A zona de desembocadura do rio Paranapanema na Represa de Jurumirim é uma região de desaceleração da velocidade da correnteza associada a um grande número de ambientes aquáticos com diferentes características hidrodinâmicas. Com o objetivo de avaliar a influência do aqüífero freático superficial na dinâmica de nutrientes (nitrogênio, fósforo e os principais cátions), foram estudadas três lagoas marginais, com diferentes graus de conexão com o rio: 1) Lagoa do Coqueiral (LCQ), com elevada conectividade com o rio Paranapanema; 2) Lagoa do Camargo (LCM), com conexão permanente com o rio, mas com baixa troca de \"informações\" e 3) Lagoa dos Cavalos (LCV), ambiente isolado do ecossistema lótico. Em outubro de 2002 (final da estação de seca na região) foram perfurados poços e instalados piezômetros para determinação da superfície piezométrica e do gradiente hidráulico entre o rio e as lagoas marginais estudadas. Durante as perfurações foram retiradas amostras dos estratos do solo para análises granulométricas, capacidade de troca de cátions, matéria orgânica, soma de bases trocáveis, porcentagem de saturação de bases, macro-nutrientes e micro-nutrientes. A amostragem foi realizada em campanhas mensais no período de abril de 2003 a abril de 2005. As amostras de água subterrânea foram coletadas com o auxilio de garrafas de coleta, com volume de 1,0 L, específicas para amostragem em piezômetros. No rio e nas lagoas a coleta foi realizada na subsuperfície em pontos próximos da zona de transição entre os sistemas aquático e terrestre. A condutividade hidráulica foi determinada no campo utilizando-se testes do tipo slug. Nas amostras de água foram determinados os valores de pH, condutividade e os teores de nitrogênio total, fósforo total, cálcio, magnésio, sódio, alumínio, manganês, bário, zinco e cobalto. Os resultados obtidos do gradiente hidráulico, juntamente com os dados de precipitação, mostraram que o ambiente lótico torna-se influente no período de chuvas e no período de seca as lagoas, preferencialmente, assumem essa condição. A aplicação de modelos lineares generalizados e do teste de Tukey mostrou variações temporais na maioria das variáveis. Uma relação crescente com o tempo foi observada para as concentrações de nitrogênio, fósforo e alumínio. Os valores de pH, condutividade, cálcio, magnésio, manganês, zinco e cobalto apresentaram uma relação temporal decrescente. Em relação ao ambiente, para os dados de condutividade, pH e sódio, foram identificadas diferenças entre as três lagoas. A maioria das variáveis apresentou diferenças significativas entre a água subterrânea e as águas superficiais (rio e lagoa). Na concentração de fósforo foram observadas diferenças entre a água do aqüífero e a água do rio. Estimativa média da contribuição de nitrogênio total e fósforo total via água subterrânea para o conteúdo total nos sistemas conectados oscilaram entre 6% para o sistema Lagoa do Coqueiral a 16% no sistema Lagoa do Camargo respectivamente. No sistema isolado Lagoa dos Cavalos as estimativas da contribuição, via água subterrânea em relação ao conteúdo total da lagoa, foram maiores para o fósforo total (média = 11%) quando comparadas com as estimadas para o nitrogênio total (média = 7%). / The discharge zone of Paranapanema river at Jurumirim reservoir is an area of decreased current velocity associated to a great number of aquatic environments with different hydrodynamic characteristics. To evaluate the influence of the superficial phreatic aquifer in the nutrient dynamics (nitrogen and phosphorus and main cations), three floodplain lakes with different degrees of connection to the main channel were studied: 1) Coqueiral Lake (LCQ), with high connection to Paranapanema river; 2) Camargo Lake (LCM), with permanent connection to the main channel but low \"information\" interchange and 3) Cavalos Lake (LCV), isolated from the main channel. In October 2002 (end of the regional dry period) piezometers were installed at drilled wells to evaluate the piezometric surface and the hydraulic gradient between the main channel and floodplain lakes. During drilling, samples of soil strata were collected to proceed granulometric analysis, cation interchange capacity, organic matter, sum of exchangeable bases, percent base saturation, macro and micro-nutrients. Sampling was undertaken from April 2003 to April 2005. Groundwater samples were collected with 1,0 L bailers, specific for piezometers sampling. At the main channel and floodplain lakes, sampling was undertaken at the subsurface at stations located near the transitions zone between the aquatic and terrestrial systems. The hydraulic conductivity was determined by slug tests. Values of pH, conductivity, total nitrogen and phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, sodium, aluminum, manganese, barium, zinc and cobalt were obtained for the water samples. Hydraulic gradient and pluviometric data showed that the lotic environment exerts influence during the raining period; during the dry one, this role is played by the lakes. Most variables showed temporal variation when submitted to generalized linear models and the test of Tukey. An increased relationship with time was observed for nitrogen, phosphorus and aluminum concentrations. Values of pH, conductivity, calcium, magnesium, manganese, zinc and cobalt showed a decreasing temporal relationship. Concerning the conductivity, pH and sodium data of the environment, differences among the three lakes were evaluated. Most variables showed significative differences between ground and surface waters (river and lakes). The aquifer and river waters showed differences concerning the concentrations of phosphorus. Mean estimates of the total nitrogen and phosphorus groundwater contribution to the total content fluctuated, in the connected system, between 6%, for the Coqueiral Lake system, to 16%, for Camargo Lake system respectively. For the isolated system Cavalos Lake, the groundwater contribution estimates related to the total content of the lake were higher for total phosphorus (average = 11%) when compared to the total nitrogen estimates (average = 7%).

