Tung oil, an important drying oil, is used in considerable amounts by the paint and varnish, linoleum, and electrical industries. At present domestic tung oil is obtained by mechanical expression. The cake which remains after expression has an oil content of from four to five per cent. Although the amount of domestic oil produced is a small part of the oil consumed in this country, tung oil shipments from China have ceased and the treatment of present and future domestic tung nut crops to obtain the maximum amount of oil most economically is a problem of considerable importance. Solvent extraction has proven more efficient and economical ln industries such as soybean and cottonseed oil extraction. It appeared feasible that tung oil might be extracted by analogous methods thus decreasing the loss of oil in the cake and increasing the efficiency and economy of tung oil production in the United States. First Soxhlet extractions of ground tung kernels were performed with ethyl alcohol, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, hexane, and toluene. Of the flammable solvents, benzene extracted the most oil, 51.7 per cent. Hexane was next in oil extraction with 50.8 per cent. In the non-inflammable class, carbon tetrachloride extracted the most oil, 47.8 per cent. The compositions of non-inflammable mixtures of carbon tetrachloride with hexane and benzene were determined in a Cleveland open cup tester. A non-inflammable mixture of carbon tetrachloride-benzene (70 per cent and 30 per cent by volume respectively) was more economical than either a non-inflammable carbon tetrachloride-hexane mixture or carbon tetrachloride used alone. Consequently the carbon tetrachloride-benzene mixture was selected as the solvent to use in continuing the investigation. Higher extraction efficiencies were obtained for batch extractions at 22 deg. C. with raw tung kernels than with roasted tung kernels. The highest extraction efficiency was obtained with raw tung kernels at 40 deg. C. for a batch extraction of 90 minutes. Since the efficiencies of batch extraction are limited, preliminary investigations of the feasibility of using countercurrent extractors were made. These studies showed that the Allis-Chalmers and Ford type extractors were not applicable to the extraction of tung kernels with the carbon tetrachloride-benzene mixture since the tung kernels, as prepared, floated in the solvent mixture. The Allis-Chalmers extractor which depends upon the downward flow of the material being extracted against the upward flow of solvent would therefore not be suitable. Similarly the Ford type extractor would not be applicable because the solvent would have to travel downward against the natural tendency of the oil being extracted and the oil-solvent solution formed to flow upward since they would be lighter than the original solvent mixture. / Master of Science

Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) is a petroleum product and emerging contaminant used as fuel by cargo ships, cruise liners, and oil tankers. As a high-frequency, low volume commodity shipped by pipeline, train, truck, and ship, it is at high risk for small-scale spills in terrestrial, aquatic, and marine environments. There are few reports characterizing HFOs and quantifying the contaminants therein, but previous studies have shown that the most toxic classes of compounds in petroleum products are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). This project seeks to address that by analyzing HFO 7102, the specific HFO spilled in Wabamun Lake, Alberta in August 2005. Through an Effects-Driven Fractionation and Analysis, HFO 7102 was successively fractionated by physical and chemical means. First, a low-temperature vacuum distillation separated the oil into three fractions by volatility. The most toxic of these (lowest median toxic concentration, or LC50), F3, underwent a series of solvent extractions to remove asphaltenes and waxes. The remaining PAH-rich extract (F3-1) was further separated using open column chromatography into non-polar, mid-polar, and polar fractions with groupings approximately by number of aromatic rings. At each stage, fractions and sub-fractions were characterized by GC-MS for compositional analysis and bioassays were conducted with rainbow trout embryos. In this fashion, toxicity thresholds were developed for all fractions and the components of HFO 7102 associated with toxicity were identified and quantified. The F3 fraction was six times more toxic than the whole oil. While the wax fraction (F3-2) was shown to be non-toxic, the remaining PAH-rich extract (F3-1) accounted for all of the toxicity in F3. Future work may be done to determine the relative toxicity of the last fractions generated and identify a range of PAH responsible for fish toxicity. It is expected that the F3-1-2 fraction will be most toxic, as it contains nearly all of the three-ring and most of the four-ring PAH. These size classes of PAH have been associated with chronic toxicity to fish embryos in studies of crude oil. Further separations may be attempted to identify a more specific range of toxic compounds, such as by degree of alkylation. / Thesis (Master, Chemistry) -- Queen's University, 2012-07-31 11:31:15.238

The polyolefins production is the largest among all types of plastics given their thermal and chemical stability and low cost, which allows them to be used in a wide variety of products worldwide, including polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE) membranes. However, the small percentage of polyolefins being recycled compared to the enormous amount produced has led to severe environmental pollution issues. In addition, the traditional polyolefin membrane fabrication methods utilize mostly toxic non-renewable solvents such as xylenes at high temperatures, causing further negative environmental impact. The objective of this study is to propose a greener alternative for polyolefins in general and in particular for membrane fabrication. For this, two bio-based solvents (α-pinene and Dlimonene) were proposed to dissolve PP and LDPE, and the resulting films and membrane properties were studied. Hydrophobic PP microporous membranes were obtained by thermally induced phase separation from pristine commercial polymers and plastic waste. They were applied for water-in-toluene emulsion separation. The water rejection was above 95% for membranes fabricated from dope solutions containing 25% pristine PP and 30% waste PP heated at 130°C, suggesting that they could be used in oil spill recovery operations. This work aims to contribute to the implementation of more sustainable practices in the membrane industry.

