This thesis is a study of the development of the philosophy of Benito Pérez Galdós as revealed by his contemporary novels.

This thesis covers a biography and principal influence of Valle-Inclan, the Sonata novels, Carlist war novels, the Comedias Barbaras, and Flor de Santidad and Tirano Baderas.

My art examines visual culture using a plethora of techniques, formats, and materials. Recent works address family, pop-culture, and politics utilizing portraiture and short-form comics. Much of my art expresses humor through colorful, irreverent imagery, and many works employ satire and parody. Leveraging my experience as a professional illustrator and designer, I tailor my approach to each project, drawing upon divergent styles with an emphasis on polish and accessibility. I frequently adapt well-known images to recontextualize subjects. In my investigation of graphic narrative, I produced political comics, vintage comic book parodies, and experimental, interactive work. This body of work was produced with brushes and paint, touchscreen tablet, digital prints, LED lights, magnetic stock, and more. Though disparate in shape and content, the works are united by a joyful exploration of process and form.

Novels of manners exhibit social economies that bear some metaphorical resemblance to literal economies. In England and America, before the women's movement and the introduction of large numbers of women into the workforce, this was the woman's economy: the economy of manners. This thesis examines three novels of manners and argues that there is a sustaining economic metaphor to characterize each author's attitude toward the manners economy they portray. In Jane Austen's Mansfield Park, social economies are controlled by an invisible hand that can be trusted to reward deserving economic agents, and punish the undeserving. William Thackeray's Vanity Fair shows how social economies can be impacted by speculative bubbles, when some commodities are temporarily given more value than they really hold. Edith Wharton's The House of Mirth portrays a society which has gone off the gold standard of virtue, that values its social currencies without that organizing principle of virtue to give them stability. Each novel has some relationship with the codes of etiquette of its day, and contains many of the same currencies, though valued at dramatically different rates in each context. Female protagonists must take stock of the prevailing economic conditions, but their success or failure will have as much to do with the function or dysfunction of those conditions as with their own social choices. / Master of Arts / Novels of manners exhibit social economies that bear some metaphorical resemblance to literal economies. In England and America, before the women’s movement and the introduction of large numbers of women into the workforce, this was the woman’s economy: the economy of manners. This thesis examines three novels of manners and argues that there is a sustaining economic metaphor to characterize each author’s attitude toward the manners economy they portray. In Jane Austen’s <i>Mansfield Park</i>, social economies are controlled by an invisible hand that can be trusted to reward deserving economic agents, and punish the undeserving. William Thackeray’s <i>Vanity Fair</i> shows how social economies can be impacted by speculative bubbles, when some commodities are temporarily given more value than they really hold. Edith Wharton’s <i>The House of Mirth</i> portrays a society which has gone off the gold standard of virtue, that values its social currencies without that organizing principle of virtue to give them stability. Each novel has some relationship with the codes of etiquette of its day, and contains many of the same currencies, though valued at dramatically different rates in each context. Female protagonists must take stock of the prevailing economic conditions, but their success or failure will have as much to do with the function or dysfunction of those conditions as with their own social choices.

