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Caracterização molecular da resistência aos carbapenêmicos em enterobactérias isoladas em hospitais brasileiros / Molecular characterization of carbapenem resistance in enterobacteria isolated in Brazilian hospitalsAguilar, Mónica Alejandra Pavez 27 August 2009 (has links)
Introdução: Após o surgimento e disseminação das β-lactamases (BL) de amplo espectro em membros da família Enterobacteriaceae, os antibióticos carbapenêmicos (imipenem, meropenem, ertapenem) têm sido considerados a terapia de escolha pela estabilidade apresentada contra estas enzimas. Infelizmente, em 2005, o primeiro caso de infecção fatal por um isolado de Klebsiella pneumoniae resistente aos carbapenêmicos foi relatado em nosso país. A partir deste, novos casos de infecção, inclusive por outros gêneros da família Enterobacteriaceae como Enterobacter, Providencia e Escherichia, começaram a surgir. Como mecanismo de resistência aos carbapenêmicos, a expressão de enzimas carbapenemases tem sido mundialmente relatada, enquanto que, a impermeabilidade associada à produção de enzimas do tipo AmpC ou ESBL tem sido esporádica. Com relação à mobilização dos determinantes genéticos de resistência, elementos móveis como integrons e plasmídios têm sido associados. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar os mecanismos de resistência aos carbapenêmicos, sua mobilização genética e disseminação clonal em amostras clínicas de enterobactérias isoladas em diversos hospitais brasileiros. Material e métodos: Foram estudadas 28 cepas recuperadas de oito centros hospitalares descritas como resistentes ao imipenem. A caracterização fenotípica foi realizada por: i) determinação da CIM na presença e ausência de inibidores de BL, ii) bioensaio para produção de BL e iii) SDS-PAGE para investigar a ausência de porinas. A confirmação genotípica da resistência mediada por β-lactamases foi realizada por PCR e seqüenciamento e a sua localização plasmidial foi estudada por transformação. Por último, a tipagem molecular foi realizada pela técnica de ERIC-PCR, sendo confirmada pela técnica de PFGE. Resultados: 25 cepas apresentaram resistência para carbapenêmicos (imipenem MIC 8-128 µg/mL), todas com perfil de multiresistência incluindo cefoxitina (CIM90 ≥32 µg/mL). Foram identificados três determinantes de resistência, entre eles, a produção de carbapenemases de tipo MBL (IMP-1) e a enzima KPC-2, recentemente descrita, sendo emergente no país. O mecanismo mais prevalente nas amostras estudadas foi a impermeabilidade de membrana associada à expressão de enzimas do tipo AmpC (CMY-2 plasmidial para E. coli e AmpC cromossômica no caso de Enterobacter aerogenes), as quais mostraram uma contribuição significativa para a resistência aos carbapenêmicos. Dos 28 isolados, 18 apresentaram a perda da porina de 36 kDa, responsável pela entrada de antimicrobianos na bactéria, como os carbapenêmicos. Tanto os genes blaKPC-2 e blaCMY-2 foram transferidos com êxito para E. coli DH10B, confirmando sua localização plasmidial. A co-produção de carbapenemase ou enzimas do tipo AmpC com ESBL do tipo CTX-M foi confirmada em 68% dos isolados. A tipagem molecular mostrou uma disseminação clonal para os isolados carregando determinantes IMP-1 e as enzimas do tipo AmpC cromossômica e plasmidial. Ao contrário, isolados expressando KPC não foram clonalmente relacionadas. Conclusão: A caracterização de resistência apresentada neste trabalho demonstrou uma mudança no perfil de resistência da família Enterobactériaceae devido à sua versatilidade para a aquisição de novos mecanismos de resistência, como sua adaptação aos ambientes hostis. A perda da porina foi o mecanismo mais freqüente nesta família e a co-produção de BL foi um evento associado. Finalmente, os dados obtidos na tipagem molecular denotaram uma disseminação majoritariamente clonal na cidade de São Paulo, com exceção das cepas produtoras de KPC-2, cuja presença tem sido relatada em outras cidades do país, sugerindo a participação de uma transferência horizontal. / Introduction: After emergence, and dissemination of extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) in members of the Enterobacteriaceae family, carbapenem antibiotics (imipenem, meropenem, ertapenem) have been the therapy of choice, since they are stable to ESBL hydrolysis. Unfortunately, in 2005, the first fatal case of infection by carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae was related in our country. From this episode, new infection cases, including by other genders of Enterobacteriaceae such as Enterobacter, Providencia and Escherichia, began to appear. Regarding carbapenem resistance mechanisms, expression of carbapenem hydrolyzing enzymes has been worldwide reported, whereas interplay between impermeability and AmpC or ESBL production has been sporadic. Furthermore, integrons and plasmids have been associated with mobilization of genetic determinants. The aim of this study was to