A zona de desembocadura do rio Paranapanema na Represa de Jurumirim é uma região de desaceleração da velocidade da correnteza associada a um grande número de ambientes aquáticos com diferentes características hidrodinâmicas. Com o objetivo de avaliar a influência do aqüífero freático superficial na dinâmica de nutrientes (nitrogênio, fósforo e os principais cátions), foram estudadas três lagoas marginais, com diferentes graus de conexão com o rio: 1) Lagoa do Coqueiral (LCQ), com elevada conectividade com o rio Paranapanema; 2) Lagoa do Camargo (LCM), com conexão permanente com o rio, mas com baixa troca de \"informações\" e 3) Lagoa dos Cavalos (LCV), ambiente isolado do ecossistema lótico. Em outubro de 2002 (final da estação de seca na região) foram perfurados poços e instalados piezômetros para determinação da superfície piezométrica e do gradiente hidráulico entre o rio e as lagoas marginais estudadas. Durante as perfurações foram retiradas amostras dos estratos do solo para análises granulométricas, capacidade de troca de cátions, matéria orgânica, soma de bases trocáveis, porcentagem de saturação de bases, macro-nutrientes e micro-nutrientes. A amostragem foi realizada em campanhas mensais no período de abril de 2003 a abril de 2005. As amostras de água subterrânea foram coletadas com o auxilio de garrafas de coleta, com volume de 1,0 L, específicas para amostragem em piezômetros. No rio e nas lagoas a coleta foi realizada na subsuperfície em pontos próximos da zona de transição entre os sistemas aquático e terrestre. A condutividade hidráulica foi determinada no campo utilizando-se testes do tipo slug. Nas amostras de água foram determinados os valores de pH, condutividade e os teores de nitrogênio total, fósforo total, cálcio, magnésio, sódio, alumínio, manganês, bário, zinco e cobalto. Os resultados obtidos do gradiente hidráulico, juntamente com os dados de precipitação, mostraram que o ambiente lótico torna-se influente no período de chuvas e no período de seca as lagoas, preferencialmente, assumem essa condição. A aplicação de modelos lineares generalizados e do teste de Tukey mostrou variações temporais na maioria das variáveis. Uma relação crescente com o tempo foi observada para as concentrações de nitrogênio, fósforo e alumínio. Os valores de pH, condutividade, cálcio, magnésio, manganês, zinco e cobalto apresentaram uma relação temporal decrescente. Em relação ao ambiente, para os dados de condutividade, pH e sódio, foram identificadas diferenças entre as três lagoas. A maioria das variáveis apresentou diferenças significativas entre a água subterrânea e as águas superficiais (rio e lagoa). Na concentração de fósforo foram observadas diferenças entre a água do aqüífero e a água do rio. Estimativa média da contribuição de nitrogênio total e fósforo total via água subterrânea para o conteúdo total nos sistemas conectados oscilaram entre 6% para o sistema Lagoa do Coqueiral a 16% no sistema Lagoa do Camargo respectivamente. No sistema isolado Lagoa dos Cavalos as estimativas da contribuição, via água subterrânea em relação ao conteúdo total da lagoa, foram maiores para o fósforo total (média = 11%) quando comparadas com as estimadas para o nitrogênio total (média = 7%). / The discharge zone of Paranapanema river at Jurumirim reservoir is an area of decreased current velocity associated to a great number of aquatic environments with different hydrodynamic characteristics. To evaluate the influence of the superficial phreatic aquifer in the nutrient dynamics (nitrogen and phosphorus and main cations), three floodplain lakes with different degrees of connection to the main channel were studied: 1) Coqueiral Lake (LCQ), with high connection to Paranapanema river; 2) Camargo Lake (LCM), with permanent connection to the main channel but low \"information\" interchange and 3) Cavalos Lake (LCV), isolated from the main channel. In October 2002 (end of the regional dry period) piezometers were installed at drilled wells to evaluate the piezometric surface and the hydraulic gradient between the main channel and floodplain lakes. During drilling, samples of soil strata were collected to proceed granulometric analysis, cation interchange capacity, organic matter, sum of exchangeable