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Le Smart Grid a révolutionné la politique énergétique et a permis de redistribuer les rôles des différentes entités dans le marché de l'électricité. Le client résidentiel est au cceur de cette révolution. Il est désormais capable de gérer sa consommation à travers le contrôle et la commande des appareils électriques domestiques à distance, de produire de l'électricité, de la stocker et de la vendre. Le CPL bas débit est adopté par plusieurs acteurs de distribution d'électricité à l'échelle mondiale. Ce travail a comme objectif d'évaluer la possibilité de l'utilisation des protocoles CPL bas débit dans des applications de gestion de consommation électrique et de contrôle et de commande des appareils électriques domestiques à distance. Pour ce faire, nous avons réalisé une campagne de mesure de réponse du canal CPL dans 12 maisons pour caractériser et modéliser les fonctions de transfert dans la bande de fréquence [9kHz-500kHz]. A l'issue de cette campagne de mesure, nous avons distingué 5 classes de canaux selon leurs capacités de transmission et nous avons modélisé les fonctions de transfert à l'aide des filtres numériques FIR. En plus des réponses du canal, nous nous sommes intéressés aux perturbations électromagnétiques dans la bande [9kHz-500kHz]. Nous avons réalisé 376 enregistrements de bruits CPL dans différentes maisons. Les mesures de bruits ont été par la suite caractérisées et classifiées en bruits stationnaires, bruits périodiques et bruits apériodiques. Pour chaque type de bruit, nous avons proposé des exemples de régénération. / The Smart Grid is an important part of the third technological revolution. The final client is now able to improve his energy consumption efficiency via the control of the domestic appliances. The narrowband power lines protocols are adopted by many international utilities and DSO to ensure the control of the distribution power grid. In this thesis, we propose to use theses protocols for domestic electrical grid management. To assess the performances of the narrowband PLC systems in domestic environment, we have realized two measurements campaigns in many houses. The first campaign is dedicated to the domestic PLC channel response in the band of [9kHz-500kHz]. The measurements are classified into 5 classes according to their transmission capacities. To model the channel measurements, a modeling approach based on FIR filters is adopted. The second measurements campaign aims to characterize and to reproduce the PLC domestic noise in the band of [9kHz-500kHz]. The measurements are classified into stationary noise, periodic noise and aperiodic noise. Some examples of noise generation are proposed for every form of noise.

Les connexions au réseau Ethernet deviennent de plus en plus nombreuse dans le domaine domestique. Dans ce travail, la transmission par le réseau électrique domestique est privilégiée. C'est le principe des courants porteurs en ligne (CPL). Ce concept permet d'obtenir des débits de transmission pouvant être supérieurs aux transmissions Wifi. Cependant les performances peuvent être dégradées par l'environnement électrique et électromagnétique de l'habitat domestique. Ce mémoire a pour objectif de modéliser l'environnement électrique domestique et le comportement des équipements qui y sont déployés. Les différents types de bruit présents dans l'environnement domestique ont été modélisés afin d'estimer leur influence sur la qualité de transmission CPL. Une modélisation des lignes électriques a été effectuée sous la forme de circuits électriques propices à l'intégration dans les outils de simulation numérique de type SPICE. La modélisation d'un câble à deux conducteurs a été étendue un à trois câble à conducteurs. La présence des appareils électriques a un impact important sur la communication CPL. Ce mémoire présente deux approches pour modéliser les effets induits. Les bruits impulsifs périodiques et apériodiques sont modélisés pour compléter l'outil d'analyse développé. / Ethernet network connections are becoming more numerous in the domestic domain. In this work, the transmission on the power grid is preferred. This is the principle of powerline communication (PLC). This concept allows for transmission rates that can be higher Wifi transmissions. However, the performance can be degraded by environmental electrical and electromagnetic domestic housing. This thesis aims to model the electrical house environment and behavior of equipment that are deployed. Different types of noise present in the domestic environment were modeled to estimate their influence on the transmission quality CPL. Modeling of power lines was realised in the form of electrical circuits suitable for integration into simulation SPICE tools. The modeling of a two-wire cable has been extended to a three-conductor cable. The presence of electrical equipment has a significant impact on the PLC communication. This thesis presents two approaches to model the effects induced. The periodic and aperiodic impulsive noise is modeled to complete the analysis tool developed.

