Much has been written on the theoretical implications and postulated impacts of individual transferable harvest quotas (ITHQ), but there have been few empirical studies of the development and implementation process, the impacts of this process and the impacts of ITHQ in a Great Lakes fishery. In 1984, Ontario implemented ITHQ for selected commercial fish species. The objectives of this study are: (1) to identify and understand the impacts of ITHQ; (2) to detail the linkages between these impacts and the application of fisheries management interventions derived from the bioeconomic model (which is the theoretical origin of ITHQ); and (3) to further our understanding of the process of ITHQ development and implementation and the impacts of this process of development and implementation, by utilizing theoretical perspectives in the co management theory of resource management and in three policy process models. The study area was the Canadian portion of the Lake Huron commercial fishery. Data were obtained from annual harvest reports filed by commercial fishers over the 1980-1985 time period and through interviews with commercial fishers, fisheries managers and scientists. Data on 1986-1989 harvest amounts and values was also obtained from the provincial data base. In the two years following ITHQ implementation, there was little traceable impact on either the harvest amounts or values of the two principal commercial species, but there was a trend toward a reduction in capacity of the fishery. ITHQ’s most important effects appears to have been on the organization of labour and capital in the fishery. Commercial fishing activities have not generated major instabilities; it is the ecological phenomena that most affect harvest amounts, species and values. Other policy impacts, however, are complex and difficult to identify and analyze. Future administrative costs are not easy to estimate; the social impacts from changes in the structure of the industry are intricate; and some aspects of policy implementation may be too inflexible. Analysis of qualitative data suggests several conclusive linkages between the process of ITHQ development and implementation and its effectiveness. In this regard, adequacy of stock assessment information, effectiveness of consultation and level of attention to social context were found to be of importance. The co-management model was found to provide a strong basis for explanation and understanding of the impacts of the process of ITHQ development and implementation in the community of resource users because the relationships it incorporates overtly address decision-making processes related to the adaptation of new ideas, arbitration of power relationships, and the rate, timing and extent of change. The co-management model suggests that incorporation of resource users’ collective strengths and organization in an arrangement wherein regulatory interventions are developed and implemented cooperatively with resource users would lead to more efficient, effective and sustainable management regimes. Transaction costs, in particular, may be significantly reduced in a co-managed fishery where specified community characteristics exist. Development and implementation processes for ITHQ in Lake Huron were viewed as the interaction of rational, incremental and interest group decision-making processes. Findings suggest that social issues of autonomy, equity and a broad basis of understanding are as important as those of economic efficiency, and that if not dealt with, these issues can significantly impact the efficacy of management interventions. This study is significant because it addresses analysis of common property problems through utilizing the analytical powers derived from models dealing with biological, economic and political relationships to examine a regulatory policy application in a field situation (after Ostrom 1992).

This study evaluates the life history responses of yellow perch to mass removal and the potential for population recovery. We removed approximately 94% of a perch population from Nepawin Lake, a 35 hectare oligotrophic lake in Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario, as part of a study designed to enhance the recruitment success of brook trout. Several response variables were examined both before and after mass removal: (1) condition, which includes growth, diet and overall condition responses, and (2) reproduction, which includes size at maturity and fecundity. We examine the question of whether compensatory life history responses in the yellow perch will overcome brook trout predation leading to a reestablishment of a high density perch population. Results showed that prior to the manipulation, perch exhibited a narrow size distribution, high dietary overlap, and low condition, typifying a stunted population. After mass removal, the perch population remained in a narrow size distribution, exhibited decreased growth rates for older age classes, showed increased mean condition and increased consumption of zooplankton in all size classes. Perch also exhibited increased size at maturity and decreased fecundity immediately following the mass removal. A time lag is expected before compensatory recruitment is possible in the population, but it is likely that the perch will recover from the mass removal because of strong age 0+ and 1+ cohorts. However, stunting and bottlenecking may still occur in the population. Continued monitoring and management is necessary to observe further changes to the perch population dynamics in Nepawin Lake.

