Along with the rapidly increasing demand for high data rate communications, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has become a popular modulation in current and future communication standards. By distributing a high-speed data stream to many parallel low-rate data streams, OFDM is able to mitigate the detrimental effects of multipath fading using simple one-tap equalizers and achieve high spectral efficiency. However, the OFDM signal waveform suffers from large envelop variations, which are usually measured by the peak-to-average power ratio (PAR). In wireless transmitters, many RF components, especially the power amplifiers, are inherently nonlinear and peak power constrained. Therefore, low power efficiency and/or severe nonlinear distortions are the main shortcomings of OFDM systems. In this dissertation, we develop algorithms and analyze performance bounds for peak power constrained wireless communications. To address the balance between power efficiency and nonlinear distortions, we model the peak power constrained OFDM systems in both statistical and deterministic manners. We first propose an error vector magnitude (EVM) optimization algorithm to strictly satisfy the distortion requirements in accordance with communication standards and provide the maximum power efficiency for OFDM transmitters without receiver-side cooperations. Moreover, we develop a multi-channel partial transmit sequence (MCPTS) PAR reduction method for OFDM-based frequency-division multiple access (OFDM-FDMA) multiuser systems, which can achieve significant power efficiency improvement without using side information. Joint MCPTS and power allocation schemes are also proposed to improve the error performance of OFDM-FDMA systems. Furthermore, diversity-enabled communication systems have practical merits in combating channel fadings. Therefore, in the second part of this dissertation, peak power constrained diversity techniques are proposed. The error performance of peak power constrained single-input multiple-output (SIMO) OFDM is studied. Several low-complexity SIMO-OFDM transceiver designs are presented to collect full antenna diversity with respective performance and complexity tradeoffs. The next major piece of work in this dissertation addresses the design of peak power constrained amplify-and-forward (AF) cooperative networks, which enable the cooperative diversity with single-antenna terminals. The effects of the availability of channel state information and the peak power constraint on the diversity performance are theoretically studied. Design criteria for general diversity-enabled AF relaying strategies are established and further applied to the designs in peak power constrained networks. In the end, a general theorem that relates the diversity gain function with the probability density function of instantaneous signal-to-noise ratio is derived and used to analyze the diversity performance of relay selection schemes.

In this thesis we have considered a cognitive radio network (CRN) with a pair of primary user (PU) and secondary user (SU) in spectrum sharing networks in path-loss and without path-loss propagation environments under identically distributed m-Nakagami fading channel. The thesis consists of three parts. In the first part we propose an optimized Takagi-Sugeno Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) based power control strategy in cognitive radio networks (CRN) in spectrum sharing network in without path-loss propagation environment. The second part proposes an optimized Takagi-Sugeno FIS based power control strategy in cognitive radio networks in spectrum sharing network in path-loss propagation environment. For without path-loss propagation environment the proposed FIS takes the interference channel gain ratio between SU transmitter (CUtx) and PU receiver (PUrx) and Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) towards PU transmitter (PUtx) as antecedents and outputs the power scaling factor for SU. For path-loss propagation environment the proposed FIS takes the relative distance ratio between CUtx and PUrx and SNR towards PUtx as antecedents and outputs the power scaling factor for SU. The output power scaling factor is used to vary the transmit power of SU such that it does not degrade the quality of service (QoS) of PU link. The third part presents an implementation of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) transmission technique in CRN. The OFDM technique has intellectual attractive features like coping with the inter symbol interference (ISI), while providing increasing spectral efficiency and improved performance. This can be used in emergency conditions where transmission requires reliability and high data rate. The OFDM transmission technique is applied towards SU transmitter in CRN, which enables SU to utilize the spectrum efficiently under various fading environments. Spectrum sharing networks in with and without path-loss propagation environments and OFDM transmission were tested for bit error rate (BER) performance after fading effects from m-Nakagami fading channel. We conclude that by applying Takagi-Sugeno Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) based power control strategy we can improve the BER performance of PU when compared with no power control strategy and with other fuzzy based power control technique. OFDM transmission technique gives us better data rate and slightly improved BER in CRN hence making it suitable for use in emergency conditions. / mobile: 0735032048 (Muneeb Goraya)