characterize the mechanisms of resistance to carbapenems, their genetic mobilization and clonal dissemination in enterobacterial isolates recovered from clinical samples in Brazilian hospitals. Material and methods: 28 imipenem-resistant isolates recovered from 8 hospital centres were studied. Phenotypic profiles were characterized by: i) MIC of carbapenems in the presence/absence of β-lactamase inhibitors; ii) bioassay for β-lactamase production; iii) SDS-PAGE to investigate absence of outer membrane porins (OMPs). Molecular characterization of β-lactamase-mediated resistance was made by PCR and DNA sequencing and their plasmid localization was evaluated by transformation. Finally, epidemiological typing was performed by ERIC-PCR, being confirmed by PFGE. Results: 25 isolates were confirmed as being resistant to imipenem (MIC 8-128 µg/mL), exhibiting a multidrug-resistant profile, including to cefoxitin (MIC90 ≥32 µg/mL). Two main mechanism of resistance were identified: i) hydrolysis of carbapenem by class B (IMP-1-like MBL) and class A (KPC-2) enzymes, (the latter being recently reported in our country), and ii) outer membrane impermeability associated to AmpC enzyme production (plasmid-mediated CMY-2 for E. coli and chromosomal AmpC for E. aerogenes), which was the most prevalent mechanism found. Eighteen of 28 isolates lacked 36kDa OMP, which is responsible for uptake of carbapenem antibiotics. The blaKPC-2 and blaCMY-2 genes were successful transferred to E. coli DH10B, confirming the plasmid location of both genes. Co-production of carbapenemases or AmpC and CTXM enzymes was confirmed in 68% of isolates, and molecular typing showed clonal dissemination of IMP-1-, plasmid AmpC- and chromosomal AmpC-producing isolates. Otherwise, KPC-2-producing isolates were not clonally related. Conclusion: The characterization of resistance mechanisms to carbapenems, in this study, reveals a change in the resistance patterns among Enterobacteriaceae family members in Brazilian hospitals, due to versatility of isolates to acquire new resistance determinants, which it has favoured the adaptation to hostile environments. Lack of 36 kDa OMP was the most frequent resistance mechanism, being associated to co-production of β-lactamases. Finally, molecular typing denote a clonal dissemination of imipenem-resistant isolates in Sao Paulo city, with exception of KPC-2-producing isolates, which have been described in other Brazilian cities, suggesting a horizontal gene transfer.
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Caracterização molecular da resistência aos carbapenêmicos em enterobactérias isoladas em hospitais brasileiros / Molecular characterization of carbapenem resistance in enterobacteria isolated in Brazilian hospitalsMónica Alejandra Pavez Aguilar 27 August 2009 (has links)
Introdução: Após o surgimento e disseminação das β-lactamases (BL) de amplo espectro em membros da família Enterobacteriaceae, os antibióticos carbapenêmicos (imipenem, meropenem, ertapenem) têm sido considerados a terapia de escolha pela estabilidade apresentada contra estas enzimas. Infelizmente, em 2005, o primeiro caso de infecção fatal por um isolado de Klebsiella pneumoniae resistente aos carbapenêmicos foi relatado em nosso país. A partir deste, novos casos de infecção, inclusive por outros gêneros da família Enterobacteriaceae como Enterobacter, Providencia e Escherichia, começaram a surgir. Como mecanismo de resistência aos carbapenêmicos, a expressão de enzimas carbapenemases tem sido mundialmente relatada, enquanto que, a impermeabilidade associada à produção de enzimas do tipo AmpC ou ESBL tem sido esporádica. Com relação à mobilização dos determinantes genéticos de resistência, elementos móveis como integrons e plasmídios têm sido associados. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar os mecanismos de resistência aos carbapenêmicos, sua mobilização genética e disseminação clonal em amostras clínicas de enterobactérias isoladas em diversos hospitais brasileiros. Material e métodos: Foram estudadas 28 cepas recuperadas de oito centros hospitalares descritas como resistentes ao imipenem. A caracterização fenotípica foi realizada por: i) determinação da CIM na presença e ausência de inibidores de BL, ii) bioensaio para produção de BL e iii) SDS-PAGE para investigar a ausência de porinas. A confirmação genotípica da resistência mediada por β-lactamases foi realizada por PCR e seqüenciamento e a sua localização plasmidial foi estudada por transformação. Por último, a tipagem molecular foi realizada pela técnica de ERIC-PCR, sendo confirmada pela técnica de PFGE. Resultados: 25 cepas apresentaram resistência para carbapenêmicos (imipenem MIC 8-128 µg/mL), todas com perfil de multiresistência incluindo cefoxitina (CIM90 ≥32 µg/mL). Foram identificados três determinantes de resistência, entre eles, a produção de carbapenemases de tipo MBL (IMP-1) e a enzima KPC-2, recentemente descrita, sendo emergente no país. O mecanismo