Les technologies CPL offrent une possibilité de créer un réseau informatique en utilisant le réseau électrique domestique comme support de communication. Elles offrent aujourd’hui des débits suffisants pour mettre en place les mêmes applications que sur les réseaux wifi ou Ethernet. Néanmoins, les performances sont très tributaires de la configuration électrique et électromagnétique de l’habitation et peuvent se révéler dans plusieurs cas non satisfaisantes. L’objectif de ce mémoire est de développer un outil déterministe permettant de qualifier une installation électrique vis-À-Vis du CPL. Après une analyse et une étude comparative des modèles les fréquents dans les travaux scientifiques, celui basé sur les multi trajets a été choisi et implémenté. L’outil permet de calculer des paramètres du canal entre deux points du réseau. Les éléments de protection (disjoncteurs) non repris dans la littérature ont été caractérisés et modélisés. L’impact de la topologie du réseau (dérivation, étoile, cascade) et du type de câble (R02V, ICT) a été investigué. Lorsque la topologie du réseau électrique n’est pas connue, nous avons initié une approche pour la déterminer à partir des temps de propagation d’une impulsion entre les prises de courant. / Power line communications (PLC) technologies allow deploying low cost home data network using power cables as transmission lines. They offer nowadays data rate sometimes upper than those of Wifi standard. However, PLC performances strongly depend on the electric and electromagnetic environment of the domestic power grid. The announced data rates are then rarely achieved. The aim of this work is to develop a tool computing the expected PLC performances of a given network. Frequent PLC models are compared and the multipath model has been chosen after than analysis. The developed simulator can compute the transmission parameters (transfer function, channel capacity, coherence bandwidth) between two points of the grid. The influence of the grid topology and the cable type is investigated. When the grid topology is unknown, an algorithm to compute it has been initiated from the pulse propagation times between power outlets.

Submitted by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio (fiscina@bahia.fiocruz.br) on 2016-03-04T18:04:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Alana Alves Farias Análise da marcação...2015.pdf: 1042656 bytes, checksum: 8c570ad74d5f6150c8fb9527f324b2d4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio (fiscina@bahia.fiocruz.br) on 2016-03-04T18:05:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Alana Alves Farias Análise da marcação...2015.pdf: 1042656 bytes, checksum: 8c570ad74d5f6150c8fb9527f324b2d4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-04T18:05:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alana Alves Farias Análise da marcação...2015.pdf: 1042656 bytes, checksum: 8c570ad74d5f6150c8fb9527f324b2d4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasil / ntrodução e objetivos: O glioblastoma multiforme é um glioma de alto grau que apresenta um prognóstico ruim. O diagnóstico definitivo é estabelecido pela avaliação histológica, porém este pode apresentar conflitos na classificação, com isso surge à necessidade de ferramentas que auxiliem o patologista em sua análise. Atualmente, maior ênfase tem sido dada a alterações na glicosilação, pois estão associadas a neoplasias, e a descoberta da capacidade de lectinas em reconhecer tais alterações fez destas, ferramentas aplicáveis para o diagnóstico biomédico. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a marcação das lectinas CpL, WGA e Con A em células da linhagem C6 e astrócitos. Métodos: As células foram cultivadas em condições estéreis, a 37ºC em atmosfera com 5 % de CO2 até atingirem confluência. Em seguida, foram lavadas com PBS e marcadas com as lectinas CpL, WGA e Con A numa concentração de 1 mg/ml, o controle negativo foi obtido com adição do carboidrato inibidor das lectinas (D-galactose, β-N-acetilglucosamina e glicose), respectivamente, numa concentração de 0,1 M. A incubação se deu por uma hora com proteção da luz, a análise foi realizada em microscópio de fluorescência. Para a quantificação em citometria de fluxo, as células foram marcadas obedecendo ao mesmo protocolo anterior, com exceção do tempo de incubação que se deu por 15 minutos. Posteriormente, as células foram lavadas, centrifugadas, transferidas para tubos e ressuspensas em PBS para a realização da leitura em citômetro. Resultados: A lectina CpL apresentou melhor marcação para os astrócitos, porém, ainda assim, mostra baixo desempenho comparado com as demais lectinas. Já a lectina WGA apresentou marcação eficiente tanto para astrócitos quanto para as células C6, esta última apresentou o dobro de emissão. Desta forma, é possível inferir que as lectinas CpL e WGA não são capazes de reconhecer diferenças importantes no perfil de glicoconjugados nas membranas das células C6 e dos astrócitos. Entretanto, a lectina Con A revelou marcação eficiente em relação às células C6 capaz de definir a forma celular, mostrando que há uma distribuição quase uniforme destes carboidratos ao longo da superfície da membrana, e ainda exibiu mediana de fluorescência cerca de 99 vezes superior em relação aos astrócitos. Assim, a Con A mostrou ser um marcador capaz de diferenciar as células da linhagem de glioma murino das células de cultura primária. Conclusão: Com base nestes resultados podemos inferir que a lectina Con A pode auxiliar numa identificação mais eficiente com possibilidade de um diagnóstico mais seguro. / Introduction and objectives: Glioblastoma multiforme is a high-grade glioma that has a poor prognosis. The definitive diagnosis is established by histological assessment. However, this can present conflicts in grading gliomas, which justifies new tools to assist the pathologist in his analysis. Currently, it is known that there are changes in glycosylation pattern of molecules associated with cancer, and the discovery of the ability of lectins to recognize these changes made these tools applicable for biomedical diagnosis. Thus, the aim of this study is to analyze the labelling of C6 and astrocyte lineage cells with fluorescent lectins CpL, WGA and Con A. Methods: The cells were cultured under sterile conditions at 37°C in an atmosphere with 5% CO2 until they reached confluence. They were then washed with PBS and labeled with CpL, WGA, or Con A lectins in a concentration of 1 mg/ml. Negative controls were incubated with the carbohydrate that competitively inhibits the reaction (D-galactose, β-N-acetylglucosamine and glucose, respectively), at a concentration of 0.1 M. The incubation occurred for one hour with protection from the light, the analysis was performed on a fluorescence microscope. For flow cytometry quantitation, cells were labeled following the same previous protocol, except that the incubation time was 15 minutes. Subsequently, the cells were washed, centrifuged, transferred to tubes and resuspended in PBS to carry out the reading on a cytometer. Results: The CpL lectin better labeled astrocytes. However, it showed a poor performance compared to other lectins. On the other hand, the WGA lectin efficiently marked both astrocytes and C6 cells; the latter presented the double emission compared to the former. Thus, it is possible to infer that the CpL and WGA lectins are not able to recognize important differences in the glycosylation profile in the membranes of C6 cells and astrocytes. However, the lectin Con A efficiently marked C6 cells, defining their morphology and showing that there is a nearly uniform distribution of glucose along the surface of the membrane, which was not observed in astrocytes. This also exhibited a median fluorescence about 99 times greater than that obtained for astrocytes. Thus, Con A showed to be a marker capable of differentiate cells of murine glioma lineage from primary astrocytes. Conclusion: Based on these results we can infer that the Con A lectin may be a tool for a more efficient identification of glioma cells in histopathological analysis.

