Thesis (MVoeding)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Objectives and scope of investigation Following the 1996 recommendations of a FAO/WHO expert panel for the development of food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs) unique and specific to the needs of the populations of different countries, a South African FBDG Working Group was formed and ultimately also a Paediatric FBDG (PFBDG) Working Group with the task of the latter being the development of FBDGs for children younger than 7 years. A set of preliminary PFBDGs, chosen to address the most pressing paediatric public health issues, namely protein-energy malnutrition, micronutrient deficiencies and infectious diseases, were formulated for each age group sub-category (0-6 months, 6-12 months and 1-7 years). The following set of preliminary PFBDGs for the age group 6-12 months were approved by the Working Group to be subjected to consumer testing: • Enjoy time with your baby • From six months start giving your baby small amounts of solid foods • Gradually increase your baby’s meals to five times a day • Keep breast feeding your baby • Offer your baby clean, safe water regularly • Teach your baby to drink from a cup • Take your baby to the clinic every month Assessment of the consumer’s comprehension, interpretation of the proposed guidelines, and ability to apply them, was considered essential before the PFBDGs could be finalised, disseminated to the consumer, and implemented as an educational tool for health professionals and community workers. This study was also the first in which PFBDGs were tested, and was intended to be a pilot study for further testing of PFBDGs for this age category in other parts of the country, adapted for different circumstances. The investigation was conducted among women who were mothers or caregivers to infants 6-12 months of age in the Afrikaans-, English- and Xhosa-speaking communities of the greater Oudtshoorn area, including Bongulethu, Bridgeton and Toekomsrus and its adjacent rural areas of Dysselsdorp, Calitzdorp, Uniondale, Ladismith and Zoar. Methodology The study was designed to be an observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study. Qualitative data was collected from a sample of 64 volunteers who took part in ten focus group discussions each attended by between 3 and 11 participants. Group discussions were recorded on videotape and quantitative and qualitative questionnaires measured pre-discussion knowledge and comprehension of guidelines, perceived hindrances to compliance with guidelines and perceived importance of guidelines as well as socio-demographic data. Results and conclusions With this study, useful and enlightening information was obtained which met the research objectives. Participants discussed the guidelines in depth and information obtained from the questionnaires were found to support what was said during the discussions. Body language or non-verbal communication as observed, and recorded on videotape, also complemented the information gained from the discussions. Summarily it can be said that the guidelines were well-received and perceived as important by the majority of respondents, although some of the guidelines were initially not well-understood without explanation. Furthermore, the fact that the applicability of the guideline on prolonged breast feeding seems to be the most problematic, is a cause for concern. In view of the results obtained in this study, it can be concluded that PFBDGs will have to be supported by extensive and appropriate educational material to be effective when introduced to the public. The findings of this study will be submitted to the PFBDG Working group for consideration before finalisation of the guidelines for the age group 6-12 months. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Doelwitte en omvang van die studie Na aanleiding van die 1996 aanbevelings van ‘n VLO/WGO paneel van kenners vir die ontwikkeling van voedselgebaseerde dieetriglyne (VGDR) wat uniek en spesifiek gerig is tot die behoeftes van die bevolkings van verskillende lande, is ‘n Suid-Afrikaanse VGDR Werkgroep gevorm en uiteindelik ook ‘n Pediatriese VGDR (PVGDR) Werkgroep met die opdrag van laasgenoemde om VGDRe te ontwikkel vir kinders jonger as 7 jaar. ‘n Stel voorlopige Pediatriese VGDRe, gekies om die mees dringende pediatriese publieke gesondheidsvraagstukke, naamlik proteïn-energie wanvoeding, mikronutriënttekorte en infektiewe siektetoestande aan te spreek, is geformuleer vir elke ouderdomsgroep subkategorie (0-6 maande, 6-12 maande en 1-7 jaar). Die volgende stel voorlopige PVGDRe vir die ouderdomsgroep 6-12 maande is deur die Werkgroep goedgekeur om aan verbruikerstoetsing te onderwerp: • Geniet tyd saam met jou baba • Begin vanaf ses maande om jou baba klein hoeveelhede vaste kos te gee • Vermeerder jou baba se maaltye geleidelik na vyf keer per dag • Hou aan om jou baba te borsvoed • Bied gereeld vir jou baba skoon, veilige drinkwater aan • Leer jou baba om uit ‘n koppie te drink • Neem jou baba elke maand kliniek toe Evaluering van die verbruiker se begrip, interpretasie van die riglyne en die vermoë om die riglyne te implementeer, is as noodsaaklik beskou voordat die PVGDRe gefinaliseer kon word, vrygestel kon word aan die publiek, en aan professionele- en gemeenskapsgesondheidswerkers beskikbaar gestel kon word as ‘n onderrighulpmiddel. Hierdie studie was die eerste waarin PVGDRe getoets is en dit is bedoel as ‘n voorloperstudie vir verdere toetsing van PVGDRe vir hierdie ouderdomskategorie in ander dele van die land en aangepas vir ander omstandighede. Die ondersoek is gedoen onder vroue wat moeders of versorgers van babas van 6-12 maande was in die Afrikaans- Engels- en Xhosasprekende gemeenskappe van die groter Oudtshoorn area wat Bongulethu, Bridgton en Toekomsrus insluit asook die nabygeleë plattelandse gemeenskappe van Dysselsdorp, Calitzdorp, Uniondale, Ladismith en Zoar. Metodiek Die studie is ontwerp om ‘n waarnemende en beskrywende analise van ‘n deursnee van die studiepopulasie moontlik te maak. Kwalitatiewe data is verkry van ‘n proefmonster van 64 vrywilligers wat deelgeneem het aan tien fokusgroep besprekings wat elk deur 3 tot 11 persone bygewoon is. Groepbesprekings is op videoband opgeneem en kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe vraelyste het voorbesprekings kennis en begrip van die voorgestelde riglyne, vermeende verhindering tot uitvoering van die riglyne en vermeende belangrikheid van riglyne sowel as sosio-demografiese inligting gemeet. Resultate en gevolgtrekkings Met hierdie studie is bruikbare en verhelderende inligting verkry wat beantwoord het aan die doelwitte van die studie. Deelnemers het die riglyne in diepte bespreek en dit is bevind dat inligting wat van die vraelyste verkry is, ook dit bevestig het wat gedurende die sessies bespreek is. Lyftaal en nie-verbale kommunikasie soos waargeneem en soos op videoband vasgelê, het ook die inligting ondersteun wat van die besprekingsessies verkry is. Opsommend kan gesê word dat die riglyne goed ontvang is en as belangrik beskou is deur die meerderheid van respondente. Sommige van die riglyne was nie vir deelnemers goed verstaanbaar sonder meegaande verduideliking nie. Verder is die feit dat die toepasbaarheid van die riglyn met betrekking tot ‘n verlengde tydperk van borsvoeding voorgekom het as die mees problematiese, ‘n rede tot kommer In die lig van die resultate van hierdie studie, kan daar tot die slotsom gekom word dat PVGDRE ondersteun sal moet word deur omvattende en gepaste onderrigmateriaal om effektief te kan wees wanneer dit aan die publiek bekend bekend gestel word. Die bevindings van hierdie studie sal aan die Pediatriese VGDR Werkgroep voorgelê word vir oorweging voordat riglyne vir die ouderdomsgroep 6-12 maande gefinaliseer word.