[pt] Este trabalho refere-se a uma aplicação em equipamentos de separação de óleo da água produzida em plataformas de produção de petróleo. O objetivo principal é analisar a influência da geometria na eficiência de separação de óleo-água de um flotador, com o intuito de otimizar a sua operação. Isto permitirá, entre outras coisas, a reconfiguração interna de equipamentos já existentes, e a comparação entre eficiências de equipamentos com geometrias diferentes. Para simulação do flotador á proposta uma metodologia onde é utilizada a modelagem numérica do escoamento e do processo de flotação. É utilizada a técnica de volumes finitos onde são resolvidas as equações de conservação de massa e de quantidade de movimento linear, juntamente com as duas equações do modelo de turbulência k- épsilon. Para a modelagem da flotação, são utilizados alguns modelos para cálculo da probabilidade de colisão, aderência e estabilidade da bolha na gota de óleo, utilizando o campo de taxa de dissipação de turbulência da simulação numérica do escoamento. A trajetória das gotas de óleo é acompanhada no campo de velocidades para verificação do destino e eficiência de separação. Posteriormente é feita uma validação da metodologia utilizada com dados experimentais já disponíveis na literatura. Finalmente é analisado um caso variando a geometria e alguns parâmetros importantes no processo de flotação. / [en] This work refers to an application for the treatment of produced water in oil and gas production platforms. It focuses on the analysis of flotation cells design and geometry influence in the oil-water separation process, in order to optimize their performance. Examples of application for the simulation tool are: internal retrofitting of existing equipments and performance comparisons for different design/geometries. The use of a numeric modeling methodology is proposed for the simulation of a flotation cell. The technique of finite volumes is used to solve mass conservation and linear momentum conservation equations, with the two equations for the k- épsilon turbulence model. For the flotation process, some models are used for the calculation of the collision probability, the adherence and the stability of the gas bubble - oil droplet system and the field of turbulence dissipation. The trajectory of the oil droplets is investigated for predicting the separation efficiency. Empiric data available in the literature is used in the validation of the methodology. Finally, a case study is analyzed for different design and geometries and for verifying the importance of the physical parameters in the flotation process.