In many modern wireless and wireline communication networks, the interference power from other communication and non-communication devices is increasingly dominating the background noise power, leading to interference limited communication systems. Conventional communication systems have been designed under the assumption that noise in the system can be modeled as additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). While appropriate for thermal noise, the AWGN model does not always capture the interference statistics in modern communication systems. Interference from uncoordinated users and sources is particularly harmful to communication performance because it cannot be mitigated by current interference management techniques. Based on previous statistical-physical models for uncoordinated wireless interference, this dissertation derives similar models for uncoordinated interference in PLC networks. The dissertation then extends these models for wireless and powerline interference to include temporal dependence among amplitude samples. The extensions are validated with measured data. The rest of this dissertation utilizes the proposed models to design receivers in interference limited environments. Prior designs generally adopt suboptimal approaches and often ignore the problem of channel estimation which limits their applicability in practical systems. This dissertation uses the graphical model representation of the OFDM system to propose low-complexity message passing OFDM receivers that leverage recent results in soft-input soft-output decoding, approximate message passing, and sparse signal recovery for joint channel/interference estimation and data decoding. The resulting receivers provide huge improvements in communication performance (more than 10dB) over the conventional receivers at a comparable computational complexity. Finally, this dissertation addresses the design of robust receivers that can be deployed in rapidly varying environments where the interference statistics are constantly changing. / text

Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse portent sur l'étude et la réalisation d'un système d'imagerie SAR (synthetic aperture radar) exploitant deux techniques provenant des communications numériques: la configuration MIMO et les signaux OFDM. Dans la première partie de cette étude, différentes méthodes de focalisation des signaux reçus pour la configuration MIMO sont proposées afin de mesurer l'impact de la configuration MIMO sur la robustesse du système d'imagerie SAR par rapport aux bruits. Par ailleurs, on mesure aussi l'impact de la configuration MIMO sur la résolution en azimut. Finalement, un système expérimental est développé au sein du laboratoire afin de confirmer les résultats obtenus par simulation. Dans la deuxième partie de cette étude, une méthode de réduction de l'ambiguïté en distance est proposée et validée par simulation. Cependant, l'utilisation de signaux classiques de type \textit{chirps} montre ses limites pour la réduction de l'ambiguïté en distance. Ainsi, une méthode de conception de signaux OFDM est développée afin de résoudre ce problème. Une dernière étude sur les signaux OFDM est mené dans le cadre de son utilisation dans la configuration MIMO pour l'imagerie SAR. L'impact des signaux OFDM sur la résolution azimutale ainsi que sur les différents paramètres de qualité images est étudié.

Multicarrier systems are widely used today due to their robustness to multipath effects and efficient implementation using FFT. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system is a class of multicarrier modulation which consists of splitting up a wide-band signal at a high symbol rate into several lower rate signals, each one occupying a narrower band. System performance improves because subcarriers experience flat fading channels and are orthogonal to one another. Recently, a number of papers have focused on a new alternative called Filter bank based multicarrier system (FBMC) which can offer a number of advantages over CP-OFDM system such as the improved spectral efficiency by not using a redundant CP and by having much better control of the out-of-band emission due to the time-frequency localized shaping pulses.Furthermore, asynchronism inherently exists in several communication systems due to many factors e.g. the propagation delays and the spatial distribution of users. As one of the most challenging issue in design of communication systems, the asynchronism can harmfully affect the system performance by causing the so-called asynchronous interference.In this dissertation, we investigate the impact of asynchronism on the performance of OFDM FBMC systems. First, we present a unified framework for multicarrier interference characterization and analysis in asynchronous environments. We propose a new family of interference tables that model the correlation between a given interfering subcarrier and the victim one, not only as a function of the spectral distance separating both subcarriers but also with respect to the timing misalignment between the subcarriers holders. These tables are derived for CP-OFDM, PHYDYAS-FBMC and IOTA-FBMC systems. Furthermore, the impact of the asynchronous interference on the average error rate and the average spectral efficiency of OFDM and FBMC systems is addressed. Based on computing the moment generating functions of the asynchronous interference power, simple new expressions for the exact evaluation of the average error rate and the average spectral efficiency are derived considering the frequency correlation fading between adjacent interfering subcarriers. These expressions significantly reduce the computation complexity of the performance evaluation.For each technique two scenarios are examined: fully-loaded network and partially loaded ones. The accuracy of the obtained expressions has been validated through different simulation results. In contrast to OFDM, FBMC waveforms are demonstrated to be less sensitive to timing asynchronism, due to the better frequency localization of the used prototype filters.