bases, percent base saturation, macro and micro-nutrients. Sampling was undertaken from April 2003 to April 2005. Groundwater samples were collected with 1,0 L bailers, specific for piezometers sampling. At the main channel and floodplain lakes, sampling was undertaken at the subsurface at stations located near the transitions zone between the aquatic and terrestrial systems. The hydraulic conductivity was determined by slug tests. Values of pH, conductivity, total nitrogen and phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, sodium, aluminum, manganese, barium, zinc and cobalt were obtained for the water samples. Hydraulic gradient and pluviometric data showed that the lotic environment exerts influence during the raining period; during the dry one, this role is played by the lakes. Most variables showed temporal variation when submitted to generalized linear models and the test of Tukey. An increased relationship with time was observed for nitrogen, phosphorus and aluminum concentrations. Values of pH, conductivity, calcium, magnesium, manganese, zinc and cobalt showed a decreasing temporal relationship. Concerning the conductivity, pH and sodium data of the environment, differences among the three lakes were evaluated. Most variables showed significative differences between ground and surface waters (river and lakes). The aquifer and river waters showed differences concerning the concentrations of phosphorus. Mean estimates of the total nitrogen and phosphorus groundwater contribution to the total content fluctuated, in the connected system, between 6%, for the Coqueiral Lake system, to 16%, for Camargo Lake system respectively. For the isolated system Cavalos Lake, the groundwater contribution estimates related to the total content of the lake were higher for total phosphorus (average = 11%) when compared to the total nitrogen estimates (average = 7%).

Obwohl es sehr detaillierte Studien zur Nährstoffretention in einzelnen Auen und Feuchtgebieten gibt, ist die Bedeutung von Auen für die Nährstoffbilanz auf Landschaftsebene wenig untersucht. Dies liegt an dem geringen Wissensstand über die wichtigsten Parameter der Nährstoffretention, nämlich die überflutete Auenfläche sowie die in die Aue strömende Nährstofffracht. Zusätzlich gibt es bislang keinen Ansatz, demzufolge beide Parameter abhängig vom Abfluss, und damit variabel für verschiedene zeitliche Einheiten, berechnet werden können. Aus diesem Grund analysiert diese Arbeit die Überflutungshäufigkeiten der Auen von drei Flüssen, Elbe, Main und Rhein. Darauf aufbauend wird eine Abhängigkeit zwischen der überfluteten Fläche und dem Abfluss empirisch abgeleitet, die auf detaillierten Berechnungen der etablierten Software Flys basieren. Ausgehend auf diesen im Folgenden generalisierten Ergebnissen werden eine letztendlich Ereignis basierte mittlere überflutete Auenfläche sowie einströmende Nährstofffracht abhängig vom jeweiligen Abfluss berechnet. Diese und weitere Geoinformationsdaten wie auch Pegel und Gütedaten finden Eingang in jährliche und monatliche empirische Retentionsmodelle. Die berechnete Nährstoffretention in den Auen ist abhängig von der hydrologischen Konnektivität der Auen und dem tatsächlichen Abfluss. Deshalb wird letztendlich das weiterentwickelte Konzept der Ereignis bezogenen Nährstoffretention angewendet und als am realistischsten in Kombination mit hydro-exponentiellen Retentionsmodellen erachtet. Für die naturnahe Elbe werden in Monaten mit Hochwässern bis zu 9% bzw. 10% Retention der transportierten TP bzw. der NO3-N Fracht berechnet. Die Übertragbarkeit dieser Ergebnisse auf eine deutschlandweite Kulisse ist durch die generalisierten Methoden geschaffen. Die vorliegende Arbeit leistet damit einen Beitrag, die Bedeutung der Auen für die Nährstoffbilanz auf Landschaftsebene abhängig von hydrologischen Gegebenheiten zu quantifizieren. / Although there are detailed studies on nutrient retention in single wetlands and floodplains, the role of riparian floodplains for nutrient retention is not investigated very well on a landscape scale, since knowledge on the most important parameters for nutrient retention, inundated floodplains and incoming load, is insufficient. Additionally, a method for describing