Submitted by Lucienne Costa (lucienneferreira@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-04-04T20:52:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JÉSSICA BARBOSA DA SILVA DO NASCIMENTO - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGEM) 2017.pdf: 5634263 bytes, checksum: 929da71867fefc79201bbfa0a102a100 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-04T20:52:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JÉSSICA BARBOSA DA SILVA DO NASCIMENTO - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGEM) 2017.pdf: 5634263 bytes, checksum: 929da71867fefc79201bbfa0a102a100 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-17 / Capes / Os separadores são equipamentos utilizados no processamento primário da indústria do petróleo com o objetivo de separar a mistura multifásica proveniente dos poços produtores. O trabalho avaliou o efeito dos dispositivos internos do vaso separador sobre a dinâmica do escoamento no processo de separação gás/óleo. Foi definido uma modelagem matemática com base na dinâmica de fluidos computacional (CFD) do separador horizontal bifásico. Adotou-se a abordagem Euleriana-Euleriana, considerando o modelo de mistura, disponibilizado no software Ansys CFX 15.0. O domínio consiste em um separador horizontal cilíndrico constituído de uma placa porosa que o divide em duas regiões: a região de separação primária, contendo três dispositivos internos (um defletor e duas chicanas) e a região de decantação. Foi gerada uma malha numérica empregando elementos tetraédricos, para a discretização das equações de conservação de massa, momento linear e de turbulência k padrão usando o método dos volumes finitos. Assumiu-se o escoamento em regimes permanente e transiente, isotérmico, com propriedades dos fluidos constantes e das forças interfaciais foram consideradas apenas as forças de arraste. Os resultados dos campos vetoriais de velocidade, assim como a fração volumétrica das fases indicam que a dinâmica do escoamento é fortemente dependente dos dispositivos internos. Na região de separação primária observou-se um alto nível de mistura causada pela turbulência gerada pelo impacto dos fluidos sobre a placa defletora posicionada imediatamente após a seção de entrada. A placa porosa possibilitou uma redução da turbulência dos fluidos, causada pela resistência do meio poroso ao escoamento. / The separators are equipments used in the primary processing of the petroleum industry to separate the multiphase mixture from the producing wells. The work evaluated the effect of the internal devices of the separator vessel on the flow dynamics in the gas/oil separation process. A mathematical model was defined based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) of the horizontal two-phase separator. The Eulerian-Eulerian approach was adopted, considering the mixture model, available in Ansys CFX 15.0 software. The domain consists of a horizontal cylindrical separator consisting of a porous plate that divides it in to two regions: the primary separation, containing three internal devices (one deflector plate and two baffles) and the settling region. A numerical grid was generated employing tetrahedral elements, for the discretization of the mass conservation, linear momentum and k standard turbulence equations using the finite volume method. Isothermal flow with constant fluid properties in both steady state and transient regimes were assumed, and, from the interfacial forces, only the drag forces were considered. The velocity vector field results as well as the volumetric fraction of the phases indicate that the flow dynamics are strongly dependent on the internal devices. In the primary separation region, a high-level of mixing was observed due to the turbulence generated by the impact of the fluids on a deflector plate positioned immediately after the inlet section. The porous plate allowed a reduction of the turbulence of the fluids, caused by the resistance of the porous medium to the flow.

Tall oil is a mixture of rosin acids, fatty acids, and non-acids resulting from acidification of the soaps separating out from the kraft pulp process evaporator liquor. The present uses of tall oil center chiefly around its fatty acid content, but are limited for some purposes because of the rosin content. Separation of these constituents makes each available as such. The rosin, as crystalline abietic acid, has specific possibilities as a raw material. Rosin and fatty acids are separated chiefly by distillation, although chemical means and extraction have been proposed to overcome such objections as corrosion and losses as pitch, incurred in distillation. Chlorination is used as a step in the purification of tall oil, or to produce a sticky chlorinated oil, but no separation based on the use of chlorine appears to have been proposed. It was proposed in this investigation to chlorinate the fatty acid double bonds in hopes that the properties of this product would be such as to permit of a separation. The effects of solvent, light, heat, and catalysts were studied to determine the optimum conditions for such a reaction, and the effect of chlorination upon the rosin and fatty acids, respectively, under specific conditions was determined, It was found that the use of CCl₄ solvent and ultraviolet light accelerate chlorine consumption and promote the addition of chlorine, but do not entirely stifle the substitution reaction. Rosin and fatty acid double bonds are attacked to about an equal extent under these conditions. The chlorinated oil is entirely soluble in most common solvents at room temperature. Petroleum ether insolubles increase slightly over the amount obtained from untreated oil. It is recommended that the range of chlorination conditions be extended to a more complete study of possible results, and that other chemical attacks be investigated. / Master of Science

