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Étude de la structure de noyaux de mendélévium / Study of the structure of mendelevium nucleiBriselet, Raphaël 04 October 2016 (has links)
Le sujet de cette thèse concerne la région des transfermiums. Il s'agit des noyaux de numéro atomique supérieur à 100 qui sont intéressants pour de nombreuses raisons. Tout d'abord, cette région est encore peu connue. En effet, les noyaux deviennent de plus en plus difficiles à produire lorsque qu'ils deviennent riches en nucléons. A fur et à mesure que l’étude progresse vers les noyaux les plus lourds, il devient difficile de les produire à plus de quelques unités, voire simplement de trouver des réactions permettant de les synthétiser. C'est pourquoi ces noyaux sont, aujourd'hui, cantonnés à des recherches très minutieuses. En outre, les modèles nucléaires prédisent l’existence d’un îlot de stabilité, encore inaccessible expérimentalement, pour les noyaux super-lourds vers Z~114–126, N~184. A contrario, les études dans la région des transfermiums nous apportent des informations sur cet îlot de stabilité. Cette thèse traite principalement de la structure nucléaire de deux isotopes impairs en proton de mendélévium (Z=101) : le ²⁴⁹Md et le ²⁵¹Md. Ces deux isotopes sont déformés, ce qui nous permet d’avoir accès à des états quantiques communs avec des noyaux sphériques beaucoup plus lourds pouvant appartenir à l’îlot de stabilité. Les noyaux ont été créés à l'université de Jyväskylä en Finlande par réaction de fusion-évaporation à l'aide d'un faisceau de ⁴⁸Ca et de cibles de ²⁰³⁻²⁰⁵Tl. Les noyaux sont extraits de l’important bruit de fond des réactions parasites à l'aide du séparateur à gaz RITU grâce à la technique de corrélations génétiques. Afin d'extraire la structure nucléaire de ces noyaux, les expériences exploitent les techniques de spectroscopie gamma et électron : détecteurs Jurogam II et SAGE. Grâce à ces instruments, une partie de la structure des noyaux peut être connue. Nous nous focalisons sur des structures collectives comme les bandes rotationnelles, mais aussi d'états métastables (les isomères), ou encore les transitions à une particule. Ce travail a permis d’extraire deux bandes rotationnelles du ²⁵¹Md. Nous avons pu pour la première fois réaliser la spectroscopie électron de ce noyau ce qui nous a permis de contraindre l’assignement des orbitales nucléaires : il s’agit des têtes de bande 1/2⁻ et 7/2⁻. Nous avons également découvert un isomère du ²⁵¹Md et pu observer des transitions l’alimentant et le désexcitant. Ce travail a également permis d’ébaucher une structure collective de ²⁴⁹Md ainsi que de mesurer des propriétés de l’état fondamental. Finalement une estimation de la section efficace de production de ²⁴³Es (⁴⁸Ca + ¹⁹⁷Au) a aussi été faite afin d’évaluer la possibilité d'une future expérience. L’ensemble des données spectroscopiques est confronté à de nouveaux calculs de champs moyen de type Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov utilisant les forces de Skyrme et Gogny. Cette thèse prolonge les recherches sur la région des noyaux lourds et vient compléter les données spectroscopiques de cette région encore largement inconnue. / The subject of this thesis is the study of the transfermium nuclei region. These are nuclei having an atomic number larger than 100, which are interesting for several reasons. First of all, this region is still poorly known. Indeed, nuclei are more and more difficult to produce as soon as the number of nucleons they are made of increases. When studies move towards the heaviest elements, it becomes difficult to produce more than a few atoms, the reactions production sometimes being simply impossible. That is why these nuclei as still restricted to very thorough studies. Furthermore, nuclear models predict an island of stability for super-heavy elements with Z~114–126, N~184, which are however experimentally still out of reach. Conversely, studies in the transfermium region can provide information of this island of stability. The thesis is mainly related to the nuclear structure of two proton-odd mendelevium (Z=101) isotopes: ²⁴⁹Md and ²⁵¹Md. These isotopes are deformed, which provides access to quantum states also involved in heaviest spherical nuclei from the predicted island of stability. Nuclei were produced at the University of Jyväskylä with fusion-evaporation reactions using a ⁴⁸Ca beam on ²⁰³⁻²⁰⁵Tl targets. Mendelevium nuclei were selected from the large background of parasitic reactions using the RITU gas-filled separator and the genetic correlations technique. The nuclear structure is deduced from the gamma and electron spectroscopy. The SAGE and Jurogam II arrays have been used. These devices provide new insight into nuclei structure: we focussed on the collective structure revealed through rotational bands, on metastable states (isomers) or on single-particle transitions. In this work, two ²⁵¹Md rotational band could be highlighted. We have been able to perform for the first time the electron spectroscopy of this nucleus, which provides a constrain for the nuclear orbitals assignment. The 1/2⁻ and 7/2⁻ band-heads were assigned. We furthermore observed for the first time a ²⁵¹Md isomer with several feeding and de-exciting transitions. In this work, we could also sketch the collective structure of ²⁴⁹Md and measure some of its ground-state properties. Finally, the cross section for the ²⁴³Es production (⁴⁸Ca + ¹⁹⁷Au) was measured in order to estimate the feasibility of a future spectroscopy. Spectroscopic data are compared to new mean-field calculations. Hartee-Fock Bogoliubov calculations using the Skyrme and Gogny forces were made. This thesis is part of the ongoing research program on heavy nuclei; it provides new spectroscopic data in a region where much remains to be discovered.
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Lifetime measurements of excited nuclei through modern nuclear spectroscopyMsebi, Lumkile January 2021 (has links)
Doctor Educationis / The progressive development of scintillator detectors has made it possible to perform direct electronic lifetime determination up to a few hundred nanoseconds. The 2” by 2” LaBr3:Ce detectors
provide a combination of excellent time resolution and good energy resolution. Recently a fast
timing array has been commissioned at iThemba LABS, Cape Town consisting of eight 2” by 2”
LaBr3:Ce detectors. Test measurements using radioactive sources produced at the laboratory were
conducted. Six 2” by 2” LaBr3:Ce detectors were coupled to the AFRODITE array as their first
in-beam experiment. AFRODITE consisted of eight HPGe clover detectors as well as two 3.5” x
8” LaBr3:Ce detectors. A particle telescope was used to select the desired reaction channels. The
reactions of interest 45Sc(p,d)44Sc and 45Sc(p,α)
42Ca were carried out at a beam energy of 27 MeV.
The current analysis also investigates the rare earth nucleus 150Gd which was populated through
150Sm(α,4n)150Gd at a beam energy of 48 MeV. Through these reactions, excited states that have
lifetimes which are apt for the characterization of the 2” by 2” LaBr3:Ce detectors were populated.
Various techniques such as the slope method and the centroid shift method have been employed
to extract the lifetimes of excited states. Lifetimes that were previously measured for 44Sc and
42Ca were measured again in this work. New lifetimes were obtained 44Sc and 150Gd. Shell Model
calculation were done to compare experimental and theoretical results. All these endeavours will
seek to unveil the quadrupole moment of nuclei and their intrinsic behaviour.
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