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The effect of dietary protein, protein and energy ratios, fish meal replacement by Soya bean meal and feeding frequency was investigated on the growth, feed efficiency and body composition, of juvenile dusky kob, Argyrosomus japonicus. The effect of dietary protein levels was investigated by comparing isocaloric diets containing 35, 40, 45 and 55% protein. Dietary protein inclusion level significantly affected specific growth rates, feed efficiency and body composition (in terms of fat deposition) and results show that a minimum of 45% and maximum of 52.3% dietary protein is optimal. The protein and energy requirements were investigated by comparing three protein levels (35,40 and 45%) with three lipid levels (6, 9 and 12%) in a 3x3 factorial design. A diet 45% protein and 9% lipid, with a P: E ratio of29 mglkJ and DE of 15.5 kJ/g resulted in an optimal specific growth rate (1.6± 0.2), feed efficiency (FCR= 1.7±0.44; PER= 1.36) and body composition for A. japonicus. To investigate the effect of partial fish meal replacement by Soya bean meal (SBM) in the diet, 20-50% of the protein from fish meal was substituted by protein from SBM, and were compared with a control diet containing only fish meal. No significant differences in the specific growth rates, feed efficiencies and the body composition were recorded for the fish fed the control diet and for fish fed the 20 and 30% SBM treatments. Results show that up to 30% of the protein from fish meal can be replaced with protein from SBM in the diet of this species. The effect of feeding frequency and gut evacuation time was investigated by comparing four feeding frequencies. Fish were fed to satiation either once, twice, three or four times a day. Feed intake was significantly affected by feeding frequency and fish fed 2, 3 and 4 meals a day ate significantly more food (p< 0.05) than the fish fed one meal a day. No significant differences (p> 0.05) in the specific growth rates, feed efficiencies and body composition were recorded for fish fed 2, 3 and 4 times a day. Feed intake was used to calculate an optimal daily ration and feeding two meals a day resulted in an optimal daily ration of 4% BW/day. A gut evacuation time of 7.25 hours indicates that fish fed twice a day probably had sufficient time to digest their food and evacuate their guts, resulting in the same daily feed intake as fish given 3 and 4 meals a day. Results conclude that under the present experimental conditions, a minimum daily ration of 4% BW/day, fed twice a day (in the morning and evening) is required for optimal growth (SGR= 1.33± 0.1), feed efficiency (FCR= 1.96± 0.4; PER= 1.44± 0.2) and body composition in juvenile dusky kob.

Dietary intake for female college students representing both athletic and nonathletic groups was studied using 3-day food records to determine whether there was difference in nutrient intake between groups. Body composition and nutritional beliefs were evaluated. Groups included: repertory dance (n = 4), gymnastics (n = 6), basketball (n = 6), cross-country runners (n = 5), volleyball (n = 4), and softball (n = 8). All groups had adequate calorie, high protein, low iron, zinc intake. All groups except volleyball had high vitamin C intake. Body composition ranged from 13.6%-21.7% fat. Eighty-six percent considered themselves over their optimal weight. A majority wanted more information on nutrition (75%) and on weight control (82%). I conclude there is no significant difference between dietary intake of athletic college women as compared to a nonathletic group, there is no significant difference in dietary intake among groups of athletic women, and athletic women consider dietary intake and nutrition knowledge to be important factors in training and competition.

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 281-328) / iii, 328 leaves : ill. ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / The experiments reported are investigations of the pituitary of rats stunted by undernutrition imposed between birth and 3 weeks of age. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Animal Physiology, 1971

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 281-328) The experiments reported are investigations of the pituitary of rats stunted by undernutrition imposed between birth and 3 weeks of age.

