La pollution de l'air intérieur est un enjeu majeur pour la santé humaine. Pour réduire les concentrations de polluants des milieux confinés, notre étude s'est basée sur la conception et les tests d'un nouveau média photocatalytique innovant composé de textile rendu lumineux grâce à la présence de fibres optiques microstructurées. Le textile est rendu photocatalytique après ajout de TiO2 en suivant différentes méthodes de dépôt. Les fibres optiques ont alors deux rôles fondamentaux : premièrement d'être le support du catalyseur et deuxièmement d'être le moyen d'amener le rayonnement UVA au coeur du lit photocatalytique. La rencontre des trois constituants de la photocatalyse, les photons UV, le catalyseur et le polluant, est alors favorisée par l'utilisation de ce type d'échantillon. Les propriétés structurales et optiques de ce nouveau matériau ont été caractérisées par des analyses de surface (microscopie otique et microscopie électronique à balayage environnementale (MEBE)), des mesures d'irradiance UV et des analyses permettant de localiser le TiO2 à la surface de l'échantillon (Raman et MEB‐EDX). L'influence de différents paramètres tels que la structure textile, la méthode de dépôt, les caractéristiques d'irradiation, les débits molaires sur la dégradation de deux composés organiques volatiles, le formaldéhyde et le toluène, a été étudiée et corrélée aux propriétés physicochimiques du matériau / The indoor air pollution is a major challenge for human health. To reduce the concentrations of pollutants in confined area, our study is based on the design and testing of a new innovative photocatalytic media composed of textile which is lighted with microstructured optical fibres. The textile becomes photocatalytic after the coating of TiO2 with different methods. The optical fibers have then two fundamental roles: first to be the catalyst support and secondly to be the light transmission support from the source into the photocatalytic bed. The meeting of the three constituents of photocatalysis (UV photons, catalyst and pollutants) is then enhanced by the use of this type of sample. The structural and optical properties of this new material were characterized by surface analysis (optical microscopy and electronic secondary electron microscopy (ESEM)), with measurements of UV irradiance and methods to determinate the location of the TiO2 on the sample surface (Raman spectroscopy and EDX‐SEM). The influence of different parameters such as textile structure, coating method, irradiation characteristics, molar flow on the degradation of two volatile organic compounds, formaldehyde and toluene, was studied and correlated to the physical‐chemical properties of the material

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Orientador: Yuzo Iano / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T09:55:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mesquita_OdairdosSantos_M.pdf: 8376051 bytes, checksum: 11a0307915c4b7e7e94393ba4f65c532 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Nos últimos anos houve uma evolução das redes de telecomunicações no Brasil. A implantação de redes de fibra óptica tornou-se uma realidade dos centros urbanos bem como nas áreas rurais. Com a expansão dessas redes observa-se o surgimento e a necessidade de normatização das redes ópticas passivas. Entre essas redes passivas destaca-se a EPON (Ethernet Passive Optical Network) e a GPON (Gigabit-Capable Passive Optical Network). Com a expansão de redes de banda larga e de novos serviços ligados a ela, torna-se necessário a realização de estudos detalhados sobre a viabilidade técnica econômica e de aplicabilidade dessas redes. É por isso que desenvolvemos nesse trabalho um modelamento econômico financeiro sobre essas novas tecnologias. Esse modelamento permite escolher a tecnologia economicamente mais viável na implantação de projetos envolvendo as tecnologias GPON e/ou EPON. Esse projeto é baseado em um estudo de caso para um município do interior de São Paulo, Brasil. Durante o estudo realizamos um planejamento técnico econômico detalhado visando uma eventual implantação de uma dessas redes. Foi feita uma apresentação completa dessas tecnologias baseada no estudo de caso. Foi discutida a possibilidade de implantar esse projeto na cidade escolhida do interior de São Paulo ou em qualquer outra cidade brasileira / Abstract: In recent years there has been an evolution of telecommunications networks in Brazil. The implementation of fiber-optic networks has become a reality of urban centers and rural areas. With the expansion of these networks, we observed the emergence and the need for standardization of these passive optical networks. Among these networks, there are the EPON (Ethernet Passive Optical Network) and GPON (Gigabit-Capable Passive Optical Network). With the expansion of broadband networks and new services linked to them, it becomes necessary to conduct detailed studies of the technical and economic applicability of these networks. We developed in this project a careful financial economic modeling on these new technologies. This modeling technique allows choosing the best of these technologies (GEPON/EPON) and the one that is economically feasible. This project is based on a case study for the city of São Paulo, Brazil. During the study, we performed a detailed techno-economic planning aimed an eventual implementation of any of these networks. A complete presentation of these technologies was done based on this case study. It was also discussed the possibility of implementing this project in the chosen city of São Paulo or any other Brazilian city / Mestrado / Telecomunicações e Telemática / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