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree in Masters in Health Sciences in Nursing, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2017. / Introduction Malnutrition continues to be a major public health problem, especially in children under 5 years of age. Nutritional status is one of the indicators of overall well-being and human resources development of a nation. Aim of the study The aim of the study was to explore and describe experiences of Community Care Givers regarding the assessment of malnutrition in children under 5 years of age in eThekwini District Health Sub-district North area six. Methodology A qualitative, exploratory, descriptive study was used to conduct the study. Semi-structured individual face to face interviews were conducted with 13 participants. The study was guided by Pender’s Model of Health Promotion. Results The findings of the study revealed that participants were dissatisfied with mid upper arm circumference training. They reported lack of support and supervision in their performance such that mid upper arm circumference was non-prioritized. They were dissatisfied with remuneration and they worked under unsafe conditions. Conclusion In order to combat malnutrition in children under 5 years in the community, Community Care Givers need to be vigorously educated on the rationale of malnutrition assessment of children under 5 years in the communities so that they can have insight into what they are doing. Community Care Givers have multiple roles and may need to prioritize their work; this is not easy and requires specific guidance and training from skilled health professionals. / M

The objective of this research is to investigate the food security, food diversity and coping strategies used to access food in households in the Eastern Cape rural village of Timane in Idutywa, Eastern Cape, South Africa. A cross-sectional survey design was used in which a Coping Strategy Index questionnaire designed by Maxwell and Caldwell (2008) and a HDD questionnaire was used to gather data interviewing respondents. This study was conducted in the rural community of Timane which was divided into geographical groups from which household were randomly chosen. A total of 60 adults representing 60 selected households were interviewed to provide information on household dietary diversity. Data was collected on the socio-biographic and HHD parameters of households. Data was analyzed and presented as correlation, percentages, means and SDs. Up to 72% of household received state grants and the Spearman’s correlation between number of children and HDD score was r = 0.38 while that between number of adults in households and HDD score was r = -0.93. Food security in the Timane community largely depends on state grants and HDD increases moderately with the increase in children and decreases with the increase in adults per household. The majority of the households (72%) received state grants as a source of income within which old-age pensions constitute 28% and child grants 38%. The Spearman’s correlation coefficient between the number of children in households of respondents and CSI was 0.78 (P < 001) while that between the number of adults in households and CSIS was 0.2 (P < 001). Household in the rural community of Timane community were found to be food insecure and this gets severe with the increase in the number of children in households. / Life & Consumer Sciences / M.A. (Human Ecology)

Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The human body has developed an integrated antioxidant defence system to protect against free radical damage. Acute exercise may result in the increased generation of free radicals, including reactive oxygen species, and this may overwhelm antioxidant defence systems resulting in oxidative stress. However, it has been shown that individuals who undergo regular exercise training may have improved antioxidant capacity when compared to sedentary controls. Results from research regarding the association between antioxidant capacity and exercise training are however not conclusive and further investigation is required. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the association between the total plasma antioxidant status and selected plasma indicators of antioxidant status and the MnSOD Ala-9Val (-28C®T) polymorphism in trained male athletes (rugby players) and sedentary male students while controlling for dietary intake of the major antioxidants using a validated dietary assessment method. In order to address the potential confounding effect of dietary antioxidant intake on antioxidant status in the main study, a FFQ that measures vitamin C, vitamin E, carotenoid and flavonoid intake was developed. The reproducibility was assessed by the repeat administration of the FFQ (n = 38), while the va lidity was assessed using a 28-day closeended dietary record and repeated plasma vitamin C values (n = 18). Several statistical tests were conducted to compare the values obtained from the FFQ with values obtained from the various reference methods. While results from Bland-Altman plots suggested that the reproducibility and validity of FFQ was not completely satisfactory, similar mean values, moderate to strong correlation coefficients, and a high percentage of individuals classified correctly according to quartiles of intake indicated satisfactory reproducibility and validity of the FFQ in assessing antioxidant intake. Furthermore, moderate to strong validity coefficients obtained from the method of triads also indicated satisfactory validity for the FFQ. The main study involved a cross-sectional study that compared plasma vitamin C and carotenoid levels as well as total plasma antioxidant status in trained rugby players (n = 76) and sedentary male subjects (n = 39) with different MnSOD genotypes, while controlling for dietary antioxidant intake. Rugby players had significantly higher plasma vitamin C and carotenoid levels compared to sedentary students, which indicated more satisfactory plasma antioxidant status. This was also reflected in the tendency for total plasma antioxidant status (ORAC assay) to be higher in rugby players than sedentary students. MnSOD genotype did not influence plasma vitamin C and carotenoid levels or plasma total antioxidant status, with or without control for dietary antioxidant intake. Dietary vitamin C, vitamin E, carotenoid an flavonoid intake (from foods + supplements) was similar for rugby players and sedentary students and was adequate for both groups. Thus the association between antioxidant status and MnSOD genotype in rugby players and sedentary students seemed not to be influenced by dietary antioxidant intake. In conclusion therefore, rugby players undergoing regular exercise training had a more satisfactory antioxidant status compared to sedentary students. Based on this conclusion, the widespread use of antioxidant supplements by athletes is questioned. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die menslike liggaam beskik oor ‘n geintegreerde antioksidantmeganisme om dit teen vryradikaalskade te beskerm. Akute oefening kan bydra tot ‘n verhoogde produksie van vry radikale, insluitend reaktiewe suurstofspesies, wat kan veroorsaak dat die antioksidantbeskermingsmeganisme oorlaai word, wat dan kan aanleiding gee tot die ontstaan van oksidatiewe stress. Dit is aangetoon dat persone wat gereeld oefening doen verbeterde antioksidantkapasiteit toon in vergelyking met persone wat geen oefening doen nie. Die resultate van navorsingstudies wat die verband tussen antioksidantkapasiteit en oefening ondersoek is egter teenstrydig en verdere navorsing op hierdie gebied is essensieël om uitsluitsel te kry oor kontensieuse vraagstukke. Die doel van hierdie studie was dus om ondersoek in te stel na die verband tussen plasma antioksidant status, die MnSOD Ala-9Val (-28C T) polimorfisme en geselekteerde plasma antioksidantmerkers in geoefende manlike atlete (rugby spelers) en ‘n onaktiewe manlike kontrolegroep terwyl gekontroleer word vir die dieetinname van die vernaamste antioksidante. Om vir die potensiële invloed van dieetantioksidantinname op die antioksidantstatus van proefpersone in die hoofstudie te kontroleer, is ‘n voedsel frekwensievraelys wat vitamien C-, vitamien E-, karotenoïed- en flavinoïedinname meet, ontwikkel. Die herhaalbaarheid (betroubaarheid) van die vraelys is getoets deur herhaalde voltooiing daarvan deur ‘n toetsgroep (n=38), terwyl die geldighied getoets is deur gebruik te maak van ‘n 28-dag geslote dieetrekord en herhaalde plasma vitamien C bepalings as verwysingswaardes (n=18). Verskeie statistiese toetse is uitgevoer om die frekwensievraelys waardes met die verskillende verwysingswaardes te vergelyk. Alhoewel die Bland -Altman grafieke nie dui op bevredigende herhaalbaarheid en geldigheid van die voedselfrekwensie vraelys nie, dui gelyke gemiddelde waardes, matig tot sterk en betekenisvolle korrelasiekoeffisiënte en ‘n hoë persentasie individue korrek geklassifiseer volgens kwartiele van inname, wel op bevredigende herhaalbaarheid en geldigheid. Matige tot sterk geldigheidskoeffisiënte is ook verkry met die toepassing van “The method of Triads”, wat verdere steun bied vir bevredigende geldigheid. In die hoofstudie is plasma vitamien C, karotenoïedvlakke en totale plasma antioksidantstatus in manlike rugby spelers (n=76) vergelyk met dié van onaktiewe manlike kontroles (n=39). Vergelykings tussen MnSOD genotipes binne die aktiwiteitsgroepe is ook getref. Al genoemde analises is gekontroleer vir dieet antioksidantinname. Resultate dui daarop dat die plasma vitamien C en karotenoïedvlakke van rugby spelers betekenisvol hoër was as dié van die kontrolegroep, wat dui op ‘n meer bevredigende antioksidantstatus. Hierdie resultaat is ook weerspieël in die feit dat totale plasma antioksidantstatus (ORAC) in die rugby spelers oog geneig was om hoër te wees as dié van die kontrole groep. Dit het ook geblyk dat MnSOD genotipe nie ‘n effek gehad het op plasma vitamien C-, karotenoïed- of totale antioksidantstatus nie, met of sonder kontrole vir dieet antioksidantinname. Die dieet vitamien C-, vitamien E-, karotenoïed- en flavinoïedinname (vanaf voedsel en supplemente) was dieselfde vir rugby spelers en kontrole en was toereikend vir beide groepe. Dit blyk dus dat dat die verband tussen antioksidantstatus en MnSOD genotipe in die twee groepe nie beinvloed is deur antioksidantinname nie. Ten slotte kan die gevolgtrekking gemaak word dat manlike rugby spelers ‘n meer bevredigende antioksidant status het as onaktiwe manlike kontroles. Op grond van hierdie gevolgtrekking word die algemene gebruik van antioksidant supplemente deur atlete bevraagteken.