Submitted by Lucienne Costa (lucienneferreira@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-04-04T19:21:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 HORTÊNCIA LUMA FERNANDES MAGALHÂES - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGEM) 2017.pdf: 3450368 bytes, checksum: f5d98ccec242bacb7a52e66286aa05ee (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-04T19:21:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 HORTÊNCIA LUMA FERNANDES MAGALHÂES - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGEM) 2017.pdf: 3450368 bytes, checksum: f5d98ccec242bacb7a52e66286aa05ee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-27 / Capes / A crescente preocupação com o meio ambiente, em especial ao descarte adequado de efluentes industriais, vem despertando a atenção de pesquisadores e engenheiros que visam minimizar essa problemática e atender as exigências dos órgãos de controle ambiental. Os processos de separação utilizando membranas cerâmicas têm se destacado neste cenário como uma importante ferramenta de tratamento de aguas contaminadas, devido ao seu custo-benefício, longa vida útil e baixo consumo de energia. Neste sentido, avaliou-se empregando a fluidodinâmica computacional (CFD), o efeito térmico no processo de separação água/óleo via membrana cerâmica. Adotou-se o modelo de resistências em série em conjunto com as equações de conservação de massa, momento linear e energia, que foram resolvidas usando o ANSYS CFX® 15. Os resultados numéricos mostram que o modelo matemático utilizado é capaz de prever a formação e crescimento da camada limite de concentração ao longo da membrana tubular, como também a permeação do soluto (óleo) na membrana. / The growing concern with the environment, especially the adequate disposal of industrial effluents, has been attracting the attention of researchers and engineers that aim to minimize this problem and meet the requirements of environmental control agencies. The separation processes using ceramic membranes have stood out in this scenario as an important tool of treatment of contaminated water, due to their cost-benefit, long life and low energy consumption. In this sense, it was evaluated using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD), the thermal effect in the water / oil separation process via ceramic membrane. The series resistance model was adopted in conjunction with the conservation equations of mass, linear momentum and energy, which were solved using ANSYS CFX® 15. The numerical results show that the mathematical model used is able to predict the formation and growth of the boundary layer of concentration along the tubular membrane, as well as the permeation of the solute (oil) in the membrane.

Svenska kraftnät is the Swedish transmission system operator, responsible for the national electrical grid with power lines of 220 kV and 400 kV, and the electrical substations of the grid. In this master thesis an old substation located in a sensitive environmental area is inspected and its environmental risks defined and assessed. From this “worst case scenario” measures are recommended, that should be applicable on other existing substations, and for new constructed substations. This thesis is limited to a more detailed analysis on how oil spill can be handled. The insulating oil is used in different machines and equipment on the substation to avoid electrical charges. The inspected substation has a special feature; a pipe system that connects wells on the substation area, water pipes from the substation house, and transformer pits to an oil-water separation house. The oil pits are made of concrete and placed under machines with large amounts of oil to capture the oil in case of a breakdown or leakage. In the oil-water separation house oil is separated from water and the clean water is sent to a lake in the vicinity. The most severe environmental risks found are the filter in the oil-water separation house and the risk of oil leakage from the open water-cooling system of the synchronous generator. In addition, there is no way to catch oil spill from current and voltage transformers and it is not known if the pipe system that transports water and oil spills is completely sealed. Finally, there is no permanent installation to catch spills from tank filling areas and Svenska kraftnät does rarely follow up the environmental work of the entrepreneurs. Svenska kraftnät is recommended to use the products and services from the companies Qlean Scandinavia AB and TTL Miljöteknik AB to attend to the noted environmental risks. Qlean Scandinavia AB offers an environmental friendly cleaning procedure with ultraclean water and sealing of concrete, which can be used for the transformer pits and oil-water separation house. They also sell profile planks as a fire-extinguishing layer for transformer pits. These are considered better and safer than the conventional stones used. The price is almost the same, however the maintenance costs are lower for the profile planks, since they are easier to clean and do not require heavy transports to landfill. They also require less space than the stones, therefore a smaller transformer pit can be built, and cost savings can be made on concrete. TTL Miljöteknik AB has products based on environmental friendly oil solidifying polymers placed in different textiles and filters. They let water and other substances pass, but react with hydrocarbons, like oil, forming a tight rubberlike mass. These installations are new to Europe, but more than 12 000 installations have been made, mainly in the United