Hierdie studie handel oor die Engelse onderskrifte in Afrikaanse televisieprogramme oor verskillende genres. Dit ondersoek die verskynsels asook die gehalte in en van die intertalige onderskrifte. Dit is _ vergelykende teksstudie met die doel om aanbevelings vir verbeterde onderskrifte te gee. Daar word _ deeglike literatuurstudie gedoen om agtergrond vir die navorsing te skep. Die data word ingesamel en gekategoriseer om geanaliseer te word sodat ingeligte gevolgtrekkings gemaak kan word. Daar is bevind dat die Afrikaanse televisieprogramme wat ondersoek is, substandaard Engelse onderskrifte het en dat die meeste foute is as gevolg van die minagting van die onderskrifskeppingsreëls. Die verhandeling sluit af deur aanbevelings te maak oor hoe dit verbeter kan word. / This study considers English subtitles in Afrikaans television programs in different genres. It researches the phenomena, as well as the standard of the interlingual subtitles. It is a comparative text study and has the goal of creating recommendations for better subtitles. A thorough literature study was done to provide background for the coming research. The data was collected and categorised to be analysed to reach an informed conclusion. The study found that the researched Afrikaans television programs have substandard subtitles and that the most mistakes were because of ignoring the subtitling rules. The dissertation concludes by making suggestions on how to better it. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Afrikaans / MA / Unrestricted

The degree to which the SABC as public broadcaster gives shape to its language policy and language mandate, against the background of an investigation of language rights, establishes the central problem statement of this research. It is widely acknowledged that it is difficult to define the concept of language rights. 14khough the language-sociological literature associates this concept with minority and cultural rights, it can also be seen as individual rights. According to the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa,1996,it is clear that language rights should be seen as individual rights that can be exercised within a particular community. Although this dissertation provides an extensive juridical and language sociological explanation of the concept of language rights, the description by Judge Able Sachs will be used as a working definition for this research. His division between the following four fundamental language rights, viz.: (i) the right to use your language; (ii) the right to develop your language; (iii) the right to be understood and to understand other languages as well as (iv) the right not to be discriminated against because of your language, provides a useful investigation instrument with which the degree to which the SABC-TV acknowledges and protects language rights can be measured. It is found that despite the policy documents on national and corporate level that has equal consideration and treatment of the diverse South African languages in mind, it still happens that the SABC-TV fails to give form to the language rights of individuals that belong to indigenous minority language groups in South Africa. Due to this, the research suggests that the extensive implementation of subtitles, as a form of screen translation that differs from lip synchronised dubbing, can make a significant contribution to the acknowledgement and protection of language rights by the SABC-TV. In addition to a discussion on what subtitles entail, the technical nature and specific parameters thereof, a feasibility study is included within which the affordability of this project for the SABC-TV is indicated. It is found that this form of screen translation is ideal for the South African situation because it is cheaper than both lip synchronised dubbing and the creation of new television programmes, but also because it can effectively be employed in regional broadcasts. Furthermore, the use of bilingual subtitles and pivot subtitles are also alternatives that may be considered. It is essential though that subtitles can indeed contribute to the way in which the SABC, as a public broadcaster, acknowledges and protects the fundamental language rights of the multitude of South Africans that belong to different language communities in South Africa. / Thesis (M.A. (Afrikaans))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2004.

Most South African subtitles are produced and broadcast in English despite the fact that English is the first language of only 8.2% of the entire population (Statistics South Africa, 2004). Therefore, current English subtitles are predominantly received as second language text. This poses questions as to how people perceive these subtitles, and if and how their reading of English second language (L2) subtitles differs from their reading of L1 (non-English) subtitles. In recent years, eye tracking has proven to be a valuable method in observing and measuring the eye movements of people watching and reading subtitles. In order to explain the use of eye tracking and in order to answer the question at hand, this study comprises a literature review and an empirical study. The literature review gives an in-depth account of previous studies that used eye tracking to study reading and elaborates on the parameters used to account for various findings. The two empirical components of this study examined the accessibility and effectiveness of English L2 subtitles by presenting native speakers of Afrikaans and Sesotho with subtitles displayed (a) in their native language, Afrikaans or Sesotho, and (b) in L2 English, while monitoring their eye movements with an SMI iViewX™ Hi-Speed eye tracker and comparing the data with that of English L1 speakers reading English subtitles. Participants were also given static text to read (accompanied by a corresponding comprehension test) in order to see if there was a relation between participants’ first and second language reading of static text and that of subtitling. Additionally, participants were given a questionnaire on their reading behaviour, reading preferences, access to subtitled television programming and reading of subtitles in order to find explanations for occurrences in the data. The initial hypothesis was that there would be a difference in L1 and L2 subtitle reading and attention allocation as measured by key eye-tracking parameters. Using ANOVAs, statistically significant differences were indeed found, but the differences were much more significant for the Sesotho L1 than the Afrikaans L1 speakers. After excluding possible confounding factors that were analysed in attempt to refute this hypothesis, the conclusion was that participants inherently read L1 and L2 subtitles differently. The hypothesis is therefore supported. However, the difference in L1 and L2 subtitle reading was not the only significant finding – the Sesotho L1 speakers’ reading data revealed a greater underlying issue, namely literacy. The problem of low literacy levels can be attributed to the participants’ socioeconomic background and history, and needs to be addressed urgently. Recommendations for future research include that the current study be broadened in terms of scope, sampling size, representativeness and experimental material; that the focus be shifted to the rest of the languages spoken in South Africa for which the users do not have a shared sense of bilingualism and for which the L1 skills and levels of L1 literacy vary; and to further explore the relation between the reading of static text and subtitle reading in order to ensure adequate subtitle reading in terms of proportional attention allocation. However, the issue of low literacy levels will have to be addressed urgently; only then will the South African viewing public be able to gain full access to any form of broadcast communicative material or media, and only then will they be able to benefit from subtitling and all that it offers. / North-West University (South Africa). Vaal Triangle Campus.

