A major figure to emerge in the history of American photography is Carlotta Corpron (1901-1987), who taught art at Texas Woman's University in Denton, Texas from 1935-1968. The rediscovery of her abstract images created during the 1940s reflects the growing recognition of the experimental photography at the New Bauhaus in Chicago from 1937-1946. Corpron's abstract photographs were stimulated by her interaction with Lazlo Moholy-Nagy and Gyorgy Kepes. Corpron was an innovator in the development of abstract photography in the United States. This thesis connects her work to that of Moholy-Nagy and Gyorgy Kepes as well as other major figures in American photography of the twentieth century.

This Master's Thesis is focused on evolution of photography with focus on photojournalism and documentary photography and aims to prove that this genre, though it may seem that it's currently on the decline, is still important. The theoretical part contains general history and definition of photography, pointing out the relationship between photography and art and describes the most important theories of aesthetics of photography. Then the work is focused purely on photojournalism and documentary photography. It describes the relationship and the difference between these genres. Further the thesis is focused on the ethics of photography and manipulation of images. The practical section consists of analysis of technical requirements on photo equipment with regard to individual areas of photojournalism and documentary photography. The following part contains practical examples based on author's experience and the work concludes with compilation of several Czech photographers' answers to questions about photojournalism and documentary photography.

In this paper I will address the philosophies of Susan Sontag, Roland Barthes and Thomas Ruff by considering the object, materials and processes of photography as my primary motivator to create art. I will examine the contrast between photographic imagery, as an illusion of the past, and sculpture, as a physical manifestation of the present, when creating works that ask, "What else can photography be?"

La photographie africaine contemporaine est ici celle que pratique les Africains vivant en Afrique. Durant notre période (1989-2009), le constat de l’absence de spécificité de la photographie africaine fait place au constat du regard photographique erroné que porte les Occidentaux sur l’Afrique. « Quelle est la vraie photographie africaine ? » est une des questions les plus souvent posées. En parallèle, le genre du portrait s’impose, en lutte contre un afropessimisme ambiant, tandis que les photographies documentaire et du réel montrent l’Afrique vécue par les Africains. Plus militante, la photographie citoyenne se développe et s’accompagne d’une hégémonie discursive. Mais la vraie photographie engagée est donnée par des pays anglophones qui contribuent à la marche collective vers la reconnaissance. Dans ce processus de reconnaissance, la France et les Etats-Unis jouent un rôle essentiel. L’intérêt porté par ces deux pays du Nord à la photographie africaine s’explique par l’existence d’une diaspora de photographes africains dont les travaux alimentent nombre de manifestations, palliant ainsi un déficit relatif en photographes locaux pratiquant une « photo d’art ». Dans ce contexte fragile, la pépinière de photographes sud-africains évoluant dans une économie de marché à l’occidentale prend à contre-pied les pays d’Afrique francophone où les fonctionnaires français répartissent des aides d’origine étatique et européenne. Cette Afrique du Sud, avec d’autres pays anglophones et le Mozambique, est le véritable porte-étendard d’une photographie africaine en gestation. / Contemporary African photography is here photography practiced by Africans living in Africa. In our period (1989-2009), the acknowledgement of the absence of specificity of African photography takes the place of the photographic gaze brought by Westerners to Africa: “What is the real african photography?” is a question that characterizes this photography. In parallel, the portrait genre imposes itself, searching to end up outside of the consciences of an ambient afropsessimism, while documentary photographs show the Africa lived by Africans. Even more militant, citizen photography develops and is accompanied by a discursive hegemony. But the true photography engaged has been given by some of the Anglophone countries that therefore contribute to the collective march to recognition, France and the United States playing an essential role, since 1990, in this process. The interest in those two northern countries may also be explained by a diaspora of African photographers whose work feeds a number of manifestations that highlight a relative deficit of local photographers that practice “art photography”. In this fragile context, the nursery of South African photographers evolving in an economic market similar to that of the occident takes a counter-point to French speaking countries where French civil servants distribute state assistance of European origin. It is this South Africa, alongside other English speaking countries and Mozambique, that demonstrates the path of a clearly gestating African photography.