The goal of this project was to develop a measuring method and software code to determine and compare the focal ratio degradation of optical fibers for two different coupling technologies. One of the couplings used a fusing technology to splice the fiber, and the other coupling used a refractive index matching technology. Also, an optical fiber without any cleaving or splicing was used as a reference. A collimated beam test was developed as a method for measuring the focal ratio degradation for these different fiber couplings, and a software code was developed to process the results of the experiment. Using the collimated beam test and software code, the focal ratio degradation was calculated and compared between the couplings, and the results clearly stated that the reference fiber had the least focal ratio degradation. The fusing technology used for splicing the fiber had in comparison the least focal ratio degradation of the two different coupling technologies. The results were as expected and therefore the developed measuring method and software were estimated to have been carried out successfully. However, improvements to the measuring method and parts of the software could be done, especially regarding the background light which was a substantial source of error. In conclusion, the goal of the project was reached. / Inom astronomisk forskning används ofta optiska fibrer som informationslänk mellan teleskop och mätinstrument, eftersom de bidrar till att mätningar blir mer tillförlitliga då vibrationer och yttre miljöfaktorer får en mindre påverkan på resultaten. Inom detta projekt undersöktes ett par olika kopplingar av optiska fibrer och deras ljusförluster inom benämningen FRD (Focal ratio degradation). En mätmetod utvecklades tillsammans med en mjukvara som användes för nödvändiga beräkningar och analyser som ledde till att FRD kunde bestämmas. Metoden som användes kallas collimated beam test och innebar att parallellt ljus skickades in i ena fiberänden, vilket genererade en ring av ljus från den andra fiberänden. Mätningarna utfördes på tre olika fiber: en fiber var klyvd och sedan sammansmält, en annan fiber var klyvd och sedan ihopkopplad med hjälp av en vätska av matchande refraktionsindex och den tredje fibern var inte klyvd och fungerade som referens. Resultaten givna av mätningarna och mjukvaran var som man hade förväntat sig; FRD var minst för referensfibern och som högst för fibern med en koppling där refraktionsindex-matchande vätska användes. Även om det finns goda möjligheter att utveckla och förbättra mätmetoden, påvisades ett godtagbart resultat och målet med projektet ansågs därför vara uppnått.

This thesis describes basic concepts, principles and properties of optical fibers. Considerable part is devoted to fiber gratings that are created by a change in the refractive index in the optical fiber core. In this work is described description, principle, method od production and distribution of gratings on Bragg gratings, gratings with long period and chirped gratings. In this thesis are also presented different types of lasers and their advantages over other lasers. A large part deals with the description of the femtosecond laser, with which the structures will be later made into the material. In addition, the laser modes are differentiated, this is a mode of micro-machining and modification or a change in refractive index of the material. The last part deals with change the refractive index in planar technology, the creation of a groove for fastening the fiber and attempts to write the gratings into the optical fiber. Created fiber sensor are tested for temperature and tensile changes. Finally, the practical use of sensors made by femtosecond laser and the advantages over UV laser and phase mask techniques are presented.

The demountable splicing of optical fibres uses different types of connectors which ensures accurate position of connected fibres. If the optical fibres are aligned in free space, a view from two perpendicular viewing directions is necessary for a maximum aligning accuracy. The method of direct monitoring of optical fibres provides this possibility however, it is necessary to use two imaging systems. This problem can be solved by a special microscope, which is designed in this thesis. The microscope can visualize the alignment of optical fibres from two mutually perpendicular directions by moving the objective lens and inclined mirror. The diploma thesis also describes the procedure of designing an optical simulation of the connection of optical fibres. Based on it, the microscope is designed, adjusted and tested with various optical fibres.