Graduation date: 1943

Past and current research on the biology and culture of the sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus) has stimulated the development of its commercial production. At the inception of this project in 1985, it was decided that the development of an optimal dry feed was the most important step in developing a more complete culture technology for the species. The objectives of the project were, therefore, to investigate aspects of the nutritional physiology and dietary requirements of the species to provide the necessary information for the formulation of optimum economical feeds. A review of the natural feeding biology of the species provided valuable information with regard to its food preferences. From this information, and by estimating the nutritional composition of its preferred natural diet, it could be concluded that the animal requires a relatively high dietary protein content. This conclusion was substantiated by studies of the functional morphology of the digestive system (gross and fine structure). The characteristics of the digestive system and external anatomy were found to be typical of an opportunistic, omnivorous predator. The ontogenetic development of the digestive system is relatively fast, and enables the utilization of a variety of diets efficiently from an early stage. Since the ability of an animal to digest a given substance is predominantly dependent on the presence of appropriate enzymes the quantification and characterization of C. gariepinus digestive enzyme activities were investigated on an experimental basis. This work revealed that the animal has relatively high levels of digestive enzyme activities, and that its proteolytic enzyme activities correspond with those of other carnivorous fishes, while its starch digesting abilities correspond with those of specialized herbivores. Also, the high levels of lysozyme and alkaline phosphatase indicate an adaptation to detritivory, making this fish a truly opportunistic omnivore. Evidence was found to suggest that sharptooth catfish are able to re-absorb secreted digestive enzymes in the posterior section of its intestinal tract. It was shown that digestive enzyme activities were induced by food intake, and that no inherent rhythmicity in digestive activities seemed to occur. The development of digestive enzyme systems in the early life history of this animal was found to be also extremely rapid (complete within 10-16 days after hatching). It was also shown that artificial dry feed stimulates higher levels of digestive enzyme activities in larvae and juveniles than natural food. Although increased cellulase activity was found in larvae and juveniles that were fed on live zooplankton, the relative contribution of exogenous prey enzymes to protein digestion could not be ascertained. Specific nutritional requirements were investigated by means of feeding trials. The results of these trials confirmed the above indications regarding the dietary requirements of sharptooth catfish. It was concluded that for optimal growth and production performance, this animal requires a dietary protein content of 40-42%, a dietary lipid content of 10-12% and that diets should contain 14-16 kJ/g digestible energy. The optimum protein-to-energy ratio was found to be 26-29mg protein per kJ of digestible energy. Dietary requirements are evidently the same for juveniles and adults, except that younger fish require higher relative feeding levels. Finally, practical feed formulations were evaluated in terms of their economic feasibility. The results of these trials are presented along with recommendations on the formulation of commercial feeds for C. gariepinus. A computer program with which to implement least cost feed formulation by means of linear programming is provided.