The degree to which the SABC as public broadcaster gives shape to its language policy and language mandate, against the background of an investigation of language rights, establishes the central problem statement of this research. It is widely acknowledged that it is difficult to define the concept of language rights. 14khough the language-sociological literature associates this concept with minority and cultural rights, it can also be seen as individual rights. According to the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa,1996,it is clear that language rights should be seen as individual rights that can be exercised within a particular community. Although this dissertation provides an extensive juridical and language sociological explanation of the concept of language rights, the description by Judge Able Sachs will be used as a working definition for this research. His division between the following four fundamental language rights, viz.: (i) the right to use your language; (ii) the right to develop your language; (iii) the right to be understood and to understand other languages as well as (iv) the right not to be discriminated against because of your language, provides a useful investigation instrument with which the degree to which the SABC-TV acknowledges and protects language rights can be measured. It is found that despite the policy documents on national and corporate level that has equal consideration and treatment of the diverse South African languages in mind, it still happens that the SABC-TV fails to give form to the language rights of individuals that belong to indigenous minority language groups in South Africa. Due to this, the research suggests that the extensive implementation of subtitles, as a form of screen translation that differs from lip synchronised dubbing, can make a significant contribution to the acknowledgement and protection of language rights by the SABC-TV. In addition to a discussion on what subtitles entail, the technical nature and specific parameters thereof, a feasibility study is included within which the affordability of this project for the SABC-TV is indicated. It is found that this form of screen translation is ideal for the South African situation because it is cheaper than both lip synchronised dubbing and the creation of new television programmes, but also because it can effectively be employed in regional broadcasts. Furthermore, the use of bilingual subtitles and pivot subtitles are also alternatives that may be considered. It is essential though that subtitles can indeed contribute to the way in which the SABC, as a public broadcaster, acknowledges and protects the fundamental language rights of the multitude of South Africans that belong to different language communities in South Africa. / Thesis (M.A. (Afrikaans))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2004.

Most South African subtitles are produced and broadcast in English despite the fact that English is the first language of only 8.2% of the entire population (Statistics South Africa, 2004). Therefore, current English subtitles are predominantly received as second language text. This poses questions as to how people perceive these subtitles, and if and how their reading of English second language (L2) subtitles differs from their reading of L1 (non-English) subtitles. In recent years, eye tracking has proven to be a valuable method in observing and measuring the eye movements of people watching and reading subtitles. In order to explain the use of eye tracking and in order to answer the question at hand, this study comprises a literature review and an empirical study. The literature review gives an in-depth account of previous studies that used eye tracking to study reading and elaborates on the parameters used to account for various findings. The two empirical components of this study examined the accessibility and effectiveness of English L2 subtitles by presenting native speakers of Afrikaans and Sesotho with subtitles displayed (a) in their native language, Afrikaans or Sesotho, and (b) in L2 English, while monitoring their eye movements with an SMI iViewX™ Hi-Speed eye tracker and comparing the data with that of English L1 speakers reading English subtitles. Participants were also given static text to read (accompanied by a corresponding comprehension test) in order to see if there was a relation between participants’ first and second language reading of static text and that of subtitling. Additionally, participants were given a questionnaire on their reading behaviour, reading preferences, access to subtitled television programming and reading of subtitles in order to find explanations for occurrences in the data. The initial hypothesis was that there would be a difference in L1 and L2 subtitle reading and attention allocation as measured by key eye-tracking parameters. Using ANOVAs, statistically significant differences were indeed found, but the differences were much more significant for the Sesotho L1 than the Afrikaans L1 speakers. After excluding possible confounding factors that were analysed in attempt to refute this hypothesis, the conclusion was that participants inherently read L1 and L2 subtitles differently. The hypothesis is therefore supported. However, the difference in L1 and L2 subtitle reading was not the only significant finding – the Sesotho L1 speakers’ reading data revealed a greater underlying issue, namely literacy. The problem of low literacy levels can be attributed to the participants’ socioeconomic background and history, and needs to be addressed urgently. Recommendations for future research include that the current study be broadened in terms of scope, sampling size, representativeness and experimental material; that the focus be shifted to the rest of the languages spoken in South Africa for which the users do not have a shared sense of bilingualism and for which the L1 skills and levels of L1 literacy vary; and to further explore the relation between the reading of static text and subtitle reading in order to ensure adequate subtitle reading in terms of proportional attention allocation. However, the issue of low literacy levels will have to be addressed urgently; only then will the South African viewing public be able to gain full access to any form of broadcast communicative material or media, and only then will they be able to benefit from subtitling and all that it offers. / North-West University (South Africa). Vaal Triangle Campus.