This master´s thesis deals with of human factor impact on optical fibers manipulation. It describes types and methods used for splicing and placing optical fibers and optical cables. These methods are specified in the chapters; their application in different environments and conditions is accentuated. This paper presents splicing optical fibers. It emphasizes problems which can occur if proper procedures aren´t kept or if improper device is used. In the thesis there is the chapter dealing with problems which can arise during splicing optical fibers - these negative influences are evaluated with educational equipments EF-970-01 PLASTIC by the company MIKROKOM, s.r.o. Another aim of the work is to describe mechanical optical fiber splice 3MTM FibrlokTM. This kind of device was lent for testing optical fibers multiple splicing. It was tested under extreme conditions. Statistically processed values of insertion loss and splice reflectance, measured by OTDR are the results of the test. Comparing measured values, technical report ones, regarding for usage in practice, there is a possibility of 75 multiple reusing of the mechanical optical fiber splice. The prediction of magnitude insertion loss, calculated for thousands splice cycles follows. The next part of the work deals with fusion splices and contains comparison of splices made with two cleavers: CORNING LWL-TRENNGERAT S46999-M9-D12 and the later model - Fitel S325A cleaver. The result is that older S46999-M9-D12 model gained lower attenuation. The results of both previous measurements are influenced by human factor. It appears at mechanical optical fiber splices as growing fluctuate of insertion losses and as the unequal attenuation fusion splices at tested cleavers.

This thesis deals with the influence microbending the transmitted signal at the bare optical fiber. Microbending influence on the transmitted signal is investigated in this work by changing the weight, power and water level in the tank by using this test fixture. The results of the experiments are proposed to enter the laboratory tasks to measure the impact microbending the transmitted signal in the subject line fiber-optic sensors (MOES).

Nowdays, optical fibers are one of important parts of computer networks, especially for their ability to transfer information for long distance. This thesis doesn´t utilize optical fibers as carriers, but as sources of information, specifically as sensors intended to detect physical effects acting on the optical fiber, which is usually used for telecommunication purposes. Linear and nonlinear properties of the fiber are used to gain information about acting effects on the optical fiber.