Protein has been identified as a major reason that people purchase a horse feed, with anecdotal explanations offered for the poor prediction of response of horses to their rations, particularly in the sport horse market. The current research identifies through hierarchical cluster analysis that the myriad of riding feeds offered on the South African market fall into only four simple categories on the basis of wet chemistry. Feeds were subjected to the in vitro gas production technique (IVGPT) described by Pell and Schofield (1993), using equine faecal inoculum. Gas profiles, corrected for control fermentation profiles in the absence of substrate, were fitted to the model described by Campos et al. (2004) to derive GP kinetics. Gas production kinetics, and information in respect of pH, degradation efficiency, lag time and apparent and true digestibilities were obtained. The feeds were tested for glycaemic response in miniature horses using the hexokinase method with deproteinization using an auto analyser (Roche Diagnostics). Blood glucose parameters of feeds (mean, peak, slope and time to peak and area under the curve) in each group were compared by analysis of variance and regression with covariates. In vivo analysis of rates of passage and digestibility using using post-prandial percentages of acid insoluble marker collection was used to study the gastrointestinal process, to indicate foregut and hindgut compartmental flow. The need to balance nitrogen levels with a proportional supply of fermentable carbohydrate contradicts widely used protein intakes in the horse. In vitro fermentation was used in an analysis of nutrient synchrony, to identify optimal fermentative capacity for utilization of horse feeds. The characteristics of horse feeds were related to requirement and were composited in an analysis of the representation of horse feeds that would best reflect optimal utilization in the horse, to produce a method of feed characterisation that would lead to the optimal prediction of response of horses to feeds offered to South African horses. / Thesis (Ph.D.Agric.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2011.

Simulation modeling is an active part of animal nutrition. These complex programs rely on mathematical functions to predict the performance of an animal. The Gompertz equation is a simple, but accurate function that fits animal growth data well. In conjunction with allometry, the growth of a specific genotype can be predicted. Only three parameters are needed to sufficiently describe a genotype, viz. protein weight at maturity (Pm), the Gompertz growth rate parameter (B) and the lipid to protein ratio at maturity (LPRm), These descriptors are lacking for commercial pig genotypes in South Africa, and this hinders the use of models in simulating nutrient requirements. It is the aim of this thesis to estimate these parameters in six South African pig genotypes. Thirty pigs from each of six commercial genotypes were analysed using a serial slaughter method in which pigs were slaughtered at 4 and 14 days of age, and at 30, 40, 70, 80, 90 and 100kg live weight. The animals were choice fed and were housed in conventional housing facilities. Analyses for protein, lipid, water, and ash contents of the empty body at the respective weights were performed. The results indicated that there were no significant differences between the six genotypes in terms of mature weights or B of the various body chemical components, or between the B values estimated for all components across genotypes. The mean of the estimated values for Pm, B and LPRm were 38,8 ± 2.1 kg, 0.012 ± 0.004 day(-1), and 1.16 kg/kg respectively and can therefore be used to adequately describe all six genotypes. The assumption made that all body components have a similar B value is supported. To investigate the possible effects of the environment on growth, a comparative trial was performed on 20 pigs each from genotypes 4, 5 and 6 using chambers in which the temperature could be controlled to within 1 degree C of the setting. All other experimental methodologies were similar to those adopted in the first experiment. No significant differences were found between the two housing facilities, in terms of the genetic parameters, within the respective genotypes supporting the findings of the previous trial. It may therefore be possible to estimate B using the live weight and estimating Pm and lipid at maturity using allometry, instead of going to the expense of a full serial slaughter trial. The allometric coefficients relating lipid, water and ash to protein were 1.18, 0.88 and 0.97 respectively. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2002.

Thesis (Mnutr)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Pregnancy and growth have been found to have a detrimental effect on the micronutrient status of adolescent girls. Dietary studies in adolescents have shown serious shortfalls in their dietary iron and folate intake. The competition for nutrients between the fetus and a pregnant adolescent may carry the risk of complications such as intrauterine growth retardation, pre-eclampsia, both maternal and fetal intrapartum mortality, the increased risk of birth injuries and low birth weight. The aim of the study was to assess the nutritional status of rural black, pregnant teenagers attending the antenatal clinic at Siloam Hospital in the Limpopo Province, with special emphasis on iron and folic acid intake, and evaluation of the newborn babies in terms of weight status and neural tube defects. The nutritional status was determined in 40 pregnant and 40 non-pregnant adolescent girls. The pregnant girls were selected during their first visit to the antenatal clinic, and the non-pregnant girls were selected from nearby schools. The demographic and dietary history questionnaires were used to collect information from the subjects. The dietary intake of the subjects was collected by the completion of a pre-tested quantified food frequency questionnaire. The anthropometric questionnaire was used to get information from the pregnant adolescents and the control group. The infant anthropometric measurements questionnaire provided information on the infant and the outcome of birth. Blood was collected from the pregnant adolescent girls and the control subjects. Anaemia was observed in 57.5% of the pregnant and 27.5% of the non-pregnant adolescents (haemoglobin <Il g/dl and <12 g/dl, respectively). The prevalence of low serum ferritin « 12 ug/L) and low transferrin saturation « 16%) was high in both the pregnant (30% and 60% respectively) and the non-pregnant adolescents (17% and 72.5% respectively). Iron deficiency was observed in 45% of the pregnant girls and 35% of the control subjects. The prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia in the pregnant girls (30%) and the control subjects (22.5%) was high. Low red blood cell folate in pregnant and non-pregnant girls was uncommon. Low serum vitamin BI2 was common in most of the pregnant girls. Analysis of the quantitative food frequency questionnaire (QFFQ) that was completed for 80 of the pregnant and non-pregnant girls showed that 55% had low dietary iron intakes «67% of the RDA) (p = 0.7307). Forty-five percent of the pregnant girls reported taking iron supplements. The QFFQ showed 20% of pregnant girls with low intake of folate (p = 0.0577). Forty-five percent of pregnant girls also reported taking folate