As histórias em quadrinhos foram definidas como arte sequencial e costumam ser popularmente associadas como um veículo de comunicação voltadas para o entretenimento. No entanto existem histórias em quadrinhos que são destinadas ao uso na educação, na transmissão de informações e na construção de conhecimentos específicos para o aperfeiçoamento profissional e humano. Este projeto teve como objetivo analisar a potencialidade dos quadrinhos na educação corporativa no Brasil, com recorte em São Paulo. Para atingir esse objetivo, o trabalho abordou algumas definições básicas sobre histórias em quadrinhos, suas características e alguns eventos importantes durante a sua evolução histórica. Realizou-se também um levantamento das produções e publicações de quadrinhos corporativos em São Paulo identificando os principais autores e as editoras desse segmento. Para averiguar a potencialidade dos quadrinhos na educação corporativa, este estudo foi sustentado por duas premissas: a primeira se referiu ao reconhecimento dos quadrinhos como linguagem autônoma e a segunda foi constatar a existência de profissionais especializados em atender o mercado de produção dos quadrinhos corporativos no Brasil. Além disso, foram verificados os métodos de produção, distribuição e utilização dos quadrinhos nos programas de educação de algumas corporações. A hipótese principal deste estudo foi que o uso estratégico dos quadrinhos pode contribuir positivamente para a comunicação no ambiente corporativo. Os resultados demonstraram que os quadrinhos têm sido utilizados por grandes corporações como SEBRAE, ABNT, Metrô SP, Petrobrás, Telefonica, O Boticário, SENAI, Votorantim e outros. Existe no Brasil uma produção regular e bem organizada de quadrinhos corporativos realizada por estúdios, autores e editoras especializadas. Essas produções ocorrem, pelo menos, desde 1994. A maior parte desses quadrinhos foram distribuídos dentro de empresas ou em ambientes mais restritos. No entanto, também houve algumas publicações que foram distribuídas e comercializadas em livrarias publicados no formato Graphic Novel. Verificou-se também que alguns quadrinhos corporativos têm sido publicados em suportes digitais, como foi observado no caso do convênio entre o SEBRAE e a ABNT. De acordo com os resultados coletados nesse estudo, a potencialidade do uso dos quadrinhos na educação corporativa foi associada, principalmente, em auxiliar nos processos da conscientização, compreensão e memorização de ideias e informações. A sua aplicação estratégica através de tiras e cartuns também facilitou e beneficiou a apresentação de ideias ou conceitos durante aulas/palestras e em textos de natureza mais complexa. O uso dos quadrinhos também possuiu o efeito de conseguir romper com o excesso de formalidade na comunicação com os funcionários em algumas empresas, ampliando o seu interesse e envolvimento com os programas de educação. Além disso, alguns elementos usados nos quadrinhos como a concepção de personagens e o humor gráfico também se mostraram como elementos de grande potencial para auxiliar o desenvolvimento de programas de educação corporativa. / Comics were defined as sequential art and commonly associated as a communication vehicle aimed for entertainment. However some comics are used to transmit information, give support to education programs and help to improve the knowledge building about specific themes related to the human and professional development. The main objective of this project was to analyze the potential use of comics in corporate education in Brazil, focused in São Paulo state. To reach this object, this study described some basic definitions of comics, their characteristics and some important events occurred during its historical evolution. Moreover, a bibliography survey of comics productions and publications of corporate comics in São Paulo was also done and the main authors and publishers of this segment were identified. To investigate the potential use of comics in corporate education, this study was supported by two premises: the first one referred to the recognition of comics as an autonomous language and the second was to verify the existence of specialized professionals who support the production of corporate comics in Brazil. In addition, methods of production, distribution and utilization of comics in some corporate education programs had been also checked. The main hypothesis of this study was the strategic use of comics can contribute positively to improve the communication activities in the corporate environment. The results showed that comics had been used by important corporations like SEBRAE, ABNT, Metrô SP, Petrobrás, Telefonica, O Boticário, SENAI, Votorantim and others. In Brazil, there is a regular and well-organized production of corporate comics which is made by studios, authors and specialized publishers. These productions have occurred at least since 1994. The majority of these comics were distributed within companies or in restricted environments. On the other hand, there were also some publications which were distributed and sold in bookstores published in Graphic Novel format. Interestingly, some corporate comics had been published in digital media, as it was verified in the case of covenant between SEBRAE and ABNT. According to the results, the potential use of comics in corporate education was associated mainly to assist the processes of awareness, understanding and memorization of ideas and information. The strategic application of comics through comic strips and cartoons also facilitated the comprehension of ideas or concepts showed in classes/lectures and in texts with specific contents that were difficult to understand. The use of comics also showed the effect of breaking with excessive formality in communication between instructors and employees in some companies, resulting in the increase of employee\'s interests in the activities of the education programs. Furthermore, some elements used in the comics like the design of characters and graphic humor also showed a great potential as elements to assist the development of corporate education programs.

