Orientador: Maria Rita Marques de Oliveira / Banca: Maria Rita Marques de Oliveira / Banca: Thaïs Borges César / Banca: Júlio César Moriguti / Banca: Vera Lúcia Mendiondo Osinaga / Banca: Vânia Aparecida Leandro Merhi / Resumo: A desnutrição em idosos é um problema preocupante, sendo afetada por diversos fatores relacionados ao baixo consumo alimentar comumente presentes no envelhecimento. A vigilância do estado nutricional deve ser realizada continuamente, baseada em um instrumento simples que supra a dificuldade da avaliação nutricional no idoso e que considere os diferentes tipos de variáveis que influenciam a nutrição dessa população. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi elaborar um instrumento de rastreamento nutricional para uso de cuidadores sem formação específica, com aplicabilidade nos serviços de atenção aos idosos tomando como referência instrumentos e procedimentos relacionados à depressão, à integridade bucal, à autonomia para realizar as atividades de vida diária, à demência e ao consumo alimentar de idosos institucionalizados. Na primeira etapa do trabalho, por meio do teste do qui-quadrado ou análise de variância, adotando-se o nível de significância de 5%, foi avaliada a associação das escalas de rastreamento de depressão, de demência, das atividades de vida diária, análises bucais e de consumo alimentar com o estado nutricional de 150 idosos. O estado nutricional foi classificado a partir de indicadores antropométricos e bioquímicos. A partir desta associação foram estabelecidas as questões do instrumento que em segunda etapa do trabalho, passou pela validação de face, validação de conteúdo, estudo da confiabilidade e validação de critério a partir de informações obtidas na participação de 124 cuidadores e 100 idosos. Para a realização desta houve a participação dos cuidadores, de especialistas na área de Nutrição, Língua Portuguesa, Educação e Comunicação. Antes de definir as características psicométricas do instrumento, ainda é preciso realizar a análise fatorial. Os dados não definitivos apontam para a proposição do instrumento... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Malnutrition in the elderly is a worrisome problem. It is affected by many age-related factors associated with low food intake. Surveillance of nutritional status should be done continually based on a simple instrument that takes into consideration the difficulty of making nutritional assessments in the elderly and the different types of variables that influence nutrition in this population. The objective of the present study was to develop a nutritional screening instrument to be used by laypersons who care for elderly individuals and that can be used in services that provide care for the elderly, using as reference instruments and procedures that are related with depression, oral integrity, autonomy to carry out activities of daily living, dementia and food intake of institutionalized elderly. In the first stage of the work, the chi-square test or analysis of variance was used to assess the association between the nutritional status of 150 elderly individuals and the scales that screen for depression, dementia, activities of daily living, oral status and food intake. The significance level was set at 5%. Nutritional status was based on anthropometric and biochemical indicators. Based on this association, the questions of an instrument were established and in the second stage of the work this instrument was subjected to face validity, content validity, reliability study and criterion validity based on the information provided by 124 caregivers and 100 elderly individuals. Caregivers, dieticians and specialists in the Portuguese language education and communication participated in this stage. Before the psychometric characteristics of the instrument were defined, the factorial analysis had to be made. The temporary data indicate that the instrument has reproducibility (kappa of the questions ranging from 0.6 to 1.0) and appropriate internal consistency (KR20 of the instrument equal to 0.82)...(Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder with the highest prevalence in the population and for which we do not have a cure so far. The aim of this thesis was to test the mediator system of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor and nitric oxide in an animal model of sporadic form of Alzheimer's disease (Samaritan Alzheimer's Rat Model; Taconic Pharmaceuticals, USA). Then compare these results with changes in hippocampal cholinergic system and cognitive tests. The Samaritan rat model is based on the unilateral in vivo application of β-amyloid42 and the pro-oxidative substances (ferrous sulfate heptahydrate and L-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine). Neurochemical methods included testing of the NR1/NR2A/NR2B subunits of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor and activity of nitric oxide synthases (neuronal, endothelial, inducible) in the cortex, in both cases in the right and left hemisphere separately. Our results show that Samaritan rats exhibited significant changes in expression of NR2A/NR2B subunits of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor and activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase in cortex compared to control rats. The results of glutamatergic system are consistent with changes in activity of cholinergic transporter and cognitive tests (Morris water maze and active allothetic place avoidance)....

Följande studie ämnar undersöka hur läromedel i biologi angriper ämnet naturvetenskapens karaktär. Den bygger på de sju aspekter som Norman Lederman använt för att definiera naturvetenskapens karaktär på grund- och gymnasienivå: att det är skillnad mellan observation och slutsats, det är skillnad mellan lagar och teorier, naturvetenskapen är baserad på empiri, den är öppen för förändring, den är kreativ, den är subjektiv och beroende av sitt kulturella sammanhang. Läromedlen analyseras både kvantitativt och med en hermeneutisk brukstextanalys. Resultatet visar att böckerna förmedlar att naturvetenskapen baseras på empiri och till viss del att det är skillnad mellan observationer och slutsatser. De missar dock att förmedla att dagens naturvetenskap är föränderlig, subjektiv och beroende av sitt kulturella sammanhang. Den huvudsakliga slutsatsen är därför att författarna lagt den största vikten vid att förmedla en bild av naturvetenskapens pålitlighet.

