie ooreenkomste en verskille in die praktyk manifesteer. Gesondheidsdiplomasie is ‘n veelkantige konsep wat onderhandelings aangaande gesondheid in verskillende kontekste en oor ‘n wye spektrum akteurs heen omvat. Ondanks die nuutheid van beide Globale Gesondheidsregering en Internasionale Betrekkinge as studievelde, bied die literatuur beperkte maar voldoende raamwerke aan vir die doel van hierdie studie. Die tesis bied ‘n oorsig van die literatuur aangaande middelmoondhede, sowel as die subkategorieë van ontluikende en tradisionele middelmoondhede. Alhoewel lidmaatskap van die middelmoondheid kategorie die bevrediging van ‘n paar kriteria vereis, word hierdie verdere kategorisering gemaak teen die agtergrond van beide kwantifiseerbare en gedragspatrone, en dit maak hul onderskeie lede se oorwegings en beweegredes i.t.v. buitelandse beleidstipes uniek oor ‘n hele paar kwessies heen. Die twee state waarop besluit is as gevallestudies, Suid-Afrika en Noorweë, word algemeen beskou as kernvoorbeelde van die twee onderskeie middelmoondheid kategorieë. In hierdie gevallestudies word die gesondheidsdiplomasie van die twee state oorweeg aan die hand van raamwerke wat in die eerste helfte van die studie ontwikkel word, en dit dien dan as die empiriese ondersteuning vir die analise wat daarop volg. Die bevindings spreek boekdele beide oor die twee verskillende middelmoondheid tipes en vir die onderskeie gevallestudie state. ‘n Gedeelde fokus op multilateralisme is een onverrassende ooreenkoms, aangesien alle middelmoondhede hierdie voorkeur in hul buitelandse beleidsondernemings openbaar. Maar tog, aangesien Suid-Afrika onluikend is en Noorweë goed-ontwikkeld is, is uiteenlopendheid bespeurbaar i.t.v. die strategieë wat die onderskeie state gebruik ten einde die internasionale invloed te kry waarna hulle op soek is. Voorts verlangsaam plaaslike en streekskwessies die agendas van ontluikende middelmoondhede, terwyl tradisionele middelmoondhede in hierdie verband stabiliteit geniet, en dit dan moontlik word vir lg. om elders geleenthede te ondersoek. Sodanige kenmerke is duidelik in Suid-Afrika, waar ‘n ernstige gesondheidskrisis die land verlam; in Noorweë, aan die ander kant, is plaaslike uitdagings nie ernstig nie, en nisdiplomasie word met groot sukses onderneem. Die kernboodskap van die studie is dat gesondheidsdiplomasie ‘n beduidende nuwe ondersoekveld is binne Internasionale Betrekkinge in die algemeen, en dan spesifiek in nisdiplomasie en globale gesondheidsregering, en dit vereis verdere studie.

During the period of occupation of Norway between the years 1940-1945 the National Lutheran Church took the responsibility of supporting the Norweigans in their ideological battle against the Nazis. This was a period named Holdningskampen in Norwegian history. One person to remember was Eivind Berggrav, bishop in Oslo diocese. He was the one responsible for the theological document of importance Kirkens Grunn that became important as a document against the Nazis and the small percentage of Christians that related to the naziinspired-church. Berggrav was also one of the founders of Den Midlertidlige Kirkeledelsen, the organisation responsible for the non-nazified churches. During Easter 1942 there was a division between the national church department and the churches. The outcome was that almost all priests left their offices because they did not want to be part of a Nazi-friendly system. The German-inspired government did their best to keep the churches going with the help of new politically correct priests and bishops. However, people did not accept them and they mostly had to talk for empty rows. The attention was instead given to the priests who marked their standpoint against the Nazis and for the freedom of the people and their country. They became the good examples that helped many Norwegians to keep their courage during a period of tribulation in the history of the country. The purpose is to analyze how and why the support became so important. By using letters from the bishop’s office in Tromsö, literature written about these subjects and local sources I will try to answer the following questions: What difference made the Church for Holdningskampen and the following years and what response did the people give to this standpoint? In what way did the Church support cooperation? How was this perceived by people in general? How did the Church support those who did not sympathize with the party Nasjonal Samling and the occupying power? What became the response from the people and the authorities? The importance of the local priests cannot be underestimated. Their resistance against the Nazis had an important role in the local community during a period of great turmoil and uncertainty in Norway. While their government and King had escaped to London, the Norwegian Church remained in the country. The Nazi-inspired church tried to get the people’s attention but very few listened. Because of the many undeviating priests and church leaders all over the country the locals remained hopeful and resistant, in spite of the Nazi-government’s threats. The interaction between the locals and the church gave them courage. Together they were made strong.

