Dès sa création en 1966, l’ERAP s’est fixé pour but d’accroître la production du pétrole « franc », en diversifiant ses sources d’approvisionnement. Un tel objectif prend une tournure cruciale dès lors que les rapports tendus entre le groupe français et les autorités algériennes semblent menacer ses acquis dans le Sahara. Toutefois, se tailler une place sur le marché mondial semble à cette époque une tâche ardue, voire improbable, puisque les espaces les plus pétrolifères sont déjà occupés par les grandes sociétés, dites Majors. Néanmoins, la société d’État française réussit à s’implanter dans plusieurs pays producteurs, dont l’Irak en 1968, jusqu’alors considéré comme la chasse gardée de la Compagnie française des pétroles (CFP). Aussi, l’expérience irakienne, suite à l’insuccès en Algérie, incite Elf ERAP à se concentrer dans les pays pétroliers de l’Afrique subsaharienne et en Mer du Nord. Le 3 février 1968, Elf ERAP signe un accord avec la compagnie d’État pétrolière, INOC, pour se charger de la prospection et de l’exploitation d’une partie du territoire confisqué par l’État irakien à la puissante Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC). En contrepartie de ses apports financiers et techniques, Elf ERAP sera rémunérée par un approvisionnement garanti en pétrole irakien : il s’agit d’un nouveau genre de partenariat, dit « contrat d’agence ». Ce dernier succède au système classique des concessions et vaut à la société d’État un franc succès dans son projet de pénétration au Moyen Orient. Très vite, les prospections donnent lieu à la découverte de gisements. La production démarre en 1976 et s’élève à 5 millions de tonnes en 1977. Dès lors, Elf ERAP, devenue la SNEA, peut envisager avec optimisme son avenir énergétique, puisque sa sécurité d’approvisionnement est, en partie, assurée par le marché irakien. Mais, contre toute attente, le groupe d’État français se retire de l’affaire en mai 1977, laissant place à l’INOC, qui prend en charge le projet deux ans avant la date prévue par le contrat initial de 1968. Ce sujet de recherche consiste à éclaircir le rôle d’opérateur joué par l’ERAP en Irak, entre 1968 et 1977. Pour tenter d’expliquer le départ prématuré d’Elf Irak, il nous faut identifier les facteurs endogènes et exogènes qui ont pu motiver une telle décision. Autrement dit, la société d’État aurait-elle subi les revers de ses propres choix énergétiques ou un tel dénouement serait-il imputable à la politique pétrolière irakienne? Quelles sont les implications de la conjoncture pétrolière internationale dans le cas d’un tel retrait? Aidée des archives historiques d’Elf et de TOTAL, nous sommes arrivée à la conclusion que la compression du marché pétrolier, entre distributeurs et producteurs, au cours des années 1970, a considérablement nui à la rentabilité des contrats intermédiaires du type agence. / Ever since its creation in 1966, ERAP aimed to increase oil from the “franc” zone by diversifying its supply sources. Such an aim became all the more crucial as its acquisitions in the Sahara seemed threatened by tense relations between the French group and Algerian authorities. Still, to secure a share of the world market at that time seemed to a difficult if not an impossible task, the biggest oil-producing spaces having already been occupied by the big corporations called Majors. However, the French state company managed to settle in several oil-producing countries, including Iraq in 1968, until then viewed as a private hunting ground for the Compagnie française des pétroles (CFP). Also, following its failure in Algeria, the Iraq experiment prompted Elf ERAP to set its sights on oil-rich subsaharian African countries and the North Sea. On February 3rd 1968, Elf ERAP signed an agreement with the state oil company INOC to take charge of exploration and exploitation of a part of the territory that was confiscated by the Iraqi government from the powerful Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC). In return for this financial and technical input/support, Elf ERAP would be rewarded with steady supply of Iraqi oil. It was a new kind of partnership termed « service contract ». The latter replaced the old system of concessions and helped the state company succeed in its attempt to penetrate the Middle East. Exploration quickly led to the discovery of oil fields. Production started in 1976 and reached 5 million tons in 1977.This allowed the Elf ERAP, renamed the SNEA, to look with optimism at its energy supply future, the latter being provided in considerable part by the Iraqi market. Surprisingly, however, the French state company backed away from the deal in May 1977, and was replaced by the INOC which took over the project two years before the date planned by the initial contract of 1968. This research project seeks to clarify the operator role played by ERAP in Iraq between 1968 and 1977. To explain the premature departure of Elf Iraq, one needs to determine both the endogenous and exogenous factors that might have motivated such a move. In other words, did the state company suffer the repercussions of its own energy choices, or was the Iraqi oil policy responsible for such an outcome? To what extent was the withdrawal attributable to the international oil situation? With the help of Elf and TOTAL archives, we have come to the conclusion that the compression of the oil market uniting distributors and producers greatly affected the profitability of intermediary contracts « service contracts».