This thesis examines the link between background factors to educational attainment, discipline choice, how first job was found and income at that first job. Findings are based on results of a panel study of Ontario high school students. Using human capital theory and comparing and contrasting it with the radical and credentialist arguments, I create a model to further specify the contributing factors to the already well established link between education and jobs. The results produced from the interactive causal model indicate that past research has neglected certain variables while confounding others. Specifically, while the findings are generally consistent with other empirical work, they suggest that (i) education should be treated as a more differentiated variable, (ii) the role of networks in job search behaviour should be included, (iii) gender differences should be considered and, (iv) that non additive models will often provide a better description of the data. Finally, it is also suggested that future work explore the possibility that the relationship between job search behaviour and discipline choice can best be described using a non-recursive causal model.

Note: / In explaining modernization in an Ontario Amish Mennonite community, this thesis follows Kuhn's model of change in the sciences, detailing especially the interaction of internal religious ideology with outside events. An ambiguous traditional ideology promoted supportive interpersonal relations through objective rules, isolating the individual behind tight boundaries, subordinating him to community discipline. Revivalism, however, introduced an alternative early in the 1900's-salvation through individual piety, not community ru1es-and opened boundaries. By the 1950's, prosperity and farm mechanization led to increasingly modernized outside contact for individuals, through wage labour and consumer purchases. Anomalous under traditional ideology, these experiences supported the revivalist ideal, and led to its eventual domination. Kuhn explains transformation through the interaction of scientific theory and independent phenomena; we show how new individualized experiences arising when ideological debate opened boundaries resolved questions about the validity of competing ideologies. / S'inspirant du modèle des révolutions scientifiques développe par Kuhn, cette thèse explique la modernisation d'une communauté ontarienne Amish-Mennonite par l'étude de l'interaction de l'idéologie religieuse et d'événements externes. L'idéologie traditionnelle encourageait par des règles objectives les relations de soutien interpersonnel, isolait l'individu l'intérieur de frontières étanches et Ie soumettait la discipline communautaire. Vers 1900, un renouveau religieux vint affaiblir ces frontières en introduisant Ie choix d'un salut par dévotion personnelle plutôt que par obéissance règles communautaires. Des 1950, la mécanisation des fermes et leur richesse augmentèrent les contacts avec Ie monde extérieur, surtout par Ie travail salarie et la consommation. Ces nouveaux développements, anormaux pour l'idéologie traditionnelle, vinrent appuyer l'idéal du renouveau religieux et en assurer finalement la domination. Reprenant la these de Kuhn, cette étude montre comment des expériences individuelles nouvelles, la suite d'une ouverture des frontières de la communauté, ont résolu Ie débat entre idéologies concurrentielles.

The Alfred Bog wetland is the largest high quality bog ecosystem and one of the most important natural areas in southern Ontario. The 4,200 hectare bog provides habitat to a large number of rare and endangered species and plays an integral role as a natural water filter. This study used the contingent valuation survey method to estimate respondents' willingness to pay for the preservation of the Alfred Bog wetland, which is threatened by the competing activities of drainage, burning, and the extraction of peat. A multiple bounded discrete choice model was used to analyze the survey results. Results indicated that respondents were willing to pay an average of $79.22, in the form of a one-time voluntary contribution to a hypothetical preservation fund, for the preservation of the Alfred Bog wetland. Conservation club membership, visits to the bog, donations to wetland preservation programs, attitudes, distance from the bog, household income, and education level were found to be important predictors of willingness to pay. Aggregate willingness to pay to preserve the bog was estimated to be between $2.2 million to $663,000 depending upon the inclusion or exclusion of protest bids. The survey results suggested that most of this value was nonuse value attributed to option, bequest, and altruistic values. Thus, the failure of policy makers and resource managers to consider nonuse values in decision making processes can understate the value of preserving the Alfred Bog.

From the outset, Northern Ontario has existed as an exploited natural resource region, vulnerable to the vicissitudes of a "boom and bust" verity. This has had profound effects on its ensuing political patterns and political processes. This thesis describes how and why the politics of Northern Ontario are different. This thesis demonstrates that the politics of Northern Ontario, unlike Southern Ontario, are distinguished by disaffection, dependency, domination, pragmatism, and parochialism. This thesis also argues that the North's divergent development and natural resource based economy, as well as pernicious provincial government policies and extensive interventions, provoked the differences apparent in its politics. These differences are evinced in the North's disparate political culture, political priorities, and political structure. Furthermore, this thesis confirms that Northern Ontario politics feature a low level of political efficacy which is primarily the result of its "centre-periphery" connection with Southern Ontario.