mais prevalente nas amostras estudadas foi a impermeabilidade de membrana associada à expressão de enzimas do tipo AmpC (CMY-2 plasmidial para E. coli e AmpC cromossômica no caso de Enterobacter aerogenes), as quais mostraram uma contribuição significativa para a resistência aos carbapenêmicos. Dos 28 isolados, 18 apresentaram a perda da porina de 36 kDa, responsável pela entrada de antimicrobianos na bactéria, como os carbapenêmicos. Tanto os genes blaKPC-2 e blaCMY-2 foram transferidos com êxito para E. coli DH10B, confirmando sua localização plasmidial. A co-produção de carbapenemase ou enzimas do tipo AmpC com ESBL do tipo CTX-M foi confirmada em 68% dos isolados. A tipagem molecular mostrou uma disseminação clonal para os isolados carregando determinantes IMP-1 e as enzimas do tipo AmpC cromossômica e plasmidial. Ao contrário, isolados expressando KPC não foram clonalmente relacionadas. Conclusão: A caracterização de resistência apresentada neste trabalho demonstrou uma mudança no perfil de resistência da família Enterobactériaceae devido à sua versatilidade para a aquisição de novos mecanismos de resistência, como sua adaptação aos ambientes hostis. A perda da porina foi o mecanismo mais freqüente nesta família e a co-produção de BL foi um evento associado. Finalmente, os dados obtidos na tipagem molecular denotaram uma disseminação majoritariamente clonal na cidade de São Paulo, com exceção das cepas produtoras de KPC-2, cuja presença tem sido relatada em outras cidades do país, sugerindo a participação de uma transferência horizontal. / Introduction: After emergence, and dissemination of extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) in members of the Enterobacteriaceae family, carbapenem antibiotics (imipenem, meropenem, ertapenem) have been the therapy of choice, since they are stable to ESBL hydrolysis. Unfortunately, in 2005, the first fatal case of infection by carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae was related in our country. From this episode, new infection cases, including by other genders of Enterobacteriaceae such as Enterobacter, Providencia and Escherichia, began to appear. Regarding carbapenem resistance mechanisms, expression of carbapenem hydrolyzing enzymes has been worldwide reported, whereas interplay between impermeability and AmpC or ESBL production has been sporadic. Furthermore, integrons and plasmids have been associated with mobilization of genetic determinants. The aim of this study was to characterize the mechanisms of resistance to carbapenems, their genetic mobilization and clonal dissemination in enterobacterial isolates recovered from clinical samples in Brazilian hospitals. Material and methods: 28 imipenem-resistant isolates recovered from 8 hospital centres were studied. Phenotypic profiles were characterized by: i) MIC of carbapenems in the presence/absence of β-lactamase inhibitors; ii) bioassay for β-lactamase production; iii) SDS-PAGE to investigate absence of outer membrane porins (OMPs). Molecular characterization of β-lactamase-mediated resistance was made by PCR and DNA sequencing and their plasmid localization was evaluated by transformation. Finally, epidemiological typing was performed by ERIC-PCR, being confirmed by PFGE. Results: 25 isolates were confirmed as being resistant to imipenem (MIC 8-128 µg/mL), exhibiting a multidrug-resistant profile, including to cefoxitin (MIC90 ≥32 µg/mL). Two main mechanism of resistance were identified: i) hydrolysis of carbapenem by class B (IMP-1-like MBL) and class A (KPC-2) enzymes, (the latter being recently reported in our country), and ii) outer membrane impermeability associated to AmpC enzyme production (plasmid-mediated CMY-2 for E. coli and chromosomal AmpC for E. aerogenes), which was the most prevalent mechanism found. Eighteen of 28 isolates lacked 36kDa OMP, which is responsible for uptake of carbapenem antibiotics. The blaKPC-2 and blaCMY-2 genes were successful transferred to E. coli DH10B, confirming the plasmid location of both genes. Co-production of carbapenemases or AmpC and CTXM enzymes was confirmed in 68% of isolates, and molecular typing showed clonal dissemination of IMP-1-, plasmid AmpC- and chromosomal AmpC-producing isolates. Otherwise, KPC-2-producing isolates were not clonally related. Conclusion: The characterization of resistance mechanisms to carbapenems, in this study, reveals a change in the resistance patterns among Enterobacteriaceae family members in Brazilian hospitals, due to versatility of isolates to acquire new resistance determinants, which it has favoured the adaptation to hostile environments. Lack of 36 kDa OMP was the most frequent resistance mechanism, being associated to co-production of β-lactamases. Finally, molecular typing denote a clonal dissemination of imipenem-resistant isolates in Sao Paulo city, with exception of KPC-2-producing isolates, which have been described in other Brazilian cities, suggesting a horizontal gene transfer.