Dès sa création en 1966, l’ERAP s’est fixé pour but d’accroître la production du pétrole « franc », en diversifiant ses sources d’approvisionnement. Un tel objectif prend une tournure cruciale dès lors que les rapports tendus entre le groupe français et les autorités algériennes semblent menacer ses acquis dans le Sahara. Toutefois, se tailler une place sur le marché mondial semble à cette époque une tâche ardue, voire improbable, puisque les espaces les plus pétrolifères sont déjà occupés par les grandes sociétés, dites Majors. Néanmoins, la société d’État française réussit à s’implanter dans plusieurs pays producteurs, dont l’Irak en 1968, jusqu’alors considéré comme la chasse gardée de la Compagnie française des pétroles (CFP). Aussi, l’expérience irakienne, suite à l’insuccès en Algérie, incite Elf ERAP à se concentrer dans les pays pétroliers de l’Afrique subsaharienne et en Mer du Nord. Le 3 février 1968, Elf ERAP signe un accord avec la compagnie d’État pétrolière, INOC, pour se charger de la prospection et de l’exploitation d’une partie du territoire confisqué par l’État irakien à la puissante Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC). En contrepartie de ses apports financiers et techniques, Elf ERAP sera rémunérée par un approvisionnement garanti en pétrole irakien : il s’agit d’un nouveau genre de partenariat, dit « contrat d’agence ». Ce dernier succède au système classique des concessions et vaut à la société d’État un franc succès dans son projet de pénétration au Moyen Orient. Très vite, les prospections donnent lieu à la découverte de gisements. La production démarre en 1976 et s’élève à 5 millions de tonnes en 1977. Dès lors, Elf ERAP, devenue la SNEA, peut envisager avec optimisme son avenir énergétique, puisque sa sécurité d’approvisionnement est, en partie, assurée par le marché irakien. Mais, contre toute attente, le groupe d’État français se retire de l’affaire en mai 1977, laissant place à l’INOC, qui prend en charge le projet deux ans avant la date prévue par le contrat initial de 1968. Ce sujet de recherche consiste à éclaircir le rôle d’opérateur joué par l’ERAP en Irak, entre 1968 et 1977. Pour tenter d’expliquer le départ prématuré d’Elf Irak, il nous faut identifier les facteurs endogènes et exogènes qui ont pu motiver une telle décision. Autrement dit, la société d’État aurait-elle subi les revers de ses propres choix énergétiques ou un tel dénouement serait-il imputable à la politique pétrolière irakienne? Quelles sont les implications de la conjoncture pétrolière internationale dans le cas d’un tel retrait? Aidée des archives historiques d’Elf et de TOTAL, nous sommes arrivée à la conclusion que la compression du marché pétrolier, entre distributeurs et producteurs, au cours des années 1970, a considérablement nui à la rentabilité des contrats intermédiaires du type agence. / Ever since its creation in 1966, ERAP aimed to increase oil from the “franc” zone by diversifying its supply sources. Such an aim became all the more crucial as its acquisitions in the Sahara seemed threatened by tense relations between the French group and Algerian authorities. Still, to secure a share of the world market at that time seemed to a difficult if not an impossible task, the biggest oil-producing spaces having already been occupied by the big corporations called Majors. However, the French state company managed to settle in several oil-producing countries, including Iraq in 1968, until then viewed as a private hunting ground for the Compagnie française des pétroles (CFP). Also, following its failure in Algeria, the Iraq experiment prompted Elf ERAP to set its sights on oil-rich subsaharian African countries and the North Sea. On February 3rd 1968, Elf ERAP signed an agreement with the state oil company INOC to take charge of exploration and exploitation of a part of the territory that was confiscated by the Iraqi government from the powerful Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC). In return for this financial and technical input/support, Elf ERAP would be rewarded with steady supply of Iraqi oil. It was a new kind of partnership termed « service contract ». The latter replaced the old system of concessions and helped the state company succeed in its attempt to penetrate the Middle East. Exploration quickly led to the discovery of oil fields. Production started in 1976 and reached 5 million tons in 1977.This allowed the Elf ERAP, renamed the SNEA, to look with optimism at its energy supply future, the latter being provided in considerable part by the Iraqi market. Surprisingly, however, the French state company backed away from the deal in May 1977, and was replaced by the INOC which took over the project two years before the date planned by the initial contract of 1968. This research project seeks to clarify the operator role played by ERAP in Iraq between 1968 and 1977. To explain the premature departure of Elf Iraq, one needs to determine both the endogenous and exogenous factors that might have motivated such a move. In other words, did the state company suffer the repercussions of its own energy choices, or was the Iraqi oil policy responsible for such an outcome? To what extent was the withdrawal attributable to the international oil situation? With the help of Elf and TOTAL archives, we have come to the conclusion that the compression of the oil market uniting distributors and producers greatly affected the profitability of intermediary contracts « service contracts».