these parameters as discharge dependent variables is missing. Therefore, the present work analyzes the flooding frequencies on floodplains of three study rivers, Elbe, Main and Rhine. The relation of inundated floodplain extent and current discharge conditions based on detailed results of the established Software Flys is deduced empirically. Based on these subsequently generalized results, finally event related average inundated floodplain extent respectively, incoming nutrient loads are calculated by considering the effects of the hydrologic conditions of each river system. Therefore, available geodata as well as data on water quality and discharge is processed and serves as input data for yearly and monthly empirical retention models. The calculated nutrient retention in floodplains varies with hydrological connectivity of the floodplain to the surface waters as well as with the current hydrologic condition of the river system. For this reason the finally developed concept of event related nutrient retention is suggested as the most realistic in combination with hydro-exponential retention models. The Elbe floodplains are the most natural, and in years with high floods nutrient retention in the floodplains contributes up to 9% respectively 10% of the monthly transported load of TP and NO3-N, which is significant. The transfer of the results to a German-wide application is possible due the generalization of the methods carried out. With the presented results the hydrology dependent role of floodplains for nutrient balances in river systems can be quantified on a landscape scale.

Increasing food, feed, fiber, biofuel production on decreasing amounts of arable land while simultaneously enhancing ecosystem services is challenging. Strategic inclusion of winter rye (<i>Secale cereale</i>) for biomass, silage, grain and Kura clover (<i>Trifolium ambiguum</i>) living mulch into existing Midwestern cropping systems may offer alternative economic income for farmers without displacing or reducing yields of primary crops. Research was conducted at the Purdue Water Quality Field Station (WQFS) where net balances of water, carbon, nitrogen, and radiation can be measured, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are monitored. The agronomic performance of a corn-soybean rotation and continuous corn (controls) were compared to novel systems that included the use of rye cover cropping and Kura clover co-cropping. Rye was harvested for biomass/silage at heading immediately followed by corn or soybean planting. Continuous corn receiving 69 kg N ha^-1was planted into an establishment of Kura clover sod. Controls included these same systems without the rye or clover. GHG samples were taken via the static chamber method and tile-drained water sub-samples were collected, analyzed for nitrate, and load losses calculated. Biomass composition was determined and used to calculate herbage theoretical ethanol (EtOH) yields. Cereal rye did not significantly decrease corn or soybean grain yield. Averaged across years, Kura clover significantly depressed corn grain yields by nearly 70%. Kura clover significantly reduced flow-weighted tile drainage nitrate (NO₃^-) concentrations, however cereal rye did not. Reductions in flow-weighted tile drainage nitrate (NO₃^-) concentrations were found to largely occur during Quarter two (April, May, June). Cover crops did not significantly reduce annual tile drained NO₃^- load losses in most cases, however, they did significantly reduce annual N₂O emissions. Cumulative annual CH₄ emissions were not significantly altered. Annual CO₂emissions were higher after the introduction of Kura clover and not significantly altered following the introduction of cereal rye. Averaged across years, theoretical ethanol yields in the Kura clover system produced 2,752 L EtOH ha^-1, whereas EtOH production in cereal rye systems ranged from 3,245 to 4,210 L EtOH ha^-1. Theoretical ethanol yields of continuous corn and rotational controls ranged from 2,982 to 3505 L EtOH ha^-1 for these same systems without the cereal rye of Kura clover. These data suggest that a multipurpose approach to cover crop inclusion can provide both environmental and economic advantages worthy of consideration.