supplements. Anthropometric measurements of pregnant girls and their dietary intake could not be correlated to the birth outcome. The social profile of the subjects did not seem to influence their iron and folate status and the outcome of pregnancy. The findings in this study showed that pregnant adolescents appeared to be similar to the non-pregnant adolescent girls socio-economically, anthropometric and nutritionally. We recommend that educational programmes targeted at adolescents and teenagers in the Siloam area should reach girls that could potentially fall pregnant. An educational programme must include: reproductive needs (avoidance of sex or safe sex); nutritional needs, especially targeted at improving nutritional status to meet future reproductive needs; early booking at the antenatal clinic and effective supplementation during pregnancy. The need to improve the dietary and nutrient intake of the adolescent girls should be addressed within the current framework of the Integrated Nutrition Programme (!NP). A food fortification programme with essential micronutrients such as iron, folic acid, zinc and Vitamin A to improve the micronutrient status should be promoted among the adolescent girls. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Daar is bevind dat swangerskap en groei 'n nadelige effek het op die mikronutriëntstatus van vroulike adolessente. Dieetstudies in adolessente het ernstige tekortkominge in dieetyster- en folaatinnames getoon. Die kompetisie vir nutriente tussen die fetus en die swanger adolessent kan verantwoordelik wees vir komplikasies soos intra-uterine groeivertraging, preeklampsie, verhoogde mortaliteit van beide moeder en baba tydens kraam, 'n verhoogde risiko vir geboortebeserings en lae geboortegewig. Die doel van die studie was om die effek van voedingstatus by swart, swanger tieners by die voorgeboortekliniek in Siloam Hospital in die Limpopo-provinsie te bepaal, met spesifieke verwysing na die yster- en foliensuurinname, asook die evaluering van die pasgebore babas in terme van gewig en neurale buis defekte. Die voedingstatus van 40 swanger en 40 nie-swanger adolessente meisies IS bepaal. Die swanger meisies is ewekansig geselekteer gedurende die eerste besoek aan die voorgeboortekliniek , en die nie-swanger meisies is geselekteer by nabygeleë skole. Die demografiese en dieetgeskiedenisvraelyste is gebruik om inligting van die proefpersone in te samel. Voorafgetoetste gekwantifiseerde voedselfrekwensie vraelyste is gebruik om die voedselinname van proefpersone te bepaal. Antropometriese vraelyste is gebruik om antropometriese inligting van die swanger adolessente en die kontrole groep. Die antropometriese vraelys vir babas is gebruik om inligting ten opsigte van die baba aan te teken asook die verloop van die swangerskap. Bloedmonsters is van die swanger tieners en die kontrole groep ingesamel. Anemie is waargeneem by 57.5% van die swanger en 27.5% van die nie-swanger adolessente (hemoglobien <Il g/dl en <12 g/dl onderskeidelik). Die voorkoms van lae serum ferritien « 12 ugIL) en lae transferrienversadiging « 16%) was hoog by beide die swanger (30% en 60%) en die nie-swanger adolessente (17.5% en 72.5% onderskeidelik). Ystergebrek is in 45% van die swanger meisies en in 35% van die kontrole groep waargeneem. Die voorkoms van ystergebrekanemie in die swanger meisies (30%) en die kontrole groep (22.5%) was hoog. Lae rooibloedselfolaat by swanger en nie-swanger meisies is nie algemeen waargeneem nie. Lae serum vitamien B12 was algemeen by die meeste swanger meisies. Ontleding van die gekwantifiseerde voedselfrekwensievraelys (KVFV) wat vir 80 van die swanger en nie-swanger meisies voltooi is, het getoon dat 55% 'n lae dieetysterinname gehad het «67% van die ADT) (p=0.7307). Vyf-en- veertig persent van die swanger meisies het bevestig dat hulle ystersupplemente gebruik het. Die gekwantifiseerde voedselfrekwensievraelys (KVFV) het getoon dat 20% van die swanger meisies 'n lae folaatinname het (0.0577). Vyf-en-veertig persent van die swanger meisies het ook genoem dat hulle folaatsupplemente gebruik het. Die antropometriese metings van swanger meisies en dieetinname kon nie gekorreleer word met die verloop van die geboorte nie. Dit blyk dat die sosiale profiel van die meisies nie 'n effek op die yster- en folaatstatus en op die verloop van swangerskap gehad het nie. Die bevindinge van hierdie studie toon dat swanger en nie-swanger adolessente meisies sosio-ekonomies, antropometries en nutrisioneel dieselfde voorkom. Dit word aanbeveel dat voorligtingsprogramme vir adolessente en tieners in die Siloam-area meisies moet bereik wat moontlik swanger sal word. 'n Voorligtingprogram moet die volgende insluit: reproduktiewe behoeftes (vermyding van seks of veilige seks); voedingbehoeftes, veral geteiken om voedingstatus te verbeter om ten einde toekomstige voorplantingsbehoeftes te vervul; vroeë besoeke aan die voorgeboortekliniek en effektiewe supplementering gedurende swangerskap. Die behoefte om die dieet en nutriëntinname van adolessente meisies te verbeter moet binne die huidige raamwerk van die Geintegreerde Voedingsprogram aangespreek word. 'n Voedselfortfiseringsprogram met essensiële mikronutriënte soos yster, foliensuur, sink en vitamien A om die mikronutriëntstatus van adolessente meisies te verbeter, moet bevorder word.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:55:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 508302 bytes, checksum: 82b934798f078321b76a63d9e0ae85a7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-12 / Universidade Federal de Viçosa / The present work was developed based on four experiments. The two firsts were conducted aiming to evaluate the fecal dry matter production using total fecal collection or estimated by chromic oxide (Cr2O3), titanium dioxide (TiO2), isolated, purified and enriched lignin of Eucalyptus grandis (LIPE®), indigestible neutral and acid detergent fiber (NDFi and ADFi, respectively), in two periods of sample collection (three or five days); to evaluate the use of Cr2O3 and TiO2 to estimate the individual intake of concentrate, and the use of NDFi and ADFi to estimate the individual intake of roughage; and to determine the dry matter intake, the digestibilities coefficients of dry matter and of the nutrients and to determine the microbial protein production in Nellore cattle of three genders. In the first experiment, four heifers were fed with sugar cane plus 1,0% of urea/ammonium sulfate on as-fed basis, ad libitum and 1,0% of live weight in concentrate, fed separate from roughage. Each animal was considered as sub-block (main plots), in a splitplitplot design, being the methods to estimate fecal dry matter the sub-plot and the sampling days the sub-sub-plot. The Cr2O3 and TiO2 were mixed in the concentrate (10 g/animal), and the LIPE® was introduced via cannula (0,5 g/animal). In the second trial, eighteen animals were used, allotted to a complete randomized design, in factorial design 2x3, being two levels of concentrate offer and three genders. The diets had 12,5% CP in the dry matter and the roughage used was corn silage. The ruminal synthesis of nitrogen compounds was estimated using the purine derivatives. All markers estimated properly the fecal dry matter production, with no effects in the sample period, excepting ADFi. There was not difference between Cr2O3 and TiO2 to estimate the individual concentrate intake (P>0,05). There was