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Digital Libraries (DLs) are software systems specifically designed to assist users in information seeking activities. Stemming from the intersection of library sciences and computer networking, traditional DL systems impose library philosophies of structure and management on the sprawling collections of data that are made possible through the Internet. DLs evolve to keep pace with innovation on the Internet so there is little standardization in the architecture of such systems. However, in attempting to provide users with the highest possible levels of service with the minimum possible effort, many systems work collaboratively with others, e.g., meta-search engines. This type of system interoperability is encouraged by the emergence of simple data transfer protocols such as the Open Archives Initiative?s Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH). Open Digital Libraries are an extension of the work of the OAI. It is proposed in this dissertation that the philosophy and approach adopted by the OAI can easily be extended to support inter-component interaction within a componentized DL. In particular, DLs can be built by connecting small components that communicate through a family of lightweight protocols, using XML as the data interchange mechanism. In order to test the feasibility of this, a set of protocols was designed based on a generalization of the work of the OAI. Components adhering to these protocols were implemented and integrated into production and research DLs. These systems were then evaluated for simplicity, reusability, and performance. On the whole, this study has shown promise in the approach of applying the fundamental concepts of the OAI protocol to the task of DL component design and implementation. Further, it has shown the feasibility of building componentized DL systems using techniques that are a precursor to the Web Services approach to system design. / Ph. D.

Elektronisches Publizieren über Open Archives hilft nicht nur dabei, unkompliziert weltweit zu veröffentlichen, sondern die Archive halten einen barrierefreien Zugriff auf solche Dokumente vor. Das Archiv MONARCH der TU Chemnitz, betreut von Universitätsbibliothek (UB) und Universitätsrechenzentrum (URZ), war das erste Archiv dieser Art in Deutschland und ist heute noch eines der führenden hinsichtlich Qualität und Zuverlässigkeit. Der Vortrag entstand innerhalb einer Informationsveranstaltung „Elektronisches Publizieren an der TU Chemnitz – 10 Jahre MONARCH“, die zur Information über und Werbung für das Publizieren von UB und URZ organisiert wurde. Die Vorteile der Archive werden von zwei Seiten aus betrachtet, vom Nutzen für den Autor und vom Nutzen für diejenigen, die im Internet nach wissenschaftlichen Volltexten recherchieren. Mittels Self-Archiving können vom Autor z.B. Diplomarbeiten, Master- und Bachelorarbeiten, Dissertationen und Habilitationen, Tagungsmaterialien u.v.a.m. abgelegt werden. Die URLs sind dauerhaft und damit zitierfähig. Die Archivierung und der Zugang zu den Dokumenten sind kostenfrei, gefunden werden sie z.B. über Bibliothekskataloge, Metasuchen in Archiven und über Suchmaschinen. / Electronic publishing over Open Archives does not help only to publish uncomplicatedly world-wide but reproach barrier-free access to such documents archives. The Archive „MONARCH“ from Technical University Chemnitz, cared for from University Library and Data processing Center of the University, was the first archive of this kind in Germany and is today still one of the best regarding quality and reliability. The lecture developed within an information meeting "Electronic publishing in Technical University Chemnitz - 10 years MONARCH", which were organized for information over and advertisement for publishing in electronic form. The advantages of archives are regarded by two sides, by the benefits for the author and by the use for searching after scientific full texts in the Internet. The author is able to archive himself for instance theses (diploma), Master- and Bachelor-works, theses, conference materials etc. The URL of every document is durable and quotable. Archiving and the entrance to the documents are free, to be found it e.g. over library catalogs, metasearches in archives and over search machines.