Les communications à courant porteur en ligne (CPL) permettent de transmettre des données haut débit en utilisant le réseau électrique comme support de transmission. Cependant la complexité et la diversité des topologies, la diversité des appareils électriques domestiques connectés sur le réseau et les perturbations électromagnétiques peuvent limiter les performances de cette technologie. Ce mémoire a pour objectif d’analyser les caractéristiques du réseau et les performances d’une liaison CPL large bande et de souligner les topologies et charges du réseau qui dégradent les performances de la liaison CPL. La démarche scientifique consiste tout d’abord à caractériser le canal de transmission principalement en termes de gain d’insertion, puis à caractériser les performances de la liaison en termes de capacité, afin de dégager les caractéristiques de topologie ayant une influence prépondérante sur la liaison. Cette caractérisation se décompose en deux parties. Une première partie expérimentale étudie l’impact de la charge du réseau et du réseau de distribution avec un réseau test. Une seconde partie théorique souligne l’influence de la topologie et des impédances de charges domestiques à l’aide d’un outil de simulation basé sur la théorie des lignes multifilaires liée à la topologie électromagnétique. Deux modes de transmission sont étudiés ; une liaison SISO (Single Input Single Output), où le modem d’émission/réception est relié au réseau via un couplage capacitif entre la phase et le neutre et une transmission MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) pour laquelle les signaux sont émis/reçus simultanément sur deux paires, entre phase et neutre et entre terre et neutre. / Powerline communication (PLC) is used to transmit high-speed data using power network as a transmission medium. However the complexity and diversity of electrical network topologies, the diversity of domestic electrical appliances connected to the network and the electromagnetic disturbances can limit the performance of this technology. The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the network characteristics and the performance of a broadband PLC link and also to highlight network topologies and loads that affect the performance of a PLC communication. The scientific approach consists firstly in characterizing the transmission channel in terms of insertion gain and then in characterizing the performance of the PLC link in terms of Shannon's capacity, in order to identify the topology characteristics that mainly influence the communication. This characterization is divided into two parts. A first experimental part studies the impact of the load and of the architecture of the electrical distribution network. A second theoretical part emphasizes on the influence of the topology and the impedances of domestic loads using a simulation tool based on the multiwire transmission line theory and the electromagnetic topology. Two transmissions are studied; a SISO (Single Input Single Output) link with the PLC transmitter and receiver connected to the network via capacitive coupling between phase and neutral, and a MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) link where signals are transmitted / received between two pairs of wires : phase-neutral and earth-neutral.