no significant difference (P>0,05) between genders and levels of concentrate in dry matter intake and nutrient digestibilities, excepted for ether extract. The average microbial efficiency was 133,42 g of microbial CP/kg of TDN. Therefore, it is recommended to use three days of sample collection period because it s cheaper and less labor intensive. The final decision when choosing between Cr2O3 and TiO2 to estimate concentrate intake has to take in account the availability, its cost and laboratorial analysis. The NDFi can be used to estimate the roughage intake. There were not differences in the dry matter intake between Nellore bulls, steers and heifers. The gender didn t influence the microbial protein production. The third experiment was developed aiming to estimate the individual intake of dry matter, concentrate and roughage of animal fed in group. To evaluate the dry matter intake (DMI), daily weight gain (DWG) and feed conversion (FC) by animals of three genders, fed individually or in group, fed two levels of concentrate offer; and determine the effect of two levels of concentrate offer (1, 0% of live weight or 1,25% of live weight) and the genders effect in carcass traits of confined Nellore cattle. It was also the objective to validate the Hankins and Howe (1946) equations, to estimate the carcass physic composition, and the Paulino (2002) equations, to estimate the empty body weight macromineral composition of Nellore cattle; determine the metabolized requirements of energy for maintenance and liquid requirements of crude protein, energy and macromineral for gain, and also the efficiency of conversion of liquid protein requirements into metabolized protein requirements in Nellore cattle. Forty five Nellore (15 bulls, 15 steers and 15 heifers) were used, being nine animals (three of each genders) slaughtered at the beginning performing the reference group. The 36 animals remaining (12 of each gender) were allotted in two levels of concentrate offer (1,0% and 1,25% of live weight) and two schemes of feeding (individually or in group), in a factorial design 2x2x3. The trial lasted 112 days. To estimate the individual DMI of the animal fed in group, the LIPE® was used to estimate the fecal dry matter production, the Cr2O3 and TiO2 to estimate the individual concentrate intake and NDFi and ADFi were used to estimate the individual roughage intake. At the end of the experiment all animals fed individually were slaughtered to determine the empty body weight and corporal composition, being the right carcass divided in five commercial cuts. From left carcass the HH section was obtained. The liquid requirements for gain were obtained by deriving the equation of corporal content of each nutrient, in function of log of empty body weight. The metabolized energy requirements for maintenance were estimated by a regression of retained energy and metabolized energy intake. The efficiency of conversion into metabolized protein was estimated by regressing the protein retained and metabolized protein intake. There were not effects (P>0,05) of concentrate level and feed scheme in DMI, DWG and FC. Bulls were superior to steers in some weights of the commercial cuts and steers were superior to females. Paulino s (2002) equation was efficient to estimate Ca concentration in the empty body weight. For all macromineral were proposed news equations to estimate its contents in empty body weight using the HH section. The equations obtained for retained energy were: RE = 0,0559*EBW0,75*EBWG1,1037 (bulls); RE = 0,0738*EBW0,75* EBWG0,9688 (steers); RE = 0,1020*EBW0,75*EBWG1,0408 (females). The feed scheme did not influence the DMI and DWG of Nellore cattle of three genders. Bulls grow 24% faster than steers and steers grow 22% faster than females. The concentrate offer between 1,0 and 1,25% of live weight did not influence carcass traits in Nellore cattle. Bulls were more efficient in meat deposition and had higher yield in some commercial cuts. Liquid energy requirements for gain increase with higher live weights while liquid protein requirements for gain decrease with higher live weights. The metabolized energy requirements for maintenance were higher for females and the efficiency of conversion into metabolized protein is about 50%. It can be concluded that is possible to estimate the macromineral composition using the HH section in Nellore cattle. The fourth experiment was developed aiming to determine the fraction A, B and kd of dry matter and crude protein of 27 feeds used for ruminants in Brazil. It was also the objective of the trial to determine the intestinal digestibility of rumen undegraded protein by the three steps and the mobile nylon bag techniques. Four Nellore females, cannulated in rumen and duodenum, were fed ad libitum with corn silage and concentrate. The Orskov and McDonald (1979) model was used to obtain the rumen degradability of DM and CP, and the times of incubation were 0, 2, 4, 6, 12, 16, 24, 48 and 72 hours, being after that determined the DM and total nitrogen in the residues of incubation. To determine the intestinal digestibility (ID) of CP was used the three steps and the mobile nylon bag techniques. The ruminal degradation of DM and CP data were similar to literature. The three step technique did not estimate properly the ID of all feed evaluated, excepted for the proteic feeds. The soybean meal (93,95%) had the higher ID of CP using the mobile nylon bag technique, and corn (85,58%), cotton seed meal 46% of CP (84,93%), corn gluten (82,98%) comes after. It can be concluded that the most feeds have total CP digestibility higher or next to 90%, excepting for soybean, coffee and cacao hulls and elephant-grass and corn silage. It is recommended to use the equation IDCP (%) = 5,1906 + 1,1053*X, to correct the ID obtained by the three steps technique for non-proteic feeds, being X the ID obtained by the three steps technique. / O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido a partir de quatro experimentos. Os dois primeiros foram conduzidos com os objetivos de avaliar a produção de matéria seca fecal (MSF) obtida a partir de coleta total ou estimada com o uso de óxido crômico (Cr2O3), dióxido de titânio (TiO2), lignina isolada, purificada e enriquecida de Eucalyptus grandis (LIPE®), fibra em detergente ácido (FDAi) e neutro (FDNi) indigestíveis, adotando-se dois períodos de coleta (três ou cinco dias); avaliar o uso de Cr2O3 ou TiO2 para estimar o consumo de concentrado, e da FDAi e FDNi para estimar o de volumoso; e determinar o consumo de matéria seca (CMS), os coeficientes de digestibilidade da matéria seca e dos nutrientes e a produção de proteína microbiana em animais Nelore de três classes sexuais. No primeiro experimento, foram utilizadas quatro novilhas mestiças, alimentadas com cana-de-açúcar, corrigida com 1,0% de uréia/sulfato de amônio na base da matéria natural, à vontade e oferta de concentrado na base de 1,0 % do peso vivo, fornecido separado do volumoso. Utilizou-se delineamento em sub-blocos, em esquema de parcelas sub-sub-divididas, tendo nas subparcelas os métodos para estimar a MSF e nas sub-sub-parcelas os dias de coleta. O Cr2O3 e o TiO2 foram administrados ao concentrado, na dose de 10 g/animal, e a LIPE® foi colocada via fístula ruminal, na quantidade de 0,5 g/animal. No segundo experimento, foram utilizados 18 animais, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2x3, sendo dois níveis