<p>Drainage water recycling (DWR) is the practice of capturing, storing, and reusing subsurface drained agricultural water to support supplemental irrigation and has recently been proposed as a practice for improving the crop production and water quality performance in the tile-drained landscape of the U.S. Midwest. This study describes the development of a modeling framework to quantify the potential irrigation and water quality benefits of DWR systems in tile-drained landscapes and the application of the model using ten years of measured weather, tile drain flow and nutrient concentrations, water table, and soil data from two sites in the U.S. Midwest. From this modeling framework, the development and testing of an open-source online tool is also presented.</p><p></p><p>A spreadsheet model was developed to track water flows between a reservoir and drained and irrigated field area at each site. The amount of tile drain flow and associated nutrient loads that could be captured from the field and stored in the reservoir was estimated to calculate the potential water quality benefits of the system. Irrigation benefits were quantified based on the amount of applied irrigation annually. A reservoir size representing 6% to 8% of the field area with an average depth of 3.05 m was sufficient in meeting the annual irrigation requirements during the 10-year period at each site. At this reservoir size, average annual nitrate-N loads were reduced by 20% to 40% and soluble reactive phosphorus loads by 17% to 41%. Variability in precipitation within and across years, and differences in soil water characteristics, resulted in a wide range of potential benefits at the two sites.</p><p>An online tool was developed from the model, and a variance-based global sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine influential and low-sensitivity input parameters. The input parameter, depth of root zone, was the most influential input parameter suggesting that the estimation of total available water for the field water balance is a critical component of the model. Input settings describing the irrigation management and crop coefficients for the initial establishment and mid-season crop growth periods were also influential in impacting the field water balance. Reservoir seepage rate was influential in regard to the reservoir water balance, particularly at larger reservoir sizes. Sensitivity analysis results were used to develop a user-interface for the tool, Evaluating Drainage Water Recycling Decisions (EDWRD).</p><p>This study shows that DWR is capable of providing both irrigation and water quality benefits in the tile-drained landscape of the U.S. Midwest. The developed modeling framework supports future research on the development of strategies to implement and manage DWR systems, and the online tool serves as a resource for users to increase their awareness and understanding of the potential benefits of this novel practice.</p><p></p>

Arkelstorpsviken är en sjö i Kristianstads kommun med övergödningsproblematik känd sedan 1970- talet. Flera projekt har drivits under årens lopp i syfte att identifiera och komma till rätta med påverkanskällor. I detta examensarbete har nya provtagningslokaler valts ut för att kunna identifiera ytterligare påverkanskällor. Analys av fosfor och kväve har utförts för att få en uppskattning på vattenstatusen i respektive vattendrag. Syftet har varit att undersöka om det finns specifika skillnader i kväve- och fosforhalterna vid provtagningslokalerna, identifiera punktkällor med negativ påverkan på vattenkvaliteten samt undersöka samhällets påverkan på näringsbelastningen genom att förlägga provtagningspunkter uppströms och nedströms samhällena Lerjevallen och Oppmanna. Två påverkanskällor har identiferats med höga halter av fosfor som kommer från Immelns och Arkelstorps avloppsreningsverk. De båda avloppsreningsverken uppnår dock de krav och begränsningsvärden som ställs enligt avloppsdirektivet. Undersökningar gällande enskilda avlopp och jordbrukets påverkan har inte gett några säkra resultat. För att kunna dra säkra slutsatser kring dessa påverkanskällor bör provtagningstillfällen i fortsatta studier förläggas under till exempel lågvattenföring. Förslag till åtgärd för att förbättra utgående vattenkvalitet från Immelns reningsverk är att anlägga en våtmark som ett ytterligare reningssteg. / Arkelstorpsviken is a lake in Kristianstad municipality with eutrophication problems known since the 1970s. Several projects have been run over the years in order to identify and address sources of influence. In this thesis, new sampling locations have been selected to be able to identify additional sources of influence. Analysis of phosphorus and nitrogen has been performed to obtain an estimate of the water status in each watercourse. The purpose has been to investigate whether there are specific differences in the nitrogen and phosphorus levels at the sampling locations, identify point sources with a negative impact on water quality and investigate society's impact on nutrient load by locating sampling locations upstream and downstream of the communities Lerjevallen and Oppmanna. Two sources of impact were identified with high levels of phosphorus coming from the Immeln and Arkelstorp wastewater treatment plants. However, the two wastewater treatment plants meet the set requirements and limit values according to the wastewater directive. Studies concerning private sewers and the impact of agriculture have not yielded any definite results. In order to be able to draw reliable conclusions about these sources of influence, sampling opportunities in further studies should be located during, for example, low water flow. Proposed measures to improve outgoing water quality from Immeln's wastewater treatment plant are to construct a wetland as an additional treatment step.