O oomiceto aquático Pythium insidiosum, classificado no Reino Stramenipila, é o agente etiológico da pitiose, uma doença crônica, piogranulomatosa, que acomete eqüinos, caninos, felinos, bovinos, ovinos e humanos que habitam regiões tropicais e subtropicais. Diversos protocolos para o tratamento da enfermidade têm sido utilizados, incluindo terapia com antifúngicos, cirurgia e imunoterapia. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar a suscetibilidade in vitro de 27 isolados clínicos de Pythium insidiosum ao acetato de caspofungina, bem como correlacionar os resultados obtidos in vitro com a resposta da terapêutica in vivo e comparar a eficácia de dois tratamentos, acetato de caspofungina e imunoterapia, utilizando coelhos como modelo experimental. Vinte e seis isolados de Pythium insidiosum provenientes de casos clínicos de pitiose em animais no Brasil (24 eqüinos, 01 canino e 01 ovino) e um isolado ATCC (58637) foram avaliados neste estudo. Os testes in vitro foram desenvolvidos utilizando-se a macrotécnica em caldo seguindo o protocolo internacional M38-A do CLSI. O inóculo consistiu de uma suspensão de 2-3x103 zoósporos de Pythium insidiosum diluído 1:10 em caldo RPMI. As concentrações finais do acetato de caspofungina variaram de 0,25 – 128 μg/mL. A leitura dos CIMs foi visual, considerando-se o crescimento ou não de hifas em 24 horas de incubação a 370C, sendo adotados 3 critérios de leitura: CIM0; CIM1 e CIM2 (100%, 90% e 50% de inibição de crescimento, respectivamente), assim como também foi determinada a concentração fungicida mínima. No ensaio in vivo, 15 coelhos inoculados subcutaneamente com 20.000 zoósporos de Pythium insidiosum foram divididos em 3 grupos de 5 animais (grupo 1, controle; grupo 2, tratado com imunoterápico Pitium Vac® e grupo 3, tratado com acetato de caspofungina). Os tratamentos iniciaram-se 25 dias após a inoculação e consitiram de: 1) 8 doses de imunoterápico administradas em intervalos de 14 dias; 2) 1 mg/kg/dia de acetato de caspofungina durante 20 dias consecutivos. Dezoito semanas após o início do experimento, os animais foram necropsiados e fragmentos de lesões foram coletados para análise histopatológica e morfométrica. Quatorze isolados (51,8%) evidenciaram CIM0 de 64 μg/mL e 24 (88,8%) CIM1 com variação de ≥ 8μg/mL a 64 μg/mL. Na determinação da concentração fungicida mínima, 17 (62,9%) amostras requereram 64 μg/mL. Os animais de ambos os tratamentos apresentaram redução da área de lesões, quando comparados aos animais do grupo controle (P<0.05). As áreas de lesões dos coelhos tratados com acetato de caspofungina evidenciaram redução durante o tratamento, porém rapidamente retornaram a progredir quando a administração do fármaco foi suspensa. O aspecto histológico das lesões foi similar entre os grupos estudados e a avaliação morfométrica evidenciou que os animais dos grupos 2 e 3 apresentaram menor quantidade de hifas nas áreas de necrose (P<0.05). Os resultados obtidos evidenciam que, embora não tenha havido diferença entre os tratamentos avaliados, a imunoterapia, em função de seu custo, continua sendo a melhor alternativa para o tratamento da pitiose. A ocorrência de altas CIMs associada a falta de atividade fungicida do acetato de caspofungina observados neste estudo, sugerem que Pythium insidiosum é pouco suscetível a este antifúngico. / For the in vivo assay, fifteen rabbits were subcutaneously inoculated with 20,000 Pythium insidiosum zoospores and were divided into 3 groups of 5 animals (group 1, control; group 2, treated with Pitium Vac® immunotherapic; and group 3, treated with caspofungin acetate). The treatments were started 25 days after the inoculation, and consisted of: 1) 8 doses of the immunotherapic administered at 14-day intervals; and 2) 1mg/kg/day of caspofungin acetate during 20 consecutive days. The animals were necropsied eighteen weeks after the start of the experiment, and lesion fragments were collected for histopathologic and morphometric analyses. Fourteen isolates (51.8%) had an MIC0 of 64 μg/mL, and 24 (88.8%) had an MIC1 that varied between ≥ 8μg/mL and 64 μg/mL. When subjected to the minimum fungicidal concentration assay, 17 (62.9%) samples required 64 μg/mL. The animals in both treatment groups displayed smaller lesion sizes compared to the animals of group control (P<0.05). The subcutaneous lesion areas of rabbits treated with caspofungin acetate exhibited a reduction in their progression during the treatment. However, lesions quickly resumed growth when the administration of the drug was suspended. The histological aspect of the lesions was similar between the groups under study, and the morphometric evaluation showed that the animals in groups 2 and 3 had lower amounts of hyphae in necrotic areas (P<0.05). The results obtained indicate that, even though the treatments did not differ significantly, the immunotherapic treatment is still the best alternative to treat pythiosis. In addition, the high MICs and lack of fungicidality of caspofungin acetate suggest that Pythium insidiosum is poorly susceptible to this antifungal drug.