Thesis (MVoeding)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Objectives: To assess whether actual nutrient intake of hospitalized patients with tuberculosis differed from that served by the hospital and from that required according to current recommendations. Design: Descriptive, cross-sectional study. Setting: Brooklyn Chest Hospital in Brooklyn, Cape Town, the Western Cape, South Africa. Subjects: Thirty patients, 23 male, seven female, with pulmonary tuberculosis, from Brooklyn Chest Hospital were enrolled in the study. Outcome measures: Assessment included dietary intake in order to calculate energy and nutrient intake and requirements, and height and weight at the beginning of the study in order to calculate BMI. Results: Patients were receiving and consuming sufficient macronutrients with the exception of protein in all patients, and micronutrients with the exceptions of calcium, iodine, folate and vitamin E in all patients, betacarotene, vitamin C and vitamin D in male patients, and selenium and pantothenate in female patients. Actual intake consumed in the hospital did not differ from that served by the hospital in the case of male patients, with the exception of iodine, however, due to significant plate wastage by female patients, consumed intake was less than that served by the hospital, with the exceptions of vitamin C and vitamin K. A total of 52% of the male patients, and 71% of the female patients, were normally nourished, according to their BMI. The remainder of the patients were mildly to severely malnourished on the basis of their BMI. Conclusions: According to current recommendations, the patients institutionalized at Brooklyn Chest Hospital for tuberculosis were receiving inadequate protein and selected micronutrients (calcium, iodine, folate and vitamin E in all patients, beta-carotene, vitamin C and vitamin D in male patients, and selenium and pantothenate in female patients). Therefore intervention programs, which serve as an adjunct to anti-tuberculosis therapy, should be introduced in order to rectify inadequate nutrient intake and to target malnourished patients. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Doelstellings: Om te bepaal of die werklike voedingstofinname van gehospitaliseerde pasiënte met tuberkulose verskil van dit wat deur die hospitaal voorgeskryf word, en dit wat huidiglik aanbeveel word. Ontwerp: ‘n Beskrywende, dwarssnit studie. Milieu: Brooklyn Chest Hospitaal, te Brooklyn, Kaapstad, Westelike Provinsie, Suid Afrika. Studie groep: Dertig pasiënte met pulmonale tuberkulose van Brooklyn Chest Hospitaal (23 manlik, en sewe vroulik) is ingesluit in die studie. Toets parameters: Ondersoeke het ingesluit dieëtinname met die doel om energie en voedingstofinname en behoeftes te bereken, asook lengte en gewig meetings aan die begin van die studie om liggaamsmassaindex (LMI) te bereken. Resultate: Pasiënte het genoegsame hoeveelhede makro-voedingstowwe ontvang en ingeneem, met die uitsondering van proteïene by alle pasiënte, asook mikro-voedingstowwe, met die uitsondering van kalsium, jodium, folaat, en vitamine E by alle pasiënte, beta-karoteen, vitamine C en vitamine D by manlike pasiënte en selenium en pantoteensuur by vroulike pasiënte. Die werklike inname van voedsel in die hospitaal het nie verskil van dit wat deur die hospitaal voorgeskryf is in die geval van manlike pasiënte nie, met die uitsondering van jodium. As gevolg van beduidende voedselvermorsing deur vroulike pasiënte was werklike inname egter minder as wat deur die hospitaal voorgeskryf is, met die uitsondering van vitamine C en vitamine K. ‘n Totaal van 52% van die manlike pasiënte en 71% van die vroulike pasiënte het ‘n normale voedingstatus gehad volgens hulle LMI. Die oorblywende pasiënte was gering tot ernstig wangevoed op grond van hul LMI. Gevolgtrekkings: Volgens huidige aanbevelings het pasiënte, wat by Brooklyn Chest Hospitaal gehospitaliseer is vir tuberkulose, nie genoegsame hoeveelhede proteïene of geselekteerde mikro-voedingstowwe ontvang nie (kalsium, jodium, folaat, en vitamine E by alle pasiënte, betakaroteen, vitamine C en vitamine D by manlike pasiënte, en selenium en pantoteensuur by vroulike pasiënte). Daarom word intervensie programme voorgestel om te dien as ‘n toevoeging tot anti-tuberkulose behandeling, met die doel om onvoldoende voedingstof innames reg te stel en om ondervoede pasiënte te teiken.

Graduation date: 1998

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of metabolic acid-base balance on feed intake and susceptibility of dairy heifers to ketoacidosis. Animals were fed two dietary cation-anion difference diets [dietary cation-anion difference is defined as mEq (Na++K+)-(Cl -+S2-) kg-1 dietary dry matter], a high dietary cation-anion difference (positive) and a low dietary cation-anion difference (negative). The heifers fed the positive dietary cation-anion difference had significantly higher blood pH, blood bicarbonate and dry matter intake than heifers fed the negative dietary cation-anion difference. There was an initial decrease in dry matter intake by the heifers fed the negative dietary cation-anion difference. However this difference was not significant by the end of the two week period. It is unclear whether the reduced dry matter intake in the heifers fed the negative dietary cation-anion difference is the result of metabolic-acidosis caused by the anionic salts, poor palatability of the anionic salts or a combination of both. Heifers were induced into a nervous ketosis by feeding 1,3-butanediol. There was no difference in the incidence of ketosis between animals fed positive and negative dietary cation-anion difference. Animals fed the positive diet tended to be more susceptible to anorexia.