Bakgrund: Patienter inom vården löper risk att drabbas av malnutrition. Flera studier har visat att malnutrition fortfarande är ett stort problem inom vård och omsorg och en viktig patientsäkerhetsfråga. Målsättningen med nutritionsbehandling är att tillgodose patientens fysiologiska behov för att minimera vävnadsförluster och upprätthålla vitala funktioner och därigenom ge möjlighet till tillfrisknande samt förbättrad upplevelse av hälsa. Förr sågs nutritionsbehandling som en stödåtgärd medan den i dag har en mer framträdande roll i patientens vård och behandling. Syfte: Var att undersöka hur kaloriordinationen uppfylls och hur viktutvecklingen sett ut under de dagar studien genomfördes. Metod: En retrospektiv, deskriptiv studie med kvantitativ ansats genomfördes på en intensivvårdsavdelning i en storstadsregion i Sverige. Studien omfattade journaldata från 36 vuxna patienter som analyserades under fem dagar var, vilket resulterade i totalt 180 studerade dagar. Resultat: Under studien uppnåddes kalorimålet sju av 180 dagar. Flertalet patienter visade sig tillföras mellan 80-120 % av ordinationen. Vid granskning av data framkom skillnader i näringstillförsel relaterat till vårdtid. Enligt journaldata överskred 22 av 36 patienter dagligt kalorimål den första dagen på intensivvårdsavdelningen. Hos 26 patienter noterades en viktnedgång mellan ett till åtta kilo. Hos fem patienter fanns en viktökning på mellan två till fem kilo och tre patienter behöll sin vikt. Slutsats: Denna studies resultat visar att det finns skäl att belysa patienters nutritionsbehov med fortsatta studier då nutrition är viktigt för upplevelser av hälsa och tillfrisknande. / Background: Patients in healthcare face the risk of malnutrition. Studies have shown malnutrition is still a significant problem and a serious patient safety issue.The aim of nutritional treatment is to fulfill the patient’s physiological needs in order to minimize loss of tissue and maintain vital functions, increasing the chance of recovery and improving the patient’s perceived health. Nutritional treatment was previously regarded as a supporting measure, whereas today it carries a more significant role in the care and treatment of a patient. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether patients met with prescribed calorimetric targets, and to examine their weight progression. Method: A retrospective descriptive study with a quantitative aim was performed in an intensive care unit in a Swedish city. The study was based on journal entries from 36 adult patients and were studied for five days each, resulting in a total of 180 studied days. Results: During the study prescribed calorimetric targets were met seven times. A majority of the patients received between 80% and 120% of the prescribed target. Examination of the data revealed differences in nutrition related to length of treatment. According to journal entries, 22 out of the 36 patients were overfed the first day in the intensive care unit. A weight loss of between one and eight kilograms was registered in 26 out of 36 patients. Five patients had a weight gain of two to five kilograms. Three patients retained their original weight. Conclusion: The results of this study show that there is call to further study nutritional needs in patients, as nutrition is important for the perception of health as well as for recovery.

Une des questions cruciales dans le débat écologique actuel est de déterminer si la plasticité phénotypique pourra permettre aux espèces de répondre au rythme rapide des changements environnementaux en cours. L’objectif général de cette thèse était d’étudier les effets d’un appauvrissement en acide gras polyinsaturés du type n-3 (AGLPI) sur la plasticité de deux espèces, le bar européen (Dicentrarchus labrax) et le bar rayé (Morone saxatilis). L’effet combiné d’une augmentation de la température et d’une réduction en disponibilité des AGLPI n-3 nutritionnels chez les juvéniles de bar européen a entrainé une modification importante des acides gras neutres musculaires ainsi qu’un taux de croissance et une masse hépatique plus faibles. À température élevée, une croissance accrue a été observée avec les deux régimes, suggérant une absence de carence. En revanche, l’aliment n’a pas eu d’effets sur les facteurs transcriptionnels hépatiques liés à la régulation de la bioconversion des AG. Les juvéniles nourris avec le régime appauvri en AGLPI n-3 présentaient une vitesse critique de nage accrue en présence de contraintes hypoxiques et hypoosmotiques. Chez le bar rayé, le régime alimentaire modifie les profils en AG du muscle (fraction neutre) et du foie. Le régime pauvre en AGLPI n-3 a été associé à une augmentation de la masse cardiaque, sans effet sur la croissance en eau froide. Un niveau de stress plus élevé associé à des mortalités a été observé en eau douce. Ces résultats contribuent à une meilleure compréhension de l’impact des changements globaux sur les organismes aquatiques et ouvrent la voie à de nouvelles perspectives de recherche. / One of the major questions in the current ecological debate about global change is whether phenotypic plasticity will enable species to respond to the rapid pace of ongoing environmental change. The general objective of this thesis was to study the effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) depletion on the plasticity of two species, the European bar (Dicentrarchus labrax) and the striped bass (Moronesaxatilis). In juvenile European bass, the combined effect of an increase in temperature and of a reduction in availability of n-3 nutritional PUFA resulted in marked modifications of the profile in neutral muscular fatty acids and a smaller liver mass.At high temperature, growth was increased with the two diets which suggests an absence of nutritional deficiency.Conversely, diet did not affect the hepatic transcriptional factors involved in regulation of FA bioconversion. Juveniles fed the low AGLPI n-3 diet had a higher critical swimming speed in presence of hypoxic or hypoosmotic constraints. In striped bass juveniles, AGLPI n-3nutritional availability brought modifications of lipid profile both in muscle (neutral fraction) and in liver. Diet with low AGLPI n-3 was associated with a larger cardiac mass, but had no effect on growth in cold water. A higher stress level was observed in FW which was associated to higher mortality.These results contribute to a better understanding of the impact of global changes on marine organisms and pave the way for new research perspectives.

The healthy and right food plays a very important role in everybody's life. It works as a prevention of many diseases of civilization. Good nutrition can contribute to improve life quality. It gives a longer life and we stay more healthy. The most important thing in forming healthy eating habits is our own family. The next important factor is a school where children spend a lot of time. They create their own views and habits there. There are usually canteens at schools which offer some food to pupils. This dissertation is focussed on basic nutrients, education for a healthy lifestyle and the eating habits of pupils from 6 to 16 years at basic schools. I will also look into which food is preferred by pupils - healthy or unhealthy -their eating habits and the ways of their feeding. The aim of my dissertation is to find and evaluate eating habits of children of younger and older school age and detect if these children are interested in what they eat and if we can influence them by edification. In the practical part of my work I'd like to find out through a questionnaire what children at basic school know about healthy nutrition and a healthy lifestyle. The research was done at a peripheral basic school. The questionnaires were given to all pupils of primary and secondary school. The primary school's...