Cette thèse fait partie des programmes de recherche sur le vieillissement des ouvrages de génie civil nucléaire lancés par l’IRSN (Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté nucléaire) dans le cadre du projet de prolongement de la durée d’exploitation des centrales nucléaires françaises. Le but étant de contribuer à la connaissance des mécanismes de vieillissement des matériaux constitutifs des ouvrages non-remplaçables d’une centrale nucléaire, tels que les enceintes de confinement. En effet, leur comportement représente un point important pour l’évaluation de la sûreté des installations nucléaires, car elles représentent la troisième et la dernière barrière de confinement contre le relâchement éventuel des produits radioactifs dans l'environnement.Parmi les phénomènes intervenants lors du vieillissement des ouvrages, le développement éventuel des pathologies, notamment les réactions de gonflements internes (RGI) qui sont susceptibles de dégrader le béton et conduire à l’apparition des fissurations dans les structures touchées. Ces réactions de gonflement internes (RGI) englobent la réaction sulfatique interne (RSI), la réaction alcali-granulat (RAG) et la concomitance de ces deux. Il s’agit de réactions endogènes, se produisant suite à l’interaction des composants initiaux du matériau. Ces interactions peuvent avoir lieu suite à l’utilisation de granulats réactifs en cas de RAG et/ou suite à un échauffement important au jeune âge en cas de RSI. Dans les ouvrages nucléaires, l’éventualité de ces phénomènes ne peut pas être écartée. En effet, ils comportent des éléments structuraux massifs en béton armé pour lesquels un échauffement important a pu se produire lors de la prise du béton et des granulats réactifs ont pu être utilisés pendant la confection. Ce risque doit donc être étudié d’autant plus que le prolongement de la durée d’exploitation des installations est envisagé.Cependant, la cinétique d’apparition des désordres suite au développement de ces réactions dans les ouvrages est en général lente allant jusqu’à quelques dizaines d’années, d’où le recourt à des essais accélérés. Cependant les solutions pratiquées dans les laboratoires de recherche, consiste à utiliser des protocoles d’essais accélérés mis au point sur des éprouvettes de faibles dimensions.Le travail de recherche réalisé dans le cadre de cette thèse comporte trois grandes axes : la mise au point d’un protocole expérimental visant à accélérer les réactions de gonflement interne du béton à l’échelle de structures massives, l’analyse multi-échelle des phénomènes et la mise au point d’une instrumentation innovante adaptée à cette problèmatique. Trois maquettes (de dimensions 2,4 x 1,4 x 1 m3) représentatives d’un ouvrage massif ont été réalisées dans des conditions maitrisées et optimisées afin de favoriser respectivement le développement de la réaction sulfatique interne (RSI), de la réaction alcali-granulat (RAG) et de la concomitance des deux pathologies, RAG et RSI. Ceci a permis d’étudier ces pathologies et de les caractériser à une telle échelle.L’effet d’échelle sur la cinétique de gonflement est mis en évidence grâce à une étude expérimentale multi-échelle permettant de comparer l’évolution des réactions dans les maquettes avec leur évolution dans des éprouvettes en béton reconstitué et des carottages.Une méthode d’instrumentation innovante par fibres optiques a été spécifiquement développée pour ces maquettes, permettant de suivre l’évolution des pathologies dans la masse et d’en déduire les champs de déformation dans plusieurs plans d’intérêt. Les mesures sont utilisées pour décrire finement les mécanismes évolutifs du gonflement et la dégradation des structures. Ces mesures sont aussi utilisées comme référence pour des simulations numériques ultérieures. / This thesis is part of a research program on the aging of nuclear infrastructures launched by the IRSN (Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety) within the project aiming to extend the lifespan of the French nuclear power plants. The goal is to contribute to the knowledge of aging mechanisms touching the constituents of non-replaceable structures of a nuclear power plant, such as the containment building. Matter of fact, the behavior of such structures is an important point for the safety assessment of nuclear installations because they represent the third and last barrier against the dispersion of radioactive particles in the environment. Among the phenomena involved in aging mechanisms, internal swellings reactions (ISR) are pathologies that can degrade concrete by causing swelling, cracking and major disorders in the affected structures. Internal swelling reactions (ISW) include the delayed ettringite formation (DEF), the alkali-aggregate reaction (AAR) and the concomitance of the two. These pathologies are endogenous reactions, occurring as a result of the interaction between the initial components of the material. These interactions take place following the use of reactive aggregates in case of AAR and/or following a significant warm-up at the concrete’s early age in case of DEF. In nuclear facilities, the possibility of these phenomena cannot be ruled out. Matter of fact, they include massive reinforced concrete elements for which a significant heating could have occurred at the early age. Moreover, reactive aggregates may have been used during the construction phase. Therefore those risks ought to be studied especially if the extension of the lifespan of these installations is envisaged.However, the kinetics of these reactions are generally slow and it can take for up to a few decades for disorders to appear in the structure. Among the solutions used in research laboratories, one is to use accelerated test methods developed on small specimens.The research work carried out in this context includes three major axis: the development of an experimental protocol to accelerate internal swelling reactions of concrete on a massive structure scale, multi-scale analysis of the phenomena involved and the development of innovative instrumentation adapted to this problem. The purpose is to allow better observation and understanding of swelling reactions at such scale. Hence, three representative massive concrete mock-ups whose dimensions are 2,4 x 1,4 x 1 m3 were realized under controlled and optimized conditions for the development of delayed ettringite formation (DEF), alkali silica reaction (ASR) and the concomitant ASR-DEF case respectively.The scale effect on swelling kinetics is demonstrated by an experimental study comparing the evolution of swelling reaction in the massive samples with the evolution in reconstituted concrete laboratory specimens as well as coring specimens.An innovative instrumentation method using optical fibers is also developed thus allowing the monitoring of the pathologies in the massive structures and the tracking of the respective deformation fields in several two-dimensional plans of interest. The measurements are to finely describe and help in understanding the evolutionary mechanisms of structural degradation and can be used subsequently as a reference for numerical simulations.