As décadas de 1980-1990 marcam um ponto importante da história das revistas de quadrinhos de super-heróis. Mudanças no mercado, no público, na política, nos debates morais e culturais do momento ofereceram um cenário propício para novos desenvolvimentos no gênero super-herói. Esse quadro é cercado pelo pós-modernismo, a urbanização, a contracultura, mudanças nas artes e condições políticas que se desenvolvem da Guerra Fria, geograficamente centrada entre a Europa e os Estados Unidos, para a Guerra do Iraque, o que desloca atenções geopolíticas e conflitos para o Oriente Médio. Os quadrinhos de super-herói passam a oferecer maior liberdade temática para seus autores, e discussões sobre direitos autorais ganham força. Este cenário dispõe das condições para que alguns autores pudessem levar os super-heróis para discussões diferentes das décadas precedentes, permitindo o surgimento de trabalhos significativos, de autores que marcam suas obras abordando os super-heróis de forma pessoal. A presente pesquisa procura entender como o autor de histórias em quadrinhos Frank Miller se posicionou diante de uma determinada área de produção artística, utilizando-se das revistas de super-herói para discutir posicionamentos ideológicos, e reforçar seu caráter mítico e simbólico. Utilizando princípios da história cultural desenvolvidos por autores como Ginzburg, Burke, Gombrich, Schorske e Barzun, contextualiza-se a trajetória das histórias em quadrinhos até os anos 1980 e 1990, estabelecendo as condições da mídia quando do trabalho do artista. Para posicionar Miller em relação a seu mercado e suas relações de produção, são utilizadas as ferramentas analíticas de Michael Baxandall, que oferecem um modelo interpretativo das relações que se dão na produção artística. Finalmente, observam-se as abordagens temáticas e morais de sua obra, com seu contexto dentro de uma trajetória na história cultural. Para isso, traça-se um panorama que discute como a obra de Miller atualiza a jornada do herói de Joseph Campbell, utilizando-se da cultura popular para fazer um diálogo entre discussões morais, históricas e políticas, por meio de uma construção de narrativas heroicas que operam como mitos populares modernos e parâmetros civilizacionais, carregando em si princípios, valores e ideias de uma cultura. / The decades of 1980-1990 establish an important point in the history of comic books. Changes in the market, the audience, in politics and in the cultural and moral debates of the time offered a scenario which was welcoming to new developments on the super-hero genre. This moment is marked by post-modernism, urbanization, the counter-culture, changes in arts and the political conditions which develop from the Cold War, geographically centred between the United States and Europe, to the Iraq war, which moves the geopolitical attentions and conflicts to the Middle- East. Super-hero comics start offering wider thematic freedom to their authors, and discussions about creator\'s rights gain momentum. This scenario contains the conditions for some of these authors to take super-heroes to discussions which are different from the ones happening in the preceding decades, allowing the emergence of important works, made by authors which marked their work in a very personal manner. This research seeks to understand how comic-book author Frank Miller has positioned himself before an area of artistic production, using super-hero comics, and comics in general, to discuss moral positions, and to underline their mythical and symbolic character. Exercising principles of cultural history developed by authors like Ginzburg, Burke, Gombrich, Schorske and Barzun, we situate the trajectory of comics from their inception as magazines until the 1980s and 1990s, establishing which were the conditions of this medium when Miller produced the works we look at. To understand Miller in relation to his market and his production, we use the analytic tools of Michael Baxandall, which offer an interpretative model of the relationships which happen in artistic production. Finally, we observe the thematic and moral approaches of his work, with their context within a trajectory in cultural history. In order to perform this, we establish a context which discusses how Miller work updates Joseph Cambell\'s hero\'s journey, using popular culture to make connections between moral, political and historical debates, creating heroic narratives which operate as modern popular myths and as civilizational benchmarks, carrying with them the principles, values and ideas of a culture.

The study investigated the nature of the portrayal of aged characters in children's novels which won Children's Book Council of Australia's awards in the period from 1946 to 1985. By means of content analysis, the demographic, personal and behavioural characteristics of aged characters were identified on a thirty-four item checklist. From these characteristics a portrayal score was derived to represent the extent of variation in the depiction of aged characters in the novels examined. Analysis of variance tests indicated that the level of variation in portrayal scores was significantly related to the position of importance of aged characters in novels. The portrayal of aged characters did not vary according either to the approach to story adopted in Australian award-winning novels, or to the period in which the award was granted. It seems that although aged characters taken as a whole in the novels studied display the variety of characteristics attributed to aged people in the literature of gerontology, individually many of these aged characters are depicted in a somewhat limited way. There is evidence to suggest that aged characters in Australian award-winning children's novels do not adequately reflect the demographic characteristics of aged people in the Australian population. In terms of range of social settings in which they are depicted is restricted. So too, is the range of behaviours in which they engage. This rather limited depiction of aged characters means that readers of Australian award-winning children's novels are presented with a restricted and unrealistic view of the aged and of the condition of being aged. If children's novels serve as one of the socialisation agents for young people, then the limited portrayal of aged characters presented in those novels may be a cause for concern, especially as there are few indications that the depiction of aged characters generally in more recent award-winning novels has become more varied and realistic.