States and Australia. For the inspected substation in this thesis it is recommended to manage oil spill at each machine and to clean the pipe system. An HFF-filter should be installed in cleaned and sealed transformer pits. The filter lets water from precipitation pass, but binds oil, thanks to the solidifying polymers. The clean water is further transported through the pipe system to the oil-water separation house and from there water is pumped to the lake. Wells must be sealed and the pipes from the substation house led to a septic tank. Agent X, a type of filter mat, should be placed on the substation area to catch oil spills from current and voltage transformers, since previous breakdowns show that oil can be spread over a large area. For plants without a pipe system the water will be released outside the transformer pits. For new constructions it is suggested that transformer pits are built with a polyvinyl mat in the bottom and a filter on the sides, which will capture the oil. A concrete fundament still needs to be built to support the machine; therefore the price will almost be the same as for the conventional transformer pit in concrete, although less concrete is needed. However, with this technique the transformer pit will not require any maintenance.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-04-30T17:51:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TELLYS LINS DE ALMEIDA BARBOSA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEQ 2014..pdf: 2340446 bytes, checksum: 3a2ea16e16c4359a82b431379410d16c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-30T17:51:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TELLYS LINS DE ALMEIDA BARBOSA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEQ 2014..pdf: 2340446 bytes, checksum: 3a2ea16e16c4359a82b431379410d16c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-26 / O presente trabalho visa estudar o desempenho e validação de um sistema com automação para processos de separação de águas oleosas com membranas cerâmicas. O trabalho foi dividido em duas partes: testes em escala de bancada e no sistema com automação. Nos ensaios em escala de bancada foram realizados experimentos de caracterização da membrana cerâmica com água deionizada e com efluente sintético, com intuito de estimar o comportamento das membranas para auxiliar no desenvolvimento do sistema com automação. Para avaliar o desempenho dos sistemas de separação água/óleo com membranas cerâmicas os seguintes parâmetros foram analisados: fluxo do permeado (J, em L/h.m2) e taxa de rejeição de óleo. Nos experimentos no sistema com automação foi avaliado o desempenho no processo de separação água/óleo com membranas cerâmicas, o efluente sintético utilizado obedeceu às mesmas condições do sistema de bancada. Os experimentos com efluente sintético foram simulados com concentração de óleo fixada em 20 mg/L. Observou-se que a redução do fluxo de permeado com o tempo de operação é fortemente dependente da pressão e do teor de óleo emulsionado, podendo ser relacionada aos fenômenos de polarização por concentração, inerentes aos PSM. Contudo, a redução do fluxo no permeado foi atenuada no sistema com automação que possui processos de limpeza backpulse e backwash. Quanto à taxa de rejeição da fase dispersa, para todas as condições analisadas, apresentou-se maior que 97%. A utilização do backwash tendo como agente de limpeza uma solução de hidróxido de sódio não foi eficaz na recuperação do fluxo do permeado, porém o comportamento do processo de limpeza foi extremamente satisfatório o que indica com a mudança do agente de limpeza no processo terá uma melhor recuperação do fluxo do permeado. A partir dos experimentos realizados no sistema com automação os resultados obtidos demostram potencial para separação com membranas cerâmica, para o tratamento de águas oleosas. / This work aims to study the performance and validation of system with automation to oily water separation processes with ceramic membranes. It was divided into two phases: laboratory-scale tests and tests with the system with automation. In the laboratory-scale tests, experiments to characterize the ceramic membrane were carried out with deionized water and synthetic effluent, aiming to estimate the behavior of membranes to assist the developing of the system with automation. To evaluate the performance of the water-oil separation systems with ceramic membranes the following parameters were analyzed: permeate flow (J, L/h.m2) and oil rejection rate. In the experiments with the automatic system the performance was evaluated in oil-water separating process with ceramic membrane, the synthetic effluent used followed the same conditions as the benchtop system. The experiments with synthetic effluent were simulated with oil concentration set at 20 mg/L. It was observed that the reduction of the permeate flux with the operation time is strongly dependent of the pressure and emulsified oil content, may be related to concentration polarization, inherent to membrane separation processes. However, the reduction of permeate flow was attenuated in the system with automation where backpulse and blackwash cleaning processes were used. The dispersed phase rejection rate, for all conditions analyzed, was greater than 97%. The backwash cleaning system having sodium hydroxide as cleaning agent was not effective to increase the permeate flow, but the cleaning agent performance was extremely satisfactory which indicates that the change of the cleaning agent in the process will increase the flow in the permeate stream. From the experiments carried out with the system with automation results demonstrate the potential for separation with ceramic membranes, for oily water treatment.