de oferta de concentrado e três classes sexuais. As dietas foram isoprotéicas (12,5% PB) e o volumoso utilizado foi a silagem de milho. A síntese ruminal de compostos nitrogenados foi estimada pela excreção urinária de derivados de purinas. Todos os indicadores estimaram adequadamente a produção de MSF, independente do período de coleta, com exceção da FDAi. Não houve diferença entre o Cr2O3 e o TiO2 para estimar o consumo individual de concentrado (P>0,05). Não houve diferença (P>0,05) entre as classes sexuais e o nível de oferta de concentrado para o CMS e as digestibilidades dos nutrientes, com exceção do extrato etéreo. A eficiência microbiana média encontrada foi de 133,42 g de PB microbiana/kg de NDT. Portanto, recomenda-se utilizar três dias para coletas de fezes, por ser mais barato e menos trabalhos. A escolha entre Cr2O3 e o TiO2 para estimar o consumo de concentrado dependerá de sua disponibilidade e preço, e da facilidade de análises. A FDNi pode ser utilizada para se estimar o consumo individual de volumoso. Não houve diferenças para os consumos de matéria seca entre machos inteiros (MI), machos castrados (MC) e fêmeas (FE) da raça Nelore. A classe sexual não influenciou a produção de proteína microbiana. O terceiro experimento foi conduzido com os objetivos de estimar o consumo individual de matéria seca, de concentrado e de volumoso, de animais alimentados em grupo; avaliar o CMS, o ganho médio diário (GMD) e a conversão alimentar (CA) de animais de três classes sexuais, alimentados individualmente ou em grupo, recebendo dois níveis de oferta de concentrado; e determinar o efeito de níveis de oferta de concentrado (1,00 ou 1,25% do peso vivo) e de classe sexual sobre as características de carcaça de animais Nelore, terminados em confinamento. Também foi objetivo validar as equações de Hankins e Howe (1946), para estimação da composição física da carcaça, e de Paulino (2002) para estimação da composição de macrominerais no corpo vazio de bovinos Nelore; determinar as exigências de energia metabolizável para mantença e exigências líquidas de proteína, energia e macrominerais para ganho, além da eficiência de transformação das exigências líquidas de proteína em exigências de proteína metabolizável, em bovinos Nelore. Foram utilizados 45 bovinos Nelore (15 MC, 15 MI e 15 FE), sendo que nove animais (três de cada classe sexual) foram abatidos ao início do experimento para constituir o grupo referência. Os 36 animais restantes, sendo 12 de cada classe sexual, foram distribuídos em dois esquemas de alimentação (individual ou em grupo), alimentados com dois níveis de oferta de concentrado (1,00 ou 1,25% do PV), perfazendo um esquema fatorial 2x2x3. O experimento teve a duração de 112 dias. Para a estimativa do CMS individual dos animais alimentados em grupo foi utilizada a LIPE® para estimar a produção fecal, o Cr2O3 e o TiO2 para estimar o consumo de concentrado e a FDNi e FDAi para estimar o consumo de volumoso. Ao final do experimento, todos os animais alimentados individualmente foram abatidos para determinação do peso de corpo vazio e composição corporal, sendo que suas meias-carcaças direitas foram divididas em cinco cortes comerciais. Da meia-carcaça esquerda foi retirada a seção HH. As exigências líquidas para ganho de peso foram obtidas derivando-se a equação de predição do conteúdo corporal de cada nutriente, em função do logaritmo do peso de corpo vazio (PCVZ). As exigências de energia metabolizável para mantença foram estimadas a partir da regressão linear da energia retida (ER) em função do consumo de energia metabolizável. A eficiência de conversão das exigências líquidas de proteína em exigências de proteína metabolizável foi obtida pela equação de regressão entre a proteína retida e o consumo de proteína metabolizável. Não houve efeito (P>0,05) do nível de concentrado e do esquema de alimentação sobre o CMS, o GMD e a CA dos animais. Os machos inteiros foram superiores aos MC no rendimento de alguns cortes básicos e estes foram superiores às FE. A equação proposta por Paulino (2002) foi eficiente para se estimar a concentração de Ca no corpo vazio. Para todos minerais estudados foram propostas novas equações para estimar o conteúdo corporal a partir da sua concentração na seção HH. As equações obtidas para estimativa da energia retida foram: ER = 0,0559*PCVZ0,75*GPCVZ1,1037 (MI); ER = 0,0738*PCVZ0,75* GPCVZ0,9688 (MC); ER = 0,1020*PCVZ0,75*GPCVZ1,0408 (FE). O esquema de alimentação não alterou o CMS nem o GMD de animais Nelore de diferentes classes sexuais. Os machos inteiros ganharam aproximadamente 24% a mais de peso do que MC. Os machos castrados ganharam aproximadamente 22% a mais de peso do que FE. Ofertas de concentrado entre 1,00 e 1,25% do PV não influenciaram as principais características de carcaça e seu rendimento, em bovinos Nelore. Os machos inteiros foram mais eficientes que MC e FE, na deposição de carne e apresentaram maiores rendimentos em alguns cortes básicos. As exigências líquidas de energia para ganho aumentaram na medida em que se aumentou o peso vivo dos animais enquanto as exigências líquidas de proteína para ganho diminuíram na medida em que se aumentou o peso vivo dos animais. As exigências líquidas de energia para mantença foram maiores em fêmeas em relação à machos e a eficiência de conversão das exigências líquidas de proteína em exigências de proteína metabolizável foi aproximadamente 50%. Conclui-se que é possível estimar a composição de macrominerais no corpo vazio de bovinos Nelore a partir da seção HH. O quarto experimento teve o objetivo de determinar as frações A e B bem como a taxa de degradação ruminal (Kd), da matéria seca e da proteína bruta, de 27 alimentos utilizados na alimentação de bovinos. Além disso, foi objetivo do trabalho determinar a digestibilidade intestinal da proteína não degradada no rúmen pelas técnicas do saco de náilon móvel e de três estágios. Foram utilizadas quatro fêmeas da raça Nelore, fistuladas no rúmen e no duodeno, e mantidas em sistema de alimentação à vontade, à base de silagem de milho e concentrado. Para a obtenção da degradabilidade ruminal da MS e da PB, os alimentos foram incubados nos tempos 0, 2, 4, 6, 12, 16, 24, 48 e 72 horas, sendo posteriormente determinadas a MS e N total dos resíduos da incubação. As degradabilidades ruminais da PB foram calculadas utilizando-se o modelo proposto por Ørskov e McDonald (1979). Para determinação da digestibilidade intestinal (DI) da proteína bruta foram utilizadas as técnicas do saco de náilon móvel e de três estágios. A maioria dos dados de degradação ruminal da matéria seca e da proteína bruta obtidos estão de acordo com dados encontrados na literatura. A técnica dos três estágios não estimou satisfatoriamente a DI de todos os alimentos avaliados, com exceção dos alimentos protéicos. O farelo de soja foi o alimento que apresentou maior DI da PB (93,95%), seguido pelo milho (85,58%), farelo de algodão 46% de PB (84,93%) e glúten de milho (82,98%), quando se utilizou a técnica do saco de náilon móvel. Concluiu-se que a maioria dos alimentos avaliados possui digestibilidade total da PB maior ou próxima de 90%, com exceção das casca de soja, de café e de cacau e das silagens de milho e de capim-elefante. Recomenda-se a utilização da equação DIPB (%) = 5,1906 + 1,1053*X, para corrigir a DI obtida pela técnica dos três estágios para alimentos não protéicos, sendo X a DI obtida pela técnica de três estágios.