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STRUCTURAL STUDIES ON THE BIOGENESIS OF OMPS BY THE β-BARREL ASSEMBLY MACHINERY IN E. COLIRunrun Wu (12256133) 19 March 2022 (has links)
<p>The β-barrel assembly machinery (BAM) is responsible for the biogenesis of outer membrane proteins (OMPs) into the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria. These OMPs have a membrane-embedded domain consisting of a β-barrel fold which can vary from 8 to 36 β-strands, with each serving an important role in the cell such as nutrient uptake and virulence. BAM was first identified nearly two decades ago, but only recently has the molecular structure of the full complex been reported. Together with many years of functional characterization, we have a significantly clearer depiction of BAM's structure, the intra-complex interactions, conformational changes that BAM may undergo during OMP biogenesis, and the role chaperones may play. But still, despite advances over the past two decades, the mechanism for BAM-mediated OMP biogenesis has remained elusive. Over the years, several theories have been proposed that have varying degrees of support from the literature, but none has of yet been conclusive enough to be widely accepted as the sole mechanism. Here we present our recent work on the structures of BAM in its near native environment, characterized by cryo-EM, and study its interaction with OMP substrates. Specifically, we focused on the role of BAM-mediated EspP biogenesis, and structurally characterized crosslinked intermediates to atomic resolution, allowing for a more complete understanding of BAM-mediated OMP biogenesis. We also characterized BAM-mediated OmpT and OmpA biogenesis, which further supports a BamA-budding model for OMP biogenesis. Given its essential role in Gram-negative bacteria, BAM is an attractive target for antibiotics, and we contributed to characterizing a novel antibiotic designed against BAM called darobactin, which binds to the lateral gate of BAM, thereby disrupting OMP biogenesis and leading to programmed bacterial lysis.</p>
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STRUCTURAL INSIGHT INTO THE BIOGENESIS OF OUTER MEMBRANE PROTEINS IN PATHOGENIC NEISSERIAEvan M Billings (18424239) 23 April 2024 (has links)
<p dir="ltr">The obligate human pathogen, <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae </i>(Ngo), has continued to acquire widespread antibiotic resistance. Ngo is the causative agent of the sexually transmitted disease gonorrhea, and can cause additional complications such as endocarditis, septicemia, and infertility if left untreated. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) now recommends a treatment option of a single drug of last resort, ceftriaxone, leaving a need for novel therapeutics against this pathogen.</p><p dir="ltr">Like many bacterial pathogens, Ngo is Gram-negative consisting of both an inner membrane (IM) and outer membrane (OM). The transmembrane proteins in the IM have primarily an α-helical fold, while the transmembrane proteins in the OM have a β-barrel fold. These β-barrel outer membrane proteins (OMPs) have essential functions in regulating the homeostasis and nutrient acquisition of the cell, in addition to promoting virulence in pathogenic strains. These OMPs are folded and inserted into the outer membrane by the β-barrel assembly machinery (BAM) complex. In <i>E. coli,</i> BAM consists of five proteins: BamA, an OMP itself, and four lipoproteins, BamB, C, D, and E.</p><p dir="ltr">Here we present our work toward the structural characterization of BAM from Ngo (<i>Ng</i>BAM) using cryo-EM. Ngo lack a homolog of BamB and may function as a four component complex. To better understand the mechanism for how <i>Ng</i>BAM is able to mediate OMP biogenesis despite lacking a component that is critical in <i>E. coli</i>, we determined the cryo-EM structure of <i>Ng</i>BAM, which revealed several distinct features including that the barrel domain of BamA being observed in the inward-open conformation. We also investigated <i>Ng</i>BAM as a therapeutic target, by studying its interaction with a novel broad spectrum antibiotic darobactin. We first showed darobactin is effective against the laboratory strains of NgoFA19 and ATCC-49226. We also show it is effective against the human isolate WHOX, with a comparable MIC to ceftriaxone. To structurally characterize the mechanism of inhibition by darobactin, we used cryo-EM to determine the structures of <i>Ng</i>BAM bound to two darobactin compounds. In these structures, darobactin binding was accompanied by large conformational changes in <i>Ng</i>BamA. To further probe the effects of darobactin on the conformational plasticity of <i>Ng</i>BAM we performed experiments using double electron-electron resonance spectroscopy, which showed distance changes between the engineered site labels consistent with the conformational changes observed in our structural observation. In addition, narrowing of the peak distributions indicated that darobactin binding was reducing the overall conformational heterogeneity of the complex. Taken together, the work presented here contributes to the understanding of how <i>Ng</i>BAM functions in folding and inserting OMPs and provides a foundation for future structure based drug design of darobactin and other potential compounds.</p>
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