As histórias em quadrinhos foram definidas como arte sequencial e costumam ser popularmente associadas como um veículo de comunicação voltadas para o entretenimento. No entanto existem histórias em quadrinhos que são destinadas ao uso na educação, na transmissão de informações e na construção de conhecimentos específicos para o aperfeiçoamento profissional e humano. Este projeto teve como objetivo analisar a potencialidade dos quadrinhos na educação corporativa no Brasil, com recorte em São Paulo. Para atingir esse objetivo, o trabalho abordou algumas definições básicas sobre histórias em quadrinhos, suas características e alguns eventos importantes durante a sua evolução histórica. Realizou-se também um levantamento das produções e publicações de quadrinhos corporativos em São Paulo identificando os principais autores e as editoras desse segmento. Para averiguar a potencialidade dos quadrinhos na educação corporativa, este estudo foi sustentado por duas premissas: a primeira se referiu ao reconhecimento dos quadrinhos como linguagem autônoma e a segunda foi constatar a existência de profissionais especializados em atender o mercado de produção dos quadrinhos corporativos no Brasil. Além disso, foram verificados os métodos de produção, distribuição e utilização dos quadrinhos nos programas de educação de algumas corporações. A hipótese principal deste estudo foi que o uso estratégico dos quadrinhos pode contribuir positivamente para a comunicação no ambiente corporativo. Os resultados demonstraram que os quadrinhos têm sido utilizados por grandes corporações como SEBRAE, ABNT, Metrô SP, Petrobrás, Telefonica, O Boticário, SENAI, Votorantim e outros. Existe no Brasil uma produção regular e bem organizada de quadrinhos corporativos realizada por estúdios, autores e editoras especializadas. Essas produções ocorrem, pelo menos, desde 1994. A maior parte desses quadrinhos foram distribuídos dentro de empresas ou em ambientes mais restritos. No entanto, também houve algumas publicações que foram distribuídas e comercializadas em livrarias publicados no formato Graphic Novel. Verificou-se também que alguns quadrinhos corporativos têm sido publicados em suportes digitais, como foi observado no caso do convênio entre o SEBRAE e a ABNT. De acordo com os resultados coletados nesse estudo, a potencialidade do uso dos quadrinhos na educação corporativa foi associada, principalmente, em auxiliar nos processos da conscientização, compreensão e memorização de ideias e informações. A sua aplicação estratégica através de tiras e cartuns também facilitou e beneficiou a apresentação de ideias ou conceitos durante aulas/palestras e em textos de natureza mais complexa. O uso dos quadrinhos também possuiu o efeito de conseguir romper com o excesso de formalidade na comunicação com os funcionários em algumas empresas, ampliando o seu interesse e envolvimento com os programas de educação. Além disso, alguns elementos usados nos quadrinhos como a concepção de personagens e o humor gráfico também se mostraram como elementos de grande potencial para auxiliar o desenvolvimento de programas de educação corporativa. / Comics were defined as sequential art and commonly associated as a communication vehicle aimed for entertainment. However some comics are used to transmit information, give support to education programs and help to improve the knowledge building about specific themes related to the human and professional development. The main objective of this project was to analyze the potential use of comics in corporate education in Brazil, focused in São Paulo state. To reach this object, this study described some basic definitions of comics, their characteristics and some important events occurred during its historical evolution. Moreover, a bibliography survey of comics productions and publications of corporate comics in São Paulo was also done and the main authors and publishers of this segment were identified. To investigate the potential use of comics in corporate education, this study was supported by two premises: the first one referred to the recognition of comics as an autonomous language and the second was to verify the existence of specialized professionals who support the production of corporate comics in Brazil. In addition, methods of production, distribution and utilization of comics in some corporate education programs had been also checked. The main hypothesis of this study was the strategic use of comics can contribute positively to improve the communication activities in the corporate environment. The results showed that comics had been used by important corporations like SEBRAE, ABNT, Metrô SP, Petrobrás, Telefonica, O Boticário, SENAI, Votorantim and others. In Brazil, there is a regular and well-organized production of corporate comics which is made by studios, authors and specialized publishers. These productions have occurred at least since 1994. The majority of these comics were distributed within companies or in restricted environments. On the other hand, there were also some publications which were distributed and sold in bookstores published in Graphic Novel format. Interestingly, some corporate comics had been published in digital media, as it was verified in the case of covenant between SEBRAE and ABNT. According to the results, the potential use of comics in corporate education was associated mainly to assist the processes of awareness, understanding and memorization of ideas and information. The strategic application of comics through comic strips and cartoons also facilitated the comprehension of ideas or concepts showed in classes/lectures and in texts with specific contents that were difficult to understand. The use of comics also showed the effect of breaking with excessive formality in communication between instructors and employees in some companies, resulting in the increase of employee\'s interests in the activities of the education programs. Furthermore, some elements used in the comics like the design of characters and graphic humor also showed a great potential as elements to assist the development of corporate education programs.