Orientador: Silvia Fernanda de Mendonça Figueirôa / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T01:52:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Peyerl_Drielli_D.pdf: 7251914 bytes, checksum: 245cf8738eb2736951a90dc804a4deec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Em 1864, um acontecimento singular e oficial iniciou e transformou o rumo das pesquisas relacionadas ao petróleo no Brasil: o Decreto n° 3.352-A, no qual, pela primeira vez, cita-se a palavra petróleo no corpo de um texto da Legislação Brasileira. Correlacionado a esse acontecimento, tem-se a criação da Escola de Minas de Ouro Preto em 1875, onde o ensino de Geociências no país começa a ser sistematicamente praticado. Embora formalmente titulados como engenheiros de minas, muitos atuaram na realidade como geólogos antes da existência de um curso específico de Geologia. Nos desdobramentos de busca e exploração de petróleo no Brasil durante o do século XX tivemos iniciativas particulares e governamentais (Comissão Geográfica e Geológica de São Paulo, Comissão White, Serviço Geológico e Mineralógico do Brasil) que contribuíram para a pesquisa e futuramente para a prospecção do petróleo no país. Em 1938, cria-se o Conselho Nacional do Petróleo ¿ CNP com o intuito de regulamentar e encontrar petróleo no território brasileiro. No ano seguinte descobre-se a primeira jazida de petróleo na região de Lobato, na Bahia, modificando-se a política do petróleo no Brasil. A descoberta de petróleo serviu como impulso para a indústria e para as atividades que dele dependiam. Enquanto isso, um dos problemas enfrentados pelo CNP foi a falta de pessoal qualificado para as demandas técnicas e de conhecimento geológico sobre o território brasileiro. Em 1954, a Petrobras (1953) iniciou suas atividades a partir do acervo recebido do antigo CNP, com o objetivo de executar tarefas no setor de exploração de petróleo no território. Algumas características do CNP permaneceram na empresa, principalmente em relação à pressão política e nacionalista que buscava consolidar o Brasil como um país rico em petróleo. Nesse processo, tanto o CNP como a Petrobras investiram na elaboração de cursos de aperfeiçoamento e profissionalização de sua própria equipe de trabalho. Inclusive formando profissionais na área de Geologia e Engenharia do Petróleo. Além dela, outras sociedades científicas e convênios com universidades, contribuíram para a formação e constituição das Geociências no Brasil num outro patamar de institucionalização e profissionalização. Assim, esta tese tem por objetivo investigar e compreender o papel do CNP e principalmente da Petrobras na construção e formação de cursos na área de Geociências, como parte do processo histórico de busca e exploração pelo petróleo iniciado aqui em 1864 e finalizando-se em 1968 com a descoberta do primeiro poço offshore, quando também, a Petrobras investe massivamente nas pesquisas para exploração de petróleo no mar. A principal fonte da presente pesquisa concentra-se no Acervo pessoal do paleontólogo Frederico Waldemar Lange (1911-1988), que se encontra sob a guarda e conservação do Laboratório de Estratigrafia e Paleontologia da Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa (UEPG) / Abstract: In 1864, an event that was both unique and official started and transformed the direction of Brazil¿s researches related to oil: the Decree n° 3.352-A where, for the first time, the word "oil" can be found in a text on the Brazilian Law. Correlated to this event, the Ouro Preto Mining School was founded in 1875, where the teaching of Geosciences begins to be systematically practiced. Although formally titled as mining engineer, many in fact acted as geologists before the existence of a specific course of Geology. In the development for search and exploitation of oil in Brazil during the twentieth century we had private and government initiatives (Comissão Geográfica e Geológica de São Paulo, Comissão White, Serviço Geológico e Mineralógico do Brasil) that contributed to research and future prospecting for oil in the country. In 1938, the National Petroleum Council (Conselho Nacional do Petróleo ¿ CNP) is created, in order to find and control oil in the Brazilian territory. In the following year the first petroleum deposits is found at the region of Lobato, Bahia, changing the oil policy in Brazil. The discovery of oil served as impetus for the industry and for activities which depend upon it. Meanwhile, one of the problems faced by CNP was the lack of qualified personnel to the technical demands and geological knowledge of the Brazilian territory. In 1954, Petrobras (1953) began operations from assets received from the old CNP, in order to perform tasks in the oil exploration industry in the territory. Some characteristics from CNP remained at Petrobras, especially the political and nationalist pressure that sought to consolidate Brazil as an oil-rich country. In this process, both CNP and Petrobras invested in the development of training courses and professionalization in their own team, mainly training professionals in the field of Geology and Petroleum Engineering. Besides Petrobras and CNP, other scientific societies and agreements with universities contributed to the formation and constitution of Geosciences in Brazil in another level of institutionalization and professionalization. Thus, this thesis aims to investigate and understand the role of CNP and especially of Petrobras in the construction and shaping of courses in the area of Geosciences, as part of the historical process of search and exploration for oil that began here in 1864 and ended in 1968 with the discovery of the first well-offshore, thus the Petrobras invests massively in research for oil exploration in the sea. The main source of this research is from the personal files of paleontologist Frederico Waldemar Lange (1911-1988), avaible for inspection at the Paleontology and Stratigraphy Laboratory of the State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG) / Doutorado / Ensino e Historia de Ciencias da Terra / Doutora em Ciências

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