Text in English with abstracts in English, Venda and Sepedi / Background: Suitable complementary feeding practices in young children can ensure optimal nutrition status and reduce under 5 mortality rates (Jones et al., 2014). Inadequate dietary diversity (DD) of the complementary diet both in quality and quantity is one of the major problems affecting infants and young children worldwide (Ntila et al., 2017). Adequate and appropriate nutrition during infancy and early childhood is vital for the growth and development of every child to reach full human potential (PAHO, 2003; WHO, 2008a; UNICEF, 2016). Nutritional vulnerability increases when other factors are also involved, such as poor breast and complementary feeding practices combined with high rates of infectious diseases (Solomons & Vossenaar, 2013; Ntila et al., 2017). There are pockets of information available on complementary feeding practices and its social determinants from specific areas in South Africa, regarding infant and young child feeding practices beyond six months of age and requires further investigation (Issaka et al., 2015; Seonandan & McKerrow, 2016). Aim: To explore the association between mothers’ socio-cultural environment and the dietary diversity of their children between the ages of 6 and 24 months, who attend the health care clinic in Olievenhoutbosch Township, Gauteng. Methodology: A quantitative cross-sectional explorative study was implemented. Data collection was conducted at Olievenhoutbosch clinic in Gauteng during February and March 2019. Mothers of children aged between 6 and 24 months were included and interviewed. Consecutive sampling was applied. The data collection instruments were a set of structured questions to obtain socio-demographic, nutritional knowledge, maternal attitude and feeding practices data. The infant and young child minimum dietary diversity (IYCMDD) questionnaire adapted from the WHO questionnaire was used to determine the DD of each child. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences (CAES) at the University of South Africa. Descriptive and inferential statistics was applied using SPSS version 25 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA). Results: The sample of mothers (n=103) were educated (75% completed matric and 18% completed post-school education), unemployed (73%) and mostly single (53%) which are all factors playing a role in child nutrition. The majority (58%) of children were between the ages of 6 and 11 months while 42% were between the ages of 12 and 24 months. The milk feeding practices differed significantly between the younger and older groups of children with 35% of the younger children receiving breastmilk (in addition to complementary foods), compared to 21% of the older group. Almost half (44%) of the total group reported that maize meal porridge was the first food introduced to their children. Less than half of the mothers (45%) initiated the first foods at the recommended age of 6 months but started as early as one month of age (13%). All children (100%) consumed foods from the “grains, roots and tubers” food group the previous day. Significantly less children from the younger age group were reported to have consumed dairy (38% vs 77%, p<0.001) (other than breast or formula milk), animal flesh foods (31% vs 59%, p=0.014) and legumes (8% vs 24%, p=0.034), compared to the older age group. Significantly more children from the older group met the minimum dietary diversity (MDD) of four food groups compared to the younger group (67% vs 38%, p=0.019). No association was found between most socio-cultural factors (maternal age, marital status, education and employment status) and DD. However, there was an association between maternal ethnicity and DD (𝑥2=16.62, p=0.002). Also, maternal nutrition knowledge and the child’s DD had a significant, positive linear relationship (p=0.026). Lastly, maternal attitude towards feeling confident in not overfeeding the child were associated with meeting the MDD. Conclusion: The diets of young children residing in Olievenhoutbosch, do not meet the criteria for a minimally acceptable diet with only 50% meeting the MDD. Legumes and animal source foods are not consumed in sufficient quantities for complementary feeding. Maternal ethnicity and nutritional knowledge were associated with the child’s DD. More emphasis should be placed on DD for young children. / Vhubvo: Maitele o teaho a thikhedzo ya kuṋetshedzele kwa zwiḽiwa kha vhana vhaṱuku a nga khwaṱhisedza vhuimo ha gumofulu ha pfush na u fhungudza phimo ya dzimpfu dza vhana vha fhasi ha miṅwaha ya fhasi ha 5 (Jones na vhaṅwe, 2014). U sa lingana ha u fhambana ha kuḽele (DD) ha nndyo thikhedzi kha ndeme na tshivhalo ndi dziṅwe dza thaidzo khulwane dzi kwamaho dzitshetshe na vhana vhaṱuku u mona na shango (Ntila na vhaṅwe, 2017). Mufusho wo linganaho na wo teaho musi vhe dzitshetshe na kha vhuhana thangeli ndi dza ndeme kha nyaluwo na nyaluso ya ṅwana muṅwe na muṅwe uri a vhe na vhukoni hoṱhe (PAHO, 2003; WHO, 2008a; UNICEF, 2016). U vha khomboni ha mufusho zwi a ṋaṋa musi hu na zwiṅwe zwithu zwi dzhenelelaho, sa maitele a sa fushi a u mamisa na u tikedza zwo ṱangana na phimo ya nṱha ya malwadze a phirela (Solomons & Vossenaar, 2013; Ntila na vhaṅwe., 2017). Haya ndi mafhungo u ya nga zwipiḓa are hone kha maitele a u ḽisa ha thikhedzo na zwivhangi zwa matshilisano u bva kha vhuṅwe vhupo ha Afrika Tshipembe, maelana na u ḽisa dzitshetshe na vhana vho no fhirisaho miṅwedzi ya rathi, naho ṱhoho iyi i tshi ṱoḓa u senguluswa hafhu (Issaka na vhaṅwe, 2015; Seonandan & McKerrow, 2016). Ndivho: U itela u lavhelesa u elana ha vhupo ha zwa matshilisano na ikonomi ha mme na DD ya vhana vhavho vha vhukati ha miṅwedzi ya 6 na 24, vhane vha ya kiḽiniki ya ndondola mutakalo ngei kha Tshikolobulasi tsha Olievenhoutbosch, Gauteng. Ngona: Ngudo dza vhubuḓasia dza ndingedzo dzo shumiswa. Data yo kuvhanganywa ngei kha kiḽiniki ya Olievenhoutbosch kha ḽa Gauteng nga Luhuhi na Ṱhafamuhwe 2019. Vhomme a vhana vha miṅwedzi ya vhukati ha 6 na 24 vho dzheniswa vha vhudziswa. Vhukhethatsumbonanguludzwa ha thevhekano ho shumiswa. Sethe ya mbudziso dzo dzudzanywaho yo shumiswa u wana u phambano dza matshilisano, nḓivho ya mufusho, kusedzele kwa vhomme na data ya phatheni dza kuḽele. Mbudzisombekanywa ya phambano ya gumofulu ya kuḽele kwa dzitshetshe na vhana vhaṱuku (IYCMDD) u bva kha WHO yo shumiswa u vhona DD ya ṅwana muṅwe na muṅwe. Ṱhanziela dza vhuḓifari dzo wanala u bva kha Komiti ya zwa Vhuḓifari ya Khoḽidzhi ya zwa Vhulimi na Saintsi dza zwa Mupo (CAES) kha Yunivesithi ya Afrika Tshipembe. Mbalombalo dza ṱhalutshedzo na dza u sumbedzisa dzo shumiswa nga u shumisa vesheni ya SPSS 25. Mvelelo: Tsumbonanguludzwa dza vhomme (n = 103) vho funzwaho (75% vho fhedza maṱiriki na 18% yo bvelaphanḓa ya fhedza pfunzo ya nṱha ha tshikolo, vha sa shumi ndi (73%) nahone vhanzhi ndi vha tshilaho vhe vhoṱhe (53%), zwi re zwivhumbi