During the past few years, Power Line Communications (PLC) have become a popular connectivity solution to answer the growing need of home networks for bandwidth. As wireless technologies, this solution spares the user from cabling its Local Area Network (LAN), by directly using the home power grid as a transmission medium. While PLC generally offer a larger coverage than Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN), the capacity offered by current systems is not sufficient to simultaneously support bandwidth intensive streams. In this thesis, we aim at exploring various solutions for future PLC networks. Firstly, we aim at improving the spectral efficiency of the current systems' Physical (PHY) layer, where two modulation schemes are compared. On the one hand, we study the modulation deployed in current PLC networks, called windowed Orthogonal requency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), and we highlight the main limitation of this solution in the particular context of PLC. On the other hand, we show that and alternative solution, called OFDM/Offset Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (OQAM), offers some degrees of freedom which could highly benefit to PLC networks. Secondly, the study is oriented toward the Media Access Control (MAC) layer of PLC systems, considering a multiuser utilization of the network. In this second part, we aim at proposing allocation solutions that will allow a more efficient utilization of the limited and shared transmission resource. We firstly study the opportunity of defining an Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) transmission scheme for point-to-multipoint transmissions, in order to increase data rates by taking advantage of the diversity between users' channels. Finally, the last Chapter is dedicated to the study of broadcast and multicast communications in PLC networks, where we show that a smart aggregation of the set of users to reach could greatly improve efficiency of multicast transmissions.