Esta dissertação trata da trajetória e obra fotográfica de Theodor Preising no Brasil. O fotógrafo percorreu área considerável do território nacional tomando vistas para a produção de cartões-postais e registrando viagens de sócios do Touring Clube do Brasil. Trabalhou ainda para a revista S.Paulo, e integrou os quadros funcionais do Departamento de Imprensa e Propaganda de São Paulo, contribuindo com a elaboração de uma imagem do país nas publicações oficiais direcionadas para leitura no Brasil e no exterior. Entre essas publicações estavam: o jornal Brasil Novo, a revista Travel in Brazil, as reportagens da Agência Nacional e dois folhetos turísticos. Trata-se de um estudo que busca demonstrar a versatilidade de Preising e a extensão de sua obra. A análise do trabalho de Preising, entre 1923 e 1948, permite observamos a transformação de sua linguagem, que se sobrepõe e exemplifica a metamorfose da sociedade. / This dissertation discusses Theodor Preisings trajectory and photographic work at Brasil. The photographer has covered considerable area of national territory taking views to postcards and registering trips of Touring Clube do Brasil affiliations. He has still worked to S.Paulo magazine, and joined the staffs of Departamento de Imprensa e Propaganda de São Paulo, contributing to the development of the countrys image in the official publications in Brazil and overseas. Between these publications was: the Brasil Novo newspaper, the Travel in Brazil magazine, reports of the Agência Nacional and two touristic papers. This work proposes to demonstrate Preisings versatility and the extent of his work. By analyzing Preisings work, since 1923 to 1948, we can understand the transformation of his technique, witch exemplifies the metamorphosis of the society.

This dissertation is mainly concerned with the photography of Christer Strömholm. In studying his work semiotics is used as a method in analysing the rhetoric of his photographs and their relations to the photographic world, the artworld and the lifeworld. Especially the phenomenologically based visual and cultural semiotics of Göran Sonesson is adopted. The work of Strömholm is first understood in the context of surrealism; especially in the ”dark” surrealism of Georges Bataille´s. In relation to the I - here and nowposition of the lifeworld the surrealism of Bataille can be seen as a downwardgoing rhetoric on the Great Chain of Being, the hierarchy of the lifeworld, from stone, via object, plant and man, to society or God. Bataille´s highlighting of the material and animal nature of man is an opposition to the upwardgoing spiritualising rhetoric of André Breton´s. The main rhetorical device in Strömholm’s photography is a downwardgoing isolation of the object from the lifeworld, according to Jan-Gunnar Sjölin surrealism’s first maneuvre. However, Bataille´s rhetoric and Strömholm´s photography may also be seen as a modern variant of the ancient grotesque degradation that according to Michail Bakhtin once took place in popular carnivals and marketplaces. The degradation of Bakhtin, George Lakoff and Mark Turner’s notion of conceptual metaphor suggests a rhetoric of the lifeworld itself, which may allow us to understand pictorial rhetoric without the help of the theories of the artworld, such as surrealism’s theories. Strömholm´s work is studied in relation to Roman Jakobsons functions in the process of communication. The dominant function in the photographs is the metasemiotic, since pictures and other signs are depicted and commented on. Also the photographs of transsexuals depict and comment signs, men that are signs of women. His photographs of transsexuals has been interpreted as a social realistic documentary, but is better understood as a surrealist union of two terms as unlike as possible, femininity and masculinity. Another important function in his photographs is the interpersonal function suggesting a conjunction of emotive and conative functions. Along with isolation concealment of the object is used, which makes the object difficult to identify. We are not allowed to complete the act of perception, we see only the point of view. In Strömholm’s photography, the point of view of the invisible ”picture-self” with its unique perspective replaces the customary photographic referential image supposed to show “reality.” The notion of ”picture-self” suggests a differentiation between photographer and ”picture-self”, a ready-prepared position for a subject, that the photographer or viewer can place him/herself in. In being placed in this position an existential particualrization occurs, which is termed ”la condition humaine”. Walter Benjamin´s idea of ”the outmoded” and ”the ruins of the bourgeoisie”, Susan Sontag´s idea of the role of ugliness in modern photography, is seen in relation to Strömholms photography and the downwardgoing surrealist rhetoric. In Benjamin´s ”age of reproduction” there is in the photographic work of Strömholm, a tension between ”centripetality” and ”centrifugality”; of remaining in or departing from the artworld. His work is also discussed in relation to postvisualization as an opposition to the well known photographic notion of previsualization.   In order to explain different rhetorical maneuvres semiotically in relation to the spatial lifeworld, the notion of familiarization is used as an opposition to Victor Shklovskys well known notion of estrangement. In the model of “the Great Cross”, with its origo as the familiarity of the I-here-nowposition of the core of the lifeworld, a vertical axis is the Great Chain of Being, ending on both ends with what is considered strange. Also ending with what is strange is a horizontal axis with rhetorical relations on the same level. A similar cross is used to explain rhetorical temporal movements between past and present and present and future with the present I - here and nowsituation of the origo. A conclusion is that visual and cultural semiotics is an enlightening tool for practical analyses even of an œuvre that is as enigmatic as that of Strömholm´s.

