Following the removal of Marmot Dam on the Sandy River, Oregon, several Lidar flights were flown over the area of the former reservoir. The resultant sequential DEMs permitted calculation of reach-scale volumetric erosion and aggradation following dam removal. This allows for change detection across the entire affected reach of the former impoundment rather than just at several cross sections. In the first year there was a net loss of blank sediment in the dewatered reach. Subsequent flights show continued degradation of 145,649 m3 as well as aggradation of 6,232 m3. Sediment transport reached quasi-equilibrium in 2012 with a net change of 65 m3. In addition, this technique allows the extraction of cross-section information which shows that the channel continues to be actively migrating in some areas while also being constrained by bedrock features from past volcanism in some reaches. This study further shows the capability of lidar to measure rates of aggradation and degradation for an entire river system instead of reach specific extrapolations and that repeat lidar flights can more than adequately assess the changing nature of entire stream reaches more rapidly and more cost effectively than traditional field techniques. In addition: The utility of Lidar to do river management with repeat returns, having successive lidar acquisitions run on the watershed level will help us to gain insight into the correlation to precipitation events and geomorphological change in a given reach. Lidar can be used to assess the validity of channel evolution models. Sequential runs of lidar can be used to adjust the overall effectiveness of current CEM's and create new ones that consider reach specific geomorphology. Dam removal projects should incorporate initial lidar flights prior to removal and follow acquisitions based on known CEM's for the region and overall region-specific physiography. Sequential lidar should be used for hazard mitigation and geohazards analysis with an acquisition timeframe that is appropriate for the region's physiography, geology, geomorphology and the return interval of the hazard being monitored.

Three-dimensional laser scanning has revolutionized spatial data acquisition and can be completed from a variety of platforms including airborne (ALS), mobile (MLS), and static terrestrial (TLS) laser scanning. MLS is a rapidly evolving technology that provides increases in efficiency and safety over static TLS, while still providing similar levels of accuracy and resolution. The componentry that make up a MLS system are more parallel to Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) than to that of TLS. However, achievable accuracies, precisions, and resolution results are not clearly defined for MLS systems. As such, industry professionals need guidelines to standardize the process of data collection, processing, and reporting. This thesis lays the foundation for MLS guidelines with a thorough review of currently available literature that has been completed in order to demonstrate the capabilities and limitations of a generic MLS system. A key difference between MLS and TLS is that a mobile platform is able to collect a continuous path of geo-referenced points along the navigation path, while a TLS collects points from many separate reference frames as the scanner is moved from location to location. Each individual TLS setup must be registered (linked with a common coordinate system) to adjoining scan setups. A study was completed comparing common methods of TLS registration and geo-referencing (e.g., target, cloud-cloud, and hybrid methods) to assist a TLS surveyor in deciding the most appropriate method for their projects. Results provide insight into the level of accuracy (mm to cm level) that can be achieved using the various methods as well as the field collection and office processing time required to obtain a fully geo-referenced point cloud. Lastly, a quality assurance methodology has been developed for any form of LiDAR data to verify both the absolute and relative accuracy of a point cloud without the use of retro-reflective targets. This methodology incorporates total station validation of a scanners point cloud to compare slopes of common features. The comparison of 2D slope features across a complex geometry of cross-sections provides 3D positional error in both horizontal and vertical component. This methodology lowers the uncertainty of single point accuracy statistics for point clouds by utilizing a larger portion of a point cloud for statistical accuracy verification. This use of physical features for accuracy validation is particularly important for MLS systems because MLS systems cannot produce sufficient resolution on targets for accuracy validation unless they are placed close to the vehicle. / Graduation date: 2012

Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) may provide a way to increase timber value recovery by replacing manual timber cruising with a simple-to-use, cost-effective alternative. TLS has been studied in several trials worldwide. Past studies have not compared TLS based estimates with mill estimates of stem value and volume. Three differently stocked stands of hybrid poplar were selected for diameter, stem sinuosity and height measurement using manual cruising and TLS. Selected trees were harvested and transported to a mill where they were scanned and then processed into lumber and chips. Data gathered using both manual and TLS methods were used to obtain stem volume and value estimates to compare with mill estimates. Results indicated that TLS diameter measurements were more accurately matched to mill and manual measurements up to about 7.5 meters on the stem than above 7.5 meters on the stem in all three stands. Stem curvature comparisons indicated that the variation between TLS and mill centerline measurements was similar to the variation between repeat mill scan measurements of the same stems. Using TLS as a pre-harvest inventory tool showed that additional revenue could be obtained from the reallocation of saw-log and chip log volume to veneer logs of various sizes in all three stands. It was also shown that the sampling error required to estimate stand value was greater than was required to estimate stand volume within the same error limits. / Graduation date: 2012

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:51:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:58:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Submitted by Maria Eneide de Souza Araujo (mearaujo@ipen.br) on 2015-02-24T19:21:41Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-24T19:21:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP / FAPESP:09/14758-7

Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2016-06-22T13:39:10Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-22T13:39:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP / FAPESP:11/00769-7

Submitted by Maria Eneide de Souza Araujo (mearaujo@ipen.br) on 2015-02-24T19:21:41Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-24T19:21:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A cobertura de nuvens e os aerossóis são os dois principais fatores que modulam a energia solar que atinge a superfície e é absorvida pela atmosfera. Esses dois fatores, portanto, têm um papel essencial no clima do planeta. Há atualmente um interesse nos efeitos radiativos dos aerossóis, particularmente por causa da atividade antrópica, que aumenta sua concentração na atmosfera, e por sua íntima relação com a formação de nuvens. Partículas que podem ser ativadas e ganhar água para se tornarem nevoeiro ou gotas de nuvens, na presença de supersaturação de vapor de água, são chamadas de Núcleo de Condensação de Nuvens. O estudo das partículas que aumentam de tamanho com o ganho de água conforme aumenta a umidade relativa (higroscopicidade) torna-se então de fundamental importância no entendimento da contribuição dos aerossóis na regulação do clima do planeta. O LIDAR é um instrumento promissor no estudo da higroscopicidade dos aerossóis atmosféricos, porque pode operar em ambiente não perturbado e em condições muito próximas da saturação. O LIDAR Raman apresenta a vantagem de poder obter o perfil de vapor de água e retroespalhamento de aerossóis no mesmo volume atmosférico e sem nenhuma suposição a priori a respeito da razão LIDAR Este trabalho objetiva avaliar o crescimento higroscópico do material particulado urbano em São Paulo, Brasil, e em Washington, D.C, Estados Unidos durante a campanha NASA-Discover-AQ com o uso da técnica LIDAR Raman, obtendo o fator de crescimento por higroscopicidade. Apesar da metodologia que se baseia na determinação de uma atmosfera bem misturada com o uso de radiossondagem já ter sido utilizada na literatura, este trabalho acrescenta importantes informações, já que não se tem notícias de outros estudos extensos com múltiplos casos feitos com o LIDAR Raman para avaliação de higroscopicidade nos Estados Unidos, bem como é a primeira vez que este estudo é feito em São Paulo, como resultado de três anos de aquisição de dados. Os resultados mostram que é possível identificar o crescimento higroscópico dos aerossóis em ambas os ambientes de estudo, cuja detecção depende de condições atmosféricas que estão raramente presentes, tornando o estudo da higroscopicidade com o LIDAR um desafio que exige uma extensa coleta de dados. Mostram ainda que a determinação da origem e o estudo conjugado das propriedades químicas da população de aerossóis são informações que auxiliariam no entendimento do comportamento higroscópico, aprofundamentos estes que podem ser derivados deste trabalho. / Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP / FAPESP:09/14758-7

Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2016-06-22T13:39:10Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-22T13:39:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A emissão de poluentes em megacidades e áreas industriais pode ter fortes impactos no clima e na saúde. Nos últimos anos tem sido crescente a preocupação com emissões atmosféricas contendo partículas nanométricas, cuja presença, juntamente com compostos orgânicos voláteis, óxidos de nitrogênio e outros, pode resultar na formação de uma série de substâncias gasosas poluentes e na formação de aerossóis. Medições mais precisas da concentração e distribuição de tamanho de fuligem são importantes, não só do ponto de vista ambiental, mas também para a saúde humana. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a distribuição de tamanho de partículas na chaminé de uma refinaria em Cubatão. Para isso foi utilizada uma abordagem baseada nos métodos de inversão, tradicionalmente usados para calcular parâmetros de aerossóis atmosféricos, ao contexto dos aerossóis de tochas industriais. Os resultados se mostraram consistentes com a literatura científica, sendo possível determinar alguns parâmetros da distribuição do tamanho de partículas provenientes da chama de uma tocha industrial utilizando um sistema lidar de três comprimentos de onda com um nível de discrepância aceitável. Um estudo do expoente de Angström foi realizado com o objetivo de validar o algoritmo de inversão desenvolvido neste trabalho. Os resultados deste estudo mostraram que os dados experimentais corroboram com as curvas teóricas e, portanto, o algoritmo pode ser utilizado como ferramenta para a medição de emissões atmosféricas provenientes de tochas industriais. O desenvolvimento deste projeto representará um passo importante, não somente do ponto de vista tecnológico, mas principalmente como recurso para tratar de problemas de emissões que futuramente poderão surgir, dentre as medidas voltadas ao controle de mudanças climáticas. / Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP / FAPESP:11/00769-7

Segmentation, recognition and 3D reconstruction of objects have been cutting-edge research topics, which have many applications ranging from environmental and medical to geographical applications as well as intelligent transportation. In this dissertation, I focus on the study of segmentation, recognition and 3D reconstruction of objects using LiDAR data/MRI. Three main works are that (I). Feature extraction algorithm based on sparse LiDAR data. A novel method has been proposed for feature extraction from sparse LiDAR data. The algorithm and the related principles have been described. Also, I have tested and discussed the choices and roles of parameters. By using correlation of neighboring points directly, statistic distribution of normal vectors at each point has been effectively used to determine the category of the selected point. (II). Segmentation and 3D reconstruction of objects based on LiDAR/MRI. The proposed method includes that the 3D LiDAR data are layered, that different categories are segmented, and that 3D canopy surfaces of individual tree crowns and clusters of trees are reconstructed from LiDAR point data based on a region active contour model. The proposed method allows for delineations of 3D forest canopy naturally from the contours of raw LiDAR point clouds. The proposed model is suitable not only for a series of ideal cone shapes, but also for other kinds of 3D shapes as well as other kinds dataset such as MRI. (III). Novel algorithms for recognition of objects based on LiDAR/MRI. Aimed to the sparse LiDAR data, the feature extraction algorithm has been proposed and applied to classify the building and trees. More importantly, the novel algorithms based on level set methods have been provided and employed to recognize not only the buildings and trees, the different trees (e.g. Oak trees and Douglas firs), but also the subthalamus nuclei (STNs). By using the novel algorithms based on level set method, a 3D model of the subthalamus nuclei (STNs) in the brain has been successfully reconstructed based on the statistical data of previous investigations of an anatomy atlas as reference. The 3D rendering of the subthalamic nuclei and the skull directly from MR imaging is also utilized to determine the 3D coordinates of the STNs in the brain. In summary, the novel methods and algorithms of segmentation, recognition and 3D reconstruction of objects have been proposed. The related experiments have been done to test and confirm the validation of the proposed methods. The experimental results also demonstrate the accuracy, efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed methods. A framework for segmentation, recognition and 3D reconstruction of objects has been established, which has been applied to many research areas.

GIS has been utilized in cultural resources management for decades, yet its application has been largely isolated to predicting the occurrence of archaeological sites. Federal and State agencies are required to protect archaeological sites that are discovered on their lands, but their resources and personnel are very limited. A new methodology is evaluated that uses modern light detection and ranging (LiDAR) and historic aerial photogrammetry to create digital terrain models (DTMs) capable of identifying sites that are most at risk of damage from changes in terrain. Results revealed that photogrammetric modeling of historic aerial imagery, with limitations, can be a useful decision making tool for cultural resources managers to prioritize conservation and monitoring efforts. An attempt to identify key environmental factors that would be indicative of future topographic changes did not reveal conclusive results. However, the methodology proposed has the potential to add an affordable temporal dimension to future digital terrain modeling and land management. Furthermore, the methods have global applicability because they can be utilized in any region with an arid environment.