Dans le contexte des Réseaux Optiques Passifs (PON), les opérateurs recherchent des solutions innovantes pour augmenter le débit agrégé, nombre d'utilisateurs et portée de la transmission. En plus, des solutions émetteurs-récepteurs à bas coût sont nécessaires. La technique de transmission Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) peut améliorer les performances de la communication en termes de débit agrégé et portée comparé à la modulation classique On-Off Keying (OOK) mono-porteuse. Au même temps, la technologie Photonique sur Silicium permet de réduire le coût par unité des émetteurs-récepteurs, en raison de sa capacité de production en masse et intégration électro-optique. L'OFDM optique a déjà démontré son potentiel avec des composants optiques sur étagère. Par contre, son utilisation avec des émetteurs compatibles avec la technologie Photonique sur Silicium est plus difficile. L'objectif de ce travail est d'étudier les performances d'un lien basé sur des composants Photoniques sur Silicium utilisant la technique de modulation OFDM. Pour atteindre cet objectif, une plateforme de simulation dédiée est développée. Le modulateur-démodulateur OFDM est mise en place, ainsi que des modèles d'émetteurs Photoniques sur Silicium développés pendant la thèse. Ces modèles sont validés expérimentalement avec la caractérisation des composants disponibles au laboratoire. En parallèle, un banc expérimental est construit. Les émetteurs Photoniques sur Silicium sont comparés avec des composants à l'état-de-l' art sur étagère dans un lien OFDM optique. Dans les systèmes en modulation d'intensité et détection directe (IM/DD), une technique d'allocation quasi-optimale de bits et puissance avec de l'OFDM optique est proposée pour maximiser l'efficacité spectrale. Deux types d'émetteurs Photoniques sur Silicium sont considérés : des lasers hybrides III/V-sur-Silicium en modulation directe (expérimentation) et des modulateurs externes comme le Mach-Zehnder (MZM) (simulation) et en anneau-résonant (expérimentation et simulation). Les résultats expérimentaux montrent qu'un débit agrégé de 10Gbps peut être attendu jusqu'à 50km de fibre monomode, compatible avec les exigences de futures générations de PONs. La portée de la transmission (>10Gbps) avec le modulateur en anneau est limitée à 20km, en raison des pertes de couplage élevé en entrée/sortie de la puce. Les simulations montrent que la portée peut atteindre 100km si les pertes sont réduites. Une technique de modulation appelée Single-Side Band (SSB)-OFDM est connu pour améliorer le produit bande-passante-portée de la transmission, en comparaison avec des systèmes IM/DD (Dual-Side Band (DSB)). Par contre, l'émetteur SSB exige plusieurs composants électriques et optiques discrets, augmentant sa complexité. La technologie Photonique sur Silicium permet de un haut niveau d'intégration électro-optique. Pour cette raison, une implémentation spécifique d'un modulateur optique IQ sur Silicium permettant une génération efficace d'un signal SSB-OFDM est étudiée. Les résultats de simulation d'un cas d'étude montrent que l'émetteur Silicium permet d'atteindre une pénalité dans le budget optique relativement faible (de l'ordre de 3dB) comparé à un modulateur LiNbO3. Les solutions présentées dans cette thèse répondent aux besoins de future générations de PON en termes de débit avec des bandes-passantes relativement faibles (<6.25GHz). Ceci est un atout pour l'application considérée. Les tensions de modulations pour les liens IM/DD sont proches des celles fournies par l'électronique CMOS (about 2Vpp). Le développement récent de processeurs numériques et de convertisseurs numériques-analogiques à haut débit en CMOS font de l'OFDM une solution très attractive pour les futures générations de PONs, puisque des transmetteurs tout-Silicium peuvent désormais être envisagés.

Le marché de l'électronique dans l'automobile est en constante augmentation. En effet, nos voitures embarquent de plus en plus d'électroniques pour améliorer notre confort, notre sécurité et même nos loisirs avec l'arrivée d'applications de type multimédia. À cela s'ajoute une nécessité pour ces fonctions de communiquer entre elles qui est toujours plus importante. Cela n'est pas sans conséquences pour les constructeurs et équipementiers de l'automobile qui assistent à un engorgement des faisceaux de câbles permettant l'échange de données entre les calculateurs, les capteurs et bien d'autres fonctions. De nouvelles architectures de réseaux et de calculateurs semblent alors nécessaires comme cela a été le cas il y a quelques années avec l'apparition des réseaux multiplexés comme le CAN et récemment le FlexRay. Dans ce travail de thèse, nous proposons d'étudier un nouveau type de réseau de communication qui ne nécessite pas l'ajout de nouveaux câbles et qui laisse présager des débits élevés: le courant porteur en ligne (CPL). Plus précisément, le CPL est un moyen de communication bien connu de l'Indoor qui permet d'utiliser le réseau électrique pour échanger des données. Ce type de réseau serait potentiellement intéressant pour des applications d'aide à la conduite et de multimédia. Dans une première partie, nous avons réalisé une étude de faisabilité qui a utilisé des modems dédiés aux communications CPL Indoor. Les standards HPAV et HD-PLC ont été testés et les résultats montrent des débits supérieurs à 10 Mbps. Ensuite, nous avons étudié plus spécifiquement le canal de propagation CPL à partir de mesures faites sur quatre véhicules. Cela nous a permis d'entreprendre une étude de caractérisation du canal: bande de cohérence, étalement des retards, bruit de fond et bruits impulsifs. Dans une deuxième partie, un travail de simulation a été réalisé afin d'étudier plus spécifiquement les performances d'une transmission multi-porteuse de type DMT. L'influence de la topologie, des points dans le réseau électrique ainsi que les scénarios (véhicule à l'arrêt, en fonctionnement, ...) ont été mis en évidence et ont confirmé les variations des débits de l'étude de faisabilité. Ensuite, nous avons cherché à optimiser deux paramètres importants dans le but de maximiser les débits: l'intervalle de garde et l'espacement entre porteuses. Il en ressort que nous pouvons augmenter l'espacement entre porteuses et réduire la taille de l'intervalle de garde comparé au standard HPAV. Enfin, nous montrons que la couche PHY d'un système CPL pour l'automobile doit être, comme l'Indoor, adaptative aux variations et à la diversité des canaux de propagation. Dans une dernière partie, nous présentons notre démonstrateur qui utilise une plateforme radio logicielle USRP2. Il est original dans sa réalisation car il permet de construire la couche PHY de manière logicielle sur un GPP. Ce principe offre une grande souplesse et la flexibilité nécessaire à un prototype. De premiers tests d'une communication CPL intra-véhicule confirment les résultats obtenus en simulation. Des mesures de débits atteignables, dans une bande de [0-12.5] MHz, ont été faites pour deux cas: voiture à l'arrêt et moteur allumé.