AimsHSPA12B is a newly discovered and endothelial-cell-specifically expressed heat shock protein. We have reported recently that overexpression of HSPA12B increased endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression in mouse cardiac tissues during endotoxemia. Endothelial NOS has been shown to protect heart from ischaemic injury. We hypothesized that overexpression of HSPA12B will attenuate cardiac dysfunction and remodelling after myocardial infarction (MI) through an eNOS-dependant mechanism.Methods and resultsMI was induced by permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery in the transgenic mice (Tg) overexpressing hspa12b gene and its wild-type (WT) littermates. Echocardiographic analysis revealed that Tg mice exhibited improvements in cardiac dysfunction and remodelling at 1 and 4 weeks after MI. These improvements were accompanied by a significant decrease in cardiomyocyte apoptosis and increase in capillary and arteriolar densities. Significant up-regulation of eNOS, VEGF, Ang-1, and Bcl-2 was also observed in Tg hearts compared with WT hearts after MI. However, pharmacological inhibition of eNOS abolished the HSPA12B-induced decrease in cardiomyocyte apoptosis and increase in capillary formation after MI. Most importantly, inhibition of eNOS abrogated the protection of HSPA12B against cardiac dysfunction and remodelling after MI.ConclusionsThese data demonstrate for the first time that the overexpression of HSPA12B attenuates cardiac dysfunction and remodelling after MI. This action of HSPA12B was mediated, at least in part, by prevention of cardiomyocyte apoptosis and promotion of myocardial angiogenesis via an eNOS-dependent mechanism. HSPA12B could be a novel target for the management of patients with post-MI cardiac dysfunction and remodelling.

AimsHSPA12B is a newly discovered and endothelial-cell-specifically expressed heat shock protein. We have reported recently that overexpression of HSPA12B increased endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression in mouse cardiac tissues during endotoxemia. Endothelial NOS has been shown to protect heart from ischaemic injury. We hypothesized that overexpression of HSPA12B will attenuate cardiac dysfunction and remodelling after myocardial infarction (MI) through an eNOS-dependant mechanism.Methods and resultsMI was induced by permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery in the transgenic mice (Tg) overexpressing hspa12b gene and its wild-type (WT) littermates. Echocardiographic analysis revealed that Tg mice exhibited improvements in cardiac dysfunction and remodelling at 1 and 4 weeks after MI. These improvements were accompanied by a significant decrease in cardiomyocyte apoptosis and increase in capillary and arteriolar densities. Significant up-regulation of eNOS, VEGF, Ang-1, and Bcl-2 was also observed in Tg hearts compared with WT hearts after MI. However, pharmacological inhibition of eNOS abolished the HSPA12B-induced decrease in cardiomyocyte apoptosis and increase in capillary formation after MI. Most importantly, inhibition of eNOS abrogated the protection of HSPA12B against cardiac dysfunction and remodelling after MI.ConclusionsThese data demonstrate for the first time that the overexpression of HSPA12B attenuates cardiac dysfunction and remodelling after MI. This action of HSPA12B was mediated, at least in part, by prevention of cardiomyocyte apoptosis and promotion of myocardial angiogenesis via an eNOS-dependent mechanism. HSPA12B could be a novel target for the management of patients with post-MI cardiac dysfunction and remodelling.

Det här arbetet är en undersökning om huruvida läroböcker i biologi och naturkunskap presenterar en multikulturell naturvetenskaplig utbildning. Analysen gjordes enligt hermeneutisk tolkning av läroböckernas innehåll. Den är utförd med ett multikulturellt perspektiv kontra ett eurocentriskt perspektiv. Den eurocentriska myten är att den moderna naturvetenskapen föddes i Antiken och vidareutvecklades i Europa under upplysningstiden. Den multikulturella beskrivningen av utvecklingen av naturvetenskap är dialogisk där många olika kulturer och civilisationer har bidragit till utvecklingen av dagens framstående teorier och upptäckter. Totalt undersöktes åtta läroböcker som var riktade mot svenska gymnasieelever. Specifikt analyserades läroböckernas texter om kunskapsutvecklingen inom områden heliocentrism, evolutionsteori och blodcirkulationen. Både det sagda och det osagda analyserades. I de undersökta texterna observerades en dominerande röd tråd. Historieberättelserna började med naturvetenskapliga framsteg i det antika Grekland med Aristoteles som huvudperson. Efter den tusenåriga mörka medeltiden kom upplysningstiden. Med stöd av andra europeiska vetenskapsmän formulerade då Kopernikus heliocentrismen, Darwin utvecklade evolutionsteorin och Harvey upptäckte blodsystemets kretslopp. Det som inte beskrevs var exempelvis naturvetenskapliga framgångar som Nilakanthas formulering av den semi-heliocentriska modellen, Ibn Khalduns idéer om människans evolution och hennes koppling till apor och Ibn Nafis upptäckt av det lilla lungkretsloppet. Det här arbetet åskådliggör hur det eurocentriska perspektivet dominerar i de analyserade läroböckerna. Detta bör uppmärksammas mer då Nature of Science (NOS) har intagit en mer framskjuten plats inom ämnesdidaktik och forskning. Det är viktigt att alla elever oavsett etniskt ursprung får en multikulturell utbildning som främjar ett demokratiskt och inkluderande samhälle.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.