As décadas de 1980-1990 marcam um ponto importante da história das revistas de quadrinhos de super-heróis. Mudanças no mercado, no público, na política, nos debates morais e culturais do momento ofereceram um cenário propício para novos desenvolvimentos no gênero super-herói. Esse quadro é cercado pelo pós-modernismo, a urbanização, a contracultura, mudanças nas artes e condições políticas que se desenvolvem da Guerra Fria, geograficamente centrada entre a Europa e os Estados Unidos, para a Guerra do Iraque, o que desloca atenções geopolíticas e conflitos para o Oriente Médio. Os quadrinhos de super-herói passam a oferecer maior liberdade temática para seus autores, e discussões sobre direitos autorais ganham força. Este cenário dispõe das condições para que alguns autores pudessem levar os super-heróis para discussões diferentes das décadas precedentes, permitindo o surgimento de trabalhos significativos, de autores que marcam suas obras abordando os super-heróis de forma pessoal. A presente pesquisa procura entender como o autor de histórias em quadrinhos Frank Miller se posicionou diante de uma determinada área de produção artística, utilizando-se das revistas de super-herói para discutir posicionamentos ideológicos, e reforçar seu caráter mítico e simbólico. Utilizando princípios da história cultural desenvolvidos por autores como Ginzburg, Burke, Gombrich, Schorske e Barzun, contextualiza-se a trajetória das histórias em quadrinhos até os anos 1980 e 1990, estabelecendo as condições da mídia quando do trabalho do artista. Para posicionar Miller em relação a seu mercado e suas relações de produção, são utilizadas as ferramentas analíticas de Michael Baxandall, que oferecem um modelo interpretativo das relações que se dão na produção artística. Finalmente, observam-se as abordagens temáticas e morais de sua obra, com seu contexto dentro de uma trajetória na história cultural. Para isso, traça-se um panorama que discute como a obra de Miller atualiza a jornada do herói de Joseph Campbell, utilizando-se da cultura popular para fazer um diálogo entre discussões morais, históricas e políticas, por meio de uma construção de narrativas heroicas que operam como mitos populares modernos e parâmetros civilizacionais, carregando em si princípios, valores e ideias de uma cultura. / The decades of 1980-1990 establish an important point in the history of comic books. Changes in the market, the audience, in politics and in the cultural and moral debates of the time offered a scenario which was welcoming to new developments on the super-hero genre. This moment is marked by post-modernism, urbanization, the counter-culture, changes in arts and the political conditions which develop from the Cold War, geographically centred between the United States and Europe, to the Iraq war, which moves the geopolitical attentions and conflicts to the Middle- East. Super-hero comics start offering wider thematic freedom to their authors, and discussions about creator\'s rights gain momentum. This scenario contains the conditions for some of these authors to take super-heroes to discussions which are different from the ones happening in the preceding decades, allowing the emergence of important works, made by authors which marked their work in a very personal manner. This research seeks to understand how comic-book author Frank Miller has positioned himself before an area of artistic production, using super-hero comics, and comics in general, to discuss moral positions, and to underline their mythical and symbolic character. Exercising principles of cultural history developed by authors like Ginzburg, Burke, Gombrich, Schorske and Barzun, we situate the trajectory of comics from their inception as magazines until the 1980s and 1990s, establishing which were the conditions of this medium when Miller produced the works we look at. To understand Miller in relation to his market and his production, we use the analytic tools of Michael Baxandall, which offer an interpretative model of the relationships which happen in artistic production. Finally, we observe the thematic and moral approaches of his work, with their context within a trajectory in cultural history. In order to perform this, we establish a context which discusses how Miller work updates Joseph Cambell\'s hero\'s journey, using popular culture to make connections between moral, political and historical debates, creating heroic narratives which operate as modern popular myths and as civilizational benchmarks, carrying with them the principles, values and ideas of a culture.

Comics, graphic novels, and manga differ appreciably from textual narrative formats, and materials with increasingly visual elements have found their way into progressive and student-centered library collections. But many educators and librarians still resist inclusion of graphic narratives in school libraries and devalue the reading practice of students who prefer more visual texts. Using the framework of radical change, which posits that both text conventions and reader expectations for text are increasingly multimodal as they possess characteristics of evolving digital media, this study considered the relationship of the characteristics of text individual students prefer, particularly those they select from the school library, and their attitudes towards aspects of reading practice as evidenced through the Adolescent Motivation to Read Profile instrument. Survey data was supplemented with circulation history from the library management system to inform a correlational study punctuating attitudinal differences based on reader preferences. Findings include high school students who engage with graphic narrative text formats reporting more favorable views of libraries and reading. There is a demonstrable distinction in attitudes between students who prefer more visual text when compared with peers with more traditional print affinities. Student engaging with graphic narrative texts also report more frequent engagement with text overall. These demonstrated relationships should help to legitimize the inclusion of more graphic narrative text formats in school library collections.