La gestion de la distribution de l'énergie électrique produite à partir de sources renouvelables comme l'énergie solaire et l'énergie éolienne est un verrou technologique pour améliorer les performances et la stabilité de l'ensemble des processus de transfert d'énergie. Ainsi, les recherches sur les lignes électriques utilisées comme supports de communication sont très prometteuses pour la gestion d’installation de petites et moyennes puissances comprenant de nombreux générateurs, pas forcément conçus initialement dans une démarche de fiabilité. En outre, cette nouvelle possibilité de gestion permet d'améliorer les performances et la stabilité dans le processus de transfert global d'énergie. Cette étude est particulièrement orientée vers une architecture distribuée pour la gestion photovoltaïque parallèle et/ou multi-générateurs incluant d’autres technologies telles que l’éolien par exemple connectés sur un réseau à courant continu servant également de support de communication tel que le système CPL. Le CPL, en utilisant la technique de modulation, permet le transfert de l'information telles que la température, la puissance instantanée, l’auto-test etc… nécessaires pour optimiser la production d'énergie. Le but de ce travail consiste en l'étude d’une solution CPL conçue pour travailler sur bus HVDC reliant des systèmes de production d’énergie renouvelable. Les circuits développés pour le CPL seront donc considérés comme des interfaces entre le convertisseur intelligent DC-DC et le bus HVDC. Ils seront basés sur une partie matérielle constituée d’un émetteur-récepteur intégrant une interface de modulation-démodulation sur le bus HVDC et un processeur de signal assurant le traitement des diverses informations échangées entre les capteurs d'entrées et le monitoring / Managing the distribution of electrical energy from renewable sources such as solar and wind energy is a technological barrier to improve performance and stability of the whole process of transfer of energy sources. Thus, research on power lines used as communication media are very promising for the facility management of small and middle powers with many generators, not necessarily initially designed in a process reliability. In addition, this new option allows management to improve performance and stability in the overall process of energy transfer. This study is particularly directed to a distributed parallel management for photovoltaic and / or multi-generators including other technologies such as wind, for example connected to a DC network also serves as a communication such as PLC system architecture. The PLC, using the modulation technique, allows the transfer of information such as temperature, the instantaneous power, the self-test etc. ... needed to optimize the energy production. The aim of this work is the study of a CPL solution designed to work on HVDC bus connecting renewable energy production systems. Circuits developed for the CPL will be considered as interfaces between the DC-DC converter and smart HVDC bus. They will be based on a hardware part consists of a transceiver interface incorporating a modulation-demodulation on the HVDC bus and a signal processor which processes the information exchanged between the various input sensors and monitoring

Today customization of services and applications is one of the major challenges in facilitating ease of use. More and more people are interested in context aware services. In this work, I will study context awareness: What contributions can it make? What technical issues are raised? I will concentrate on the semantic problem and show how new technologies such as a web ontology language can facilitate creating context aware services. An application was implemented using these principles as a proof of concept and to enable some evaluation of this approach. This application has shown that combining semantic processing with SIP call processing is feasible and measurements have demonstrated a highly scalable context aware application for at least simple CPL scripts. / I dagens läge är en av de stora utmaningarna att skräddarsy applikationer och tjänster efter kundens begär för att höja användarvänligheten. Fler och fler kunder intresserar sig för tjänster som är kontextuppmärksamma. Jag kommer i mitt arbete att studera detta, mina frågeställningar är huvudsakligen, hur är detta användbart? Vad slags tekniska problem uppstår kring applikationen av detta koncept? Jag kommer att koncentrera mig på semantiska problem och visa hur nya teknologier så som webbontologispråk kan underlätta då man skapar tjänster som är kontextuppmärksamma. Jag kommer även att skapa en applikation där jag använder dessa principer för att visa konceptet och för att underlätta för en utvärdering av detta tillvägagångssätt. Denna applikation samt mätdata visar att det är möjligt att kombinera semantisk bearbetning och SIP anropsbearbetning för att skapa oerhört robusta applikationer, åtminstonde för enkla CPL script, som är hållbara i ett stort omfång av systemstorlekar.

With today's global distribution of movies, series, documentaries, and more, the need for a standardised system for storing content has emerged. Over-the-top media services such as Netflix, HBO, and Amazon Prime are storing large amounts of content, and by providing it internationally, the content multiplies when it has to conform to regional standards and regulations. The organisation Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE) has, in the light of this, created a standard called the Interoperable Master Format (IMF). This component-based media lowers storage costs drastically by only storing and managing the media elements that are unique between versions. In management of media content, one of the tasks is verification, a process where the content is checked for errors. By incorporation this process into an IMF workflow, the efficiency could be considerably improved. The objective of this thesis is to explore the use of IMF today and design a tool used for verification of IMF package data, solving present problems in the verification workflow. By looking more deeply into the IMF standard and the needs of people working with verification, a prototype could be created that attends to the needs of the user while simultaneously conforming to the IMF workflow. The prototype was received well by design experts and there is a potential of the further development of it.

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