Thesis (doctoral)--Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2002. / Thesis statement in Swedish and English abstract inserted. Appendix reprints four papers and manuscripts, three co-authored with others. Includes bibliographical references. Also issued electronically via World Wide Web in PDF format; online version lacks appendix.

The nutrient status of three Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) plantations in southwestern Quebec were studied through foliar analysis. At all locations low N and K and marginal Mg foliar concentrations were identified. / Diagnostic fertilization resulted in significantly improved foliar K, N, Ca/K molar ratio and in some cases Mg. The foliage of the treated trees has an improved dark green colour as compared with the controls. From this research it is evident that nutrient deficiencies of N, and K in particular, are showing up in spruce stands in the areas where atmospheric pollution is relatively severe. The use of foliar nutrient concentrations along with evaluation of visual decline symptoms give the best results in assessment of the trees' current nutrient status. Proper diagnostic fertilization, using KNO$ sb3$ and (K,Mg)SO$ sb4$, helped to correct the nutrient disturbances on the calcareous soils of the region, impoverished by former agricultural use. In these soils the balance of Ca with K and Mg is crucial for their proper uptake. The base cations addition enlarged the available P pool, as a result of the improved organic matter decomposition. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

It is suggested that the Mafic Units and HS are allochthonous and were emplaced onto the WGR during an early stage of the Caledonian Orogeny. All units, including the Basement Gneisses, have suffered retrogression during a late extensional phase which continued into at least the Middle Devonian.

The Lofoten-Vesterålen province of North Norway consists almost exclusively of Precambrian granulite-facies rocks. The oldest rocks in the province are monzonitic and dioritic migmatitic gneisses, the protoliths of which were formed at 2.7 Ga. The migmatites are overlain by a series of supracrustal gneisses, from 2.1 Ga, largely volcanogenic in origin, but with interbedded marbles and banded ironstones. The first occurrence of marble in western Lofoten is reported. Deposition in a subsiding back-arc basin or in an Andean- type environment on a thin continental margin is inferred. Both gneiss sequences were intruded by basic rocks at 1.8 Ga. The basic rocks could not have been formed simply by extraction from the mantle at 1.8 Ga. The required contribution from 2.7 Ga migmatites could be as much as 37%, but less if contamination took place via anatectic melts. The first report of eclogitic rocks from the Lofoten-Vesterålen province is made in this study; their formation is associated with shear deformation Both gneiss sequences and the basic rocks were intruded by mangeritic rocks at 1.8 - 1.7 Ga. Their chemical compositions can be explained by fractional crystallization from magmas formed from 2.7 Ga and 2.1 Ga gneisses and 1.8 Ga mantle-derived magmas. Parameters derived from Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd and U-Pb systems to express the relative proportions of crust and mantle contributions to the mangerites mutually correlate, supporting the crust-mantle source model for the mangerites. Mixing calculations suggest that the late Archaean contributes in excess of 50% by mass for almost all mangerites. Anatectic veins present, especially in the Moskenesøy supracrustal gneisses, are inferred to represent partial melts which coalesced to form the mangerites at higher structural levels. Anatexis was caused by basaltic underplating associated with limited crustal extension. Later rock-forming events were the emplacement of dolerite dykes; the 1.65 Ga Lødingen Granite; the Leknes Group metasediments and the Caledonian granite pegmatites.