Field experiments were conducted in 1996, to evaluate the need of supplemental irrigation of maize on some sandy soils in Eastern Ontario. Field and laboratory measurements of soil properties were conducted. Plow layer and deficit irrigation management approaches were evaluated. Irrigation requirements using rain and evaporation data of the humid 1996 summer, as well as data from the drier 1974 summer, were evaluated. The results show that using a root zone depth less than 300 mm led to more water losses by drainage, more irrigation water requirements and more frequent irrigation applications, as compared to using a 400 mm root zone. Therefore, it is recommended that a 400 mm root zone depth be used for scheduling irrigation applications of 25 mm. Wilting began to appear at 60% soil moisture depletion. Thus, 50% moisture depletion is suggested as the time to start irrigation to avoid crop stress. / The principal assumptions for tabulation of irrigation scheduling were: (1) That the soil is at field capacity at the beginning of June; and (2) That upward flux from a water table is negligible, since the summer water table is deeper than 2 m. These assumptions are based on the facts that rain in May keeps the soil moist, the maize is small at the end of May and that AET (Actual Evapotranspiration) is less than PET (Potential Evapotranspiration). / The measurements show that soil moisture depletion varies from site to site within the fields. The water balance was calculated using weather data and available soil moisture holding capacities for three locations on the farm. The tensions that the plant roots exerted to obtain water from the soil were measured with tensiometers and tabulated as a guide for irrigation management.

Increasing pluralism in Canadian society challenges educators who wish to continue religious education in Ontario's public schools. A brief history of religious education in Ontario helps explain the current situation. / Because religion is foundational to human experience, religious education is vital. Various scholars are cited in support. / Gabriel Moran is a major resource in developing religious education as an academic field. He helps teachers to teach religion itself rather than about religion. / Stanley Hauerwas broadens religious education to include character development. His emphasis on the self-agency of the moral agent helps teachers to educate character. His use of narrative encourages teachers to be inclusive and non-judgmental. / Religious education must change to accommodate pluralism. Yet it still has a valid place in the public school if it is multi-faith and inclusive, encouraging all students to be religious according to their own faith community.

Transracial adoption continues to be a widely debated and controversial subject matter. The purpose of this study was to complete an examination of what adoption social workers do to teach adoptive parents regarding their adoptees' differing cultural and ethnic background. A questionnaire was sent to all adoption social workers employed by Children's Aid Societies in Ontario; 90 responded. The questionnaire included questions regarding demographic information, opinions of transracial adoption and also explored the actual actions taken to teach adoptive parents about their adoptees' differing cultural and ethnic background. Findings were that the majority of adoption social workers in Ontario are Caucasian, and that they have a high level of agreement with the appropriateness of transracial adoptions. The total actions taken by social workers to educate adoptive parents were found to be quite low; a higher number of actions taken was associated with: (1) The social workers being older; (2) The fact that they adopted transracially themselves; (3) Longer experience in social work, and specifically in adoption; (4) More transracial adoptions facilitated.

The purpose of this study was to examine the links between child maltreatment and animal abuse, how these two forms of maltreatment often occur simultaneously within a family and how the existence of one maltreatment type should alert professionals to the potential for other types of harm. File reviews were completed at both Family and Children's Services of Renfrew County (FCS) and the Ontario Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (OSPCA), Renfrew County Branch. Data were collected on relevant variables, including maltreatment type, removal and return of children/animals, legal involvement and risk ratings. A total of 188 common files were found, representing almost 25% of OSPCA cases in a 6-year period; 48% of these cases were open at both agencies at the same time. When the files for the two agencies were merged, several statistically significant correlations were found, including: correlations between physical harm to pets and domestic violence for FCS clients; between Criminal Code charges for FCS clients and police involvement for OSPCA clients; and between removals of children from families involved with FCS and neglect of pets. These findings suggest that there is a need for cross-training and cross-reporting between child protection and animal welfare sectors to ensure better protection of both children and animals.