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Les sols forestiers sont des habitats hétérogènes, véritables réservoirs de microorganismes. Parmi ces microorganismes, les eucaryotes filamenteux (champignons et oomycètes) sont très divers et jouent un rôle important dans le fonctionnement et la durabilité des écosystèmes forestiers. Leur diversité et leur répartition spatiale à différentes échelles sont encore peu connues et les facteurs qui sous-tendent cette dispersion sont encore peu étudiés. Aussi, les objectifs étaient (i) d'exploiter le séquençage haut-débit pour des études d'écologie microbienne à large échelle et valider son application aux communautés d'oomycètes pathogènes en milieu forestier, (ii) de décrire ces communautés microbiennes, en termes de diversité et de structure, à différentes échelles spatiales (locale, régionale et continentale), (iii) de caractériser les variables biotiques et abiotiques structurant ces communautés et (iv) d'évaluer la réponse éventuelle des communautés aux variations climatiques. Une première étude pilote à l'échelle de la parcelle a été suivi de deux études à grande échelle spatiale le long de gradients environnementaux. Des gradients d'altitude et un gradient latitudinal, à l'échelle continentale, ont été utilisés comme gradient climatique. L'étude préliminaire a donc validé l'utilisation du pyroséquençage pour les communautés fongiques, et en particulier pour les espèces ectomycorhiziennes, et apporté des éléments pour établir une méthodologie d'échantillonnage couplée à cette technique. L'application de ces outils moléculaires à l'étude des communautés oomycètes pathogènes reste à optimiser. Les résultats obtenus sur les communautés fongiques telluriques suggèrent que dans l'hypothèse d'un réchauffement climatique, la richesse fongique ne serait pas directement affectée mais la composition des communautés le serait. La composition des communautés fongiques est également fortement liée au pH du sol. Ces résultats sont à affiner en étudiant plus en détail divers groupes taxonomiques et écologiques en lien avec des variables climatiques plus précises. Par ailleurs, de nombreuses perspectives sont envisageables pour améliorer la détection des oomycètes dans les sols forestiers, qui reste un challenge en écologie microbienne / Forest soils are heterogeneous habitats full of microorganisms. In particular, the filamentous eukaryotes (fungi and oomycetes) exhibit a huge diversity and play essential functions in the dynamic and sustainable growth of the forest ecosystem. However, their diversity and their distribution are poorly known; thus, so are the structuring factors of these microbial communities. The main goals were: (i) use a high-throughput pyrosequencing to study soil microbial communities at a broad geographical scale, and particularly to validate its use for the study of soil forest pathogenic oomycete communities, (ii) study the diversity and structure of fungal and pathogenic oomycetes communities at several spatial scales, (iii) identify possible climatic and edaphic variables structuring these communities and (iv) estimate the possible response of these microbial communities to climatic variation. A pilot study was undertaken at the stand scale. Then, two additional studies were carried out along environmental gradients at the regional and continental scales. The use of the pyrosequencing technique was found appropriate for the fungal communities, but difficulties arose in studying the pathogenic oomycete community. At the stand scale, results suggested the soil to be a valuable substitute for the roots to access the ectomycorrhizal richness and composition using pyrosequencing. The results along the broad scale gradients suggested that fungal richness may not be affected by climate warming but that the composition would be. Moreover, our work indicated that soil pH is a major factor explaining fungal community composition. The main conclusions are still to be confirmed and deeper knowledge of the response of different fungal phylum, or family, would be required. The detection and thus the diversity estimation of the pathogenic oomycetes in forest soil remains a current challenge

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