The role and position of the documentary street photographer is examined in the context of other forms of contemporary visual survey, including Google Street View. The Street View methodology is critically examined and related to the methodologies of other visual artists, including street photographers Peter Black and Robert Frank. Comparisons are drawn between the methodological restrictions imposed by Street View and those imposed by the photographers in the course of their practice. The issue of authorship is discussed and the lack of specific authorship of Street View is related to its inability to augment the viewer's personal sense of space. Wainuiomata, a suburb of Hutt City in Wellington, New Zealand, is introduced as a location for the author's research into how documentary photography might operate. The author's own phenomenological history is considered, and it is proposed that Wainuiomata may act as a mirror which reflects a sense of place derived from personal history, triggered by the visual landscape. The author's installation work The 1 p.m. Project is discussed and contextualised as a response to the author's research findings.

Photographic technology is increasingly respondent to a desire for the production and consumption of information. The current age of photography not only possesses the ability to capture the image, but also to capture photographic metadata as supplemental information. Engaging in the premise that the photographic image exists as an incomplete medium to the transfer of information, this research identifies the acquisition of data as a means to resolve interpretation and quantify the photographic image. Inhabiting a complex territory within this structure, the photographic image manifests multiplicity and operates as source, production, and capture of information. This work challenges the perceptions of how to engage with the dialogues created between the photographic image, and the externally appended metadata.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, Dept. of English Language and Literature, August 2002. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

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Há algumas décadas se produz obras de arte na Bahia com o uso recorrente da fotografia como matéria de trabalho, contudo, talvez ainda não se tivesse a idéia nítida de como ela está enraizada na produção regional, nem se conhecesse o seu percurso histórico.Neste contexto, este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a introdução da fotografia nos salões de arte da Bahia e o espaço dado nestes eventos aos artistas residentes no estado. Como também, examinar historicamente os primórdios da fotografia na cidade do Salvador e sua vinculação com as artes; compreender as relações entre a fotografia e a arte na contemporaneidade e verificar o espaço que a Bienal do Recôncavo e o Salão da Bahia do Museu de Arte Moderna da Bahia concederam para a produção fotográfica baiana, no período de 1991 a 2006. Para atender aos aspectos considerados relevantes neste estudo e atingir os objetivos propostos, foram adotados os métodos histórico, comparativo e dedutivo de abordagem. O primeiro serviu para entender ao estágio atual de desenvolvimento do tema através dos experimentos e descobertas feitas no passado; o segundo foi um recurso utilizado para comparação entre as semelhanças em diferentes épocas e técnicas; e o último ofereceu uma análise lógica organizando e especificando o conhecimento. A metodologia abrange,ainda, a valorização da história oral com depoimentos dos envolvidos na organização dos Salões e alguns artistas premiados. Os resultados do estudo apontam que Salvador acompanhou rapidamente o desenvolvimento dos processos técnicos da fotografia; os primeiros daguerreotipistas que chegaram à capital eram itinerantes e se apresentavam como artistas. Um dos primeiros fotógrafos baianos foi José Antonio da Cunha Couto, que possuía uma Galeria de Pintura e Fotografia, em 1873. O estúdio “Photographia Artística”, no início do século XX, pertenceu aos professores do Liceu de Artes e Ofício e da Escola de Belas Artes: Francisco Terêncio Vieira de Campos, Antonio Olavo Baptista e Oséas Santos. Eles utilizaram a fotografia como ferramenta de auxílio na realização de suas encomendas.Destaque para a entrada da fotografia no museu através do fotoclubismo na Bahia, onde suas ações possibilitaram a organização dos primeiros salões de arte fotográfica no estado; como também, a Segunda Bienal de Artes da Bahia. Os Salões Nacionais de Arte Fotográfica realizados na Escola de Belas Artes, na década de 1990, foram de fundamental importância,no sentido de trazer para o estado o intercâmbio da produção fotográfica nacional. Assim como as Mostras de Fotografia Contemporânea da Bahia promoveram a fotografia local. A pesquisa revela que, durante 1991 a 2006, a Bienal do Recôncavo apresentou em relação ao Salão da Bahia um maior panorama acerca das tendências da produção artística na fotografia baiana. / Salvador