zwoṱhe zwine zwa dzhenelela kha mufusho wa ṅwana. Vhunzhi (60%) ya vhana vho vha vhe vhukati ha miṅwedzi ya 6 u ya kha ya 11, 40% vhe vhukati ha ya 12 u ya kha 24. Kumamisele kwo fhambana vhukuma vhukati ha zwigwada zwa vhaswa na zwa vhahulwane, hune 35% ya vhana vhaṱuku vha vha vha khou wana mikando ya vhomme avho (nṱhani ha zwiḽiwa zwa u tikedza), hu tshi vhambedzwa na 21% ya tshigwada tsha vhahulwane. U ṱoḓa u swika kha hafu (44%) ya tshigwada tshoṱhe vho amba uri mukapu wa mugayo ndi zwone zwiḽiwa zwo thomaho u ḓivhadzwa vhana vhavho. Vhomme vha re fhasi ha hafu (45%) vho them zwiḽiwa zwa u thoma kha miṅwedzi yo themendelwaho ya 6 fhedzi vhaṅwe vha thoma u ṱavhanya vhe kha ṅwedzi muthihi (13%). Vhana vhoṱhe (100%) vho vha vho no ḽa ḽiwa zwi fanaho na thoro, midzi na khufhi sa zwigwada zwa zwiḽiwa ḓuvha ḽo fhiraho. Vha si gathi vhukuma kha vhana vha tshigwada tsha vhaṱuku vho pfi vho ḽa zwiḽiwa zwa mafhi (38% i tshi vhambedzwa na 77%, p < 0.001) (zwi si mafhi a mikando kana a boḓelo), zwiḽiwa zwa ṋama ya phukha (31% i tshi vhambedzwa na 59%, p = 0.014) ḽingaṋawa (8% vha tshi vhambedzwa na 24%, p = 0.034), vha tshi vhambedzwa na zwigwada zwa vhahulwane. Vhunzhi ha vhana vha bvaho kha tshigwada tsha vhahulwane vho swikelela phambano ya gumoṱuku ya nndyo (MDD) ya zwigwada zwiṋa zwi tshi vhambedzwa na tshigwada tsha vhaṱuku (67% i tshi vhambedzwa na 38%, p = 0.019). Ahuna u elana ho wanalaho vhukati ha zwivhumbi zwa mvelele na matshilisano (vhukale ha vhomme, vhuimo ha mbingano, pfunzo na vhuimo ha mushumo) na DD. Fhedzi, ho vha na u elana vhukati ha murafho wa vhomme na DD (𝑥2 = 16.62, p = 0.002). Zwiṅwe hafhu, nḓivho ya mufusho ya vhomme na DD ya ṅwana zwo vha na vhushaka, ha ndeme hu elanaho huvhuya (p = 0.026). Tsha u fhedzisela, kusedzele kwa vhomme kha u ḓipfa vhe na vhuḓifulufheli na u sa ḽisa ṅwana u fhira tshikalo zwo elana na u swikelela MDD. Khunyeledzo: Nndyo ya vhana vhaṱuku vha dzulaho ngei Olievenhoutbosch a i swikeleli maga a gumoṱuku a ṱanganedzwaho a nndyo; ho swikelelwa fhedzi 50% ye ya swikelela MDD. Ḽingaṋawa na tshiko tsha zwiḽiwa zwa zwipuka a zwi khou ḽiwa lwo linganaho kha thikhedzo ya kuḽele. Murafho wa vhomme na nḓivho ya mufusho zwo elana na DD ya ṅwana. Ho vha na khwaṱhisedzo hafhu kha DD ya vhana vhaṱuku. / Tšweletšo ya taba: ditiro tša maleba tša phepo ya tlaleletšo mo go bana ba bannyane di ka netefatša maemo a godimo a phepo le go fokotša kelo ya mahu mo go bana ba ka fase ga mengwaga ye 5 (Jones et al., 2014). Go fapafapana ga dijo fao go sa lekanago (DD) ga dijo tša tlaleletšo go bobedi boleng le bontši ke ye nngwe ya mathata a magolo ao a amago masea le bana ba bannyane lefase ka bophara (Ntila et al., 2017). Phepo ye e lekanego gape ya maleba nako ya bosea le bonnyane e bohlokwa go kgolo le tlhabollo ya ngwana yo mongwe le yo mongwe go fihlelela bogolo bjo bo feletšego (PAHO, 2003; WHO, 2008a; UNICEF, 2016). Kgolo ya hlaelela ya dijo ge dintlha tše dingwe le tšona di amega, go swana le ditshepedišo tša go fokola le phepo ya tlaleletšo go hlakanywa le malwetši a mantši a go fetela (Solomons & Vossenaar, 2013; Ntila et al., 2017). Go na le dipotla tša tshedimošo tšeo di lego gona go ditiro tša phepo ya tlaleletšo le dikelo tša leago go tšwa mafelong a go ikgetha mo Afrika Borwa, mabapi le masea le bana ba bannyane ka morago ga dikgwedi tše tshela, mme hlogo ye e nyaka dinyakišišo (Issaka et al., 2015; Seonandan & McKerrow, 2016). Nepo: go nyakišiša dikamano gare ga bomme le tikologo ya leago le setšo le DD ya bana ba gare ga dikgwedi tše 6 le tše 24, bao ba tsenetšego kliniki ya tša maphelo ya Olievenhoutbosch Township, Gauteng. Mekgwatshepetšo: thuto ya diphatišišo tša go hlakanela ga dikgao e phethagaditšwe. Kgoboketšo ya tshedimošo e dirilwe kliniking ya Olievenhoutbosch mo Gauteng nakong ya Febereware le Matšhe 2019. Bommago bana ba dikgwedi tša gare ga tše 6 le 24 di akareditšwe le go botšišwa. Sehlopha sa go latelana se šomišitšwe. Sete ya dipotšišo tšeo di hlamilwego di šomišitšwe go hwetša tsebo ya dimokrafi ya leago, dijo, maikemišetšo a bomme le tshedimošo ka ga mekgwa ya go fepa. Masea le mehuta ya go fapana ya dijo tša bana (IYCMDD) letlakalapotšišo go tšwa go WHO le šomišitšwe go ela DD ya ngwana yo mongwe le yo mongwe. Hlakišo ya maitshwaro e hweditšwe go Komiti ya Maitshwaro ya Kholetšhe ya Temo le Disaense tša Tikologo (CAES) mo Yunibesithing ya Afrika Borwa. Dipalopalo tša tlhaloso le taetšo di šomišitšwe ge go diragatšwa mohuta wa SPSS 25. Dipoelo: Sekgao sa bomme (n = 103) ba be go ba rutegile (75% ba phethile mphato wa marematlou le 18% ba tšwetšepele go phetha dithuto tša ka morago ga mphato wa marematlou), ga ba šome (73%) le bontši ga se ba nyalwe (53%), tšeo ka moka e lego dintlha tša go raloka karolo ye kgolo go phepo ya bana. Bontši (60%) bja bana ba magareng ga mengwaga ye 6 le ye 11, le 40% e be e le magareng a dikgwedi tše 12 le tše 24. Ditiro tša go nyantšha di fapana kudu gare ga bana ba bannyane le dihlopha tša bana ba bagolwane, ka 35% tša bana ba bannyane bao ba amogelago maswi a letswele (go tlaleletša dijo tša tlaleletšo), ge go bapetšwa le 21% tša batho ba bagolwane. Go nyaka go ba seripagare (44%) sa palomoka seo se begilego gore bogobe bja mabele ke dijo tša mathomo tšeo di tšweleditšwego go bana ba bona. Ka fase ga seripagare sa bomma (45%) ba thomile dijo tša bona tša mathomo ka mengwaga ye e digetšwego ya dikgwedi tše 6 efela di thomile ka kgwedi ya mathomo (13%). Bana ka moka (100%) ba jele dijo go tšwa go dithoro, medu le sehlopha sa dijo tša digwere mo letšatšing le le fetilego. Palo ye ntši ya bana ba bannyane go tšwa go mengwaga ye mennyane ba begilwe ba jele dijo tša maswi (38% vs 77%, p < 0.001) (ntle le maswi a letswele goba a go rekwa), dijo tša nama ya phoofolo (31% vs 59%, p = 0.014) le dinawa (8% vs 24%, p = 0.034), ge go bapetšwa le batho ba mengwaga ya bagolo. Bontši bja bana go tšwa go sehlopha sa ba bagolo ba kgotsofaditše dinyakwa tša go fapana tša dijo (MDD) ya dihlopha tše nne ge go bapetšwa le dihlopha tše dinnyane (67% vs 38%, p = 0.019). Ga go dikamano tšeo di humanwego gare ga dintlha tše dintši tša leago le setšo (mengwaga ya tswalo, maemo a lenyalo, thuto le maemo a mošomo DD. Le ge go le bjalo, go bile le dikamano gare setšo le DD (𝑥2 = 16.62, p = 0.002). Le, tsebo ya dijo le DD ya bana, tswalano ya maleba ya tatelano (p = 0.026). Sa mafelelo, mmono wa bomme go ikwa ba na le boitshepo ka go se fepe ngwana go feta tekanyo tšeo di amanago le go kopana le MDD. Thumo: Dijo tša bana ba bannyane ba go dula Olievenhoutbosch ga ba kgotsofatše dinyakwa tša dijo tše di amogelegago; fela 50% e kopane le MDD. Dinawa le dijo tša mothopo ya diphoofolo ga di lewe ka bontši bja go lekana go dira dijo tša tlaleletšo. Mohlobo le tsebo ya dijo di be di amane le DD ya ngwana. Kgatelelo ye kgolo e swanetše go bewa go DD go bana ba bannyane. / Department of Life and Consumer Science / M.A. (Consumer Science)

MSCPNT / Department of Nutrition