In wireless communications systems, the transmission channel between the transmitter and the receiver antennas is one of the main sources of disruption for the signal. The multicarrier modulations, such as the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), are very robust against the multipath effect, and allow to recover the transmitted signal with a low error rate, when they are combined with a channel encoding. The channel estimation then plays a key role in the performance of the communications systems. In this PhD thesis, we study techniques based on least square (LS) and minimum mean square error (MMSE) estimators. The MMSE is optimal, but is much more complex than LS, and requires the a priori knowledge of the second order moment of the channel and the noise. In this presentation, two methods that allow to reach a performance close to the one of LMMSE while getting around its drawback are investigated. In another way, a third part of the presentation investigates the errors of estimation due to the interpolations.

Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) has been adopted by many broadband wireless communication systems for the simplicity of the receiver technique to support high data rates and user mobility. However, studies also show that the advantage of OFDM over the single-carrier modulation schemes could be substantially compromised by timing or frequency estimation errors at the receiver. In this thesis we investigate the synchronization problem for practical OFDM systems using a system model generalized from the IEEE 802.11 and IEEE 802.16 standards. For preamble based synchronization schemes, which are most common in the downlink of wireless communication systems, we propose a novel timing acquisition algorithm which minimizes false alarm probability and indirectly improves correct detection probability. We then introduce a universal fractional carrier frequency offset (CFO) estimator that outperforms conventional methods at low signal to noise ratio with lower complexity. More accurate timing and frequency estimates can be obtained by our proposed frequency-domain algorithms incorporating channel knowledge. We derive four joint frequency, timing, and channel estimators with different approximations, and then propose a hybrid integer CFO estimation scheme to provide flexible performance and complexity tradeoffs. When the exact channel delay profile is unknown at the receiver, we present a successive timing estimation algorithm to solve the timing ambiguity. Both analytical and simulation results are presented to confirm the performance of the proposed methods in various realistic channel conditions. The ranging based synchronization scheme is most commonly used in the uplink of wireless communication systems. Here we propose a successive multiuser detection algorithm to mitigate multiple access interference and achieve better performance than that of conventional single-user based methods. A reduced-complexity version of the successive algorithm feasible for hardware real-time implementation is also presented in the thesis. To better understand the performance of a ranging detector from a system point of view, we develop a technique that can directly translate a detector�s missed detection probability into the maximum number of users that the method can support in one cell with a given number of ranging opportunities. The analytical results match the simulations reasonably well and show that the proposed successive algorithms allow a base station to serve more than double the number of users supported by the conventional methods. Finally, we investigate inter-carrier interference which is caused by the timevarying communication channels. We derive the bounds on the power of residual inter-carrier interference that cannot be mitigated by a frequency-domain equalizer with a given number of taps. We also propose a Turbo equalization scheme using the novel grouped Particle filter, which approaches the performance of the Maximum A Posterior algorithm with much lower complexity.