Elektronisches Publizieren über Open Archives hilft nicht nur dabei, unkompliziert weltweit zu veröffentlichen, sondern die Archive halten einen barrierefreien Zugriff auf solche Dokumente vor. Das Archiv MONARCH der TU Chemnitz, betreut von Universitätsbibliothek (UB) und Universitätsrechenzentrum (URZ), war das erste Archiv dieser Art in Deutschland und ist heute noch eines der führenden hinsichtlich Qualität und Zuverlässigkeit. Der Vortrag entstand innerhalb einer Informationsveranstaltung „Elektronisches Publizieren an der TU Chemnitz – 10 Jahre MONARCH“, die zur Information über und Werbung für das Publizieren von UB und URZ organisiert wurde. Die Vorteile der Archive werden von zwei Seiten aus betrachtet, vom Nutzen für den Autor und vom Nutzen für diejenigen, die im Internet nach wissenschaftlichen Volltexten recherchieren. Mittels Self-Archiving können vom Autor z.B. Diplomarbeiten, Master- und Bachelorarbeiten, Dissertationen und Habilitationen, Tagungsmaterialien u.v.a.m. abgelegt werden. Die URLs sind dauerhaft und damit zitierfähig. Die Archivierung und der Zugang zu den Dokumenten sind kostenfrei, gefunden werden sie z.B. über Bibliothekskataloge, Metasuchen in Archiven und über Suchmaschinen. / Electronic publishing over Open Archives does not help only to publish uncomplicatedly world-wide but reproach barrier-free access to such documents archives. The Archive „MONARCH“ from Technical University Chemnitz, cared for from University Library and Data processing Center of the University, was the first archive of this kind in Germany and is today still one of the best regarding quality and reliability. The lecture developed within an information meeting "Electronic publishing in Technical University Chemnitz - 10 years MONARCH", which were organized for information over and advertisement for publishing in electronic form. The advantages of archives are regarded by two sides, by the benefits for the author and by the use for searching after scientific full texts in the Internet. The author is able to archive himself for instance theses (diploma), Master- and Bachelor-works, theses, conference materials etc. The URL of every document is durable and quotable. Archiving and the entrance to the documents are free, to be found it e.g. over library catalogs, metasearches in archives and over search machines.

Notre travail de thèse vise à établir un diagnostic des potentialités scientifiques marocaines et à concevoir de nouveaux dispositifs pour la mesure, la cartographie et l’open access à la science locale.Pour bâtir des systèmes nationaux de recherche et garantir le développement socioéconomique du Maroc, les décideurs des universités ont besoin d’indicateurs d’analyse et d’évaluation de leur patrimoine scientifique. Les principales sources utilisées pour effectuer cette analyse sont les bases de données internationales « Scopus » et « Web of Science », en dépit de leurs biais d’indexation et de couverture de la science des pays du Sud. Cela induit un questionnement quant au manque hypothétique de la visibilité de la science marocaine. Ce manque de visibilité serait-il dû à la faible présence des revues nationales dans les bases de données internationales ? Ou relèverait-il de la faible qualité des publications marocaines ? La science marocaine est-elle une science à visée locale, abordant des thèmes qui ne figurent pas dans l’agenda de la science universelle ? Les apports de l’open access quant à l’augmentation de la visibilité et de l’impact de la recherche sont-ils méconnus des universitaires marocains ? La réponse à ces questions est accomplie à travers l’étude de cas de la Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie de Casablanca (FMPC). Elle s’articule autour de trois objectifs spécifiques : 1/ Recenser la production scientifique ; 2/ cartographier la production scientifique et explorer l’existence d’une relation entre l’indexation des publications dans les bases de données internationales et leur visibilité 3/ évaluer les comportements et les usages de l’open access par les chercheurs.Les principaux résultats de l’analyse et de la cartographie de la production scientifique de la FMPC, attestent que celle-ci jouit d’une grande visibilité à l’échelle internationale. La juxtaposition des publications nationales et internationales permet de confirmer que 70% des publications scientifiques de la FMPC sont intégrées dans les bases de données internationales et que 74.21 % de l’ensemble des articles sont publiés en anglais. Par ailleurs, on ne pourrait exclure 30% des publications nationales de l’évaluation bibliométrique au risque de biaiser les politiques scientifiques du pays.D’autres résultats de la thèse sont constitués par la mise en place du dépôt institutionnel de l’Université et du portail de revues médicales, créés afin d’assurer une large diffusion de la production des chercheurs de la FMPC et d’augmenter sa visibilité et son impact. Néanmoins, les résultats de l’enquête menée auprès des chercheurs ont montré que la principale barrière à l’adoption de l’open access est la méconnaissance des avantages des dispositifs de libre accès à l’IST quant à l’augmentation de leur impact et de leur visibilité. Les résultats de la cartographie de la FMPC et de l’étude des comportements des chercheurs à l’égard de l’open access, nous ont permis de proposer des fondements pour l’édification d’indicateurs adaptés au contexte marocain. / Our thesis aims to establish a diagnosis of Moroccan scientific potential in the medical area and to conceptualize new devices for measurement, mapping and open access to local science.To build national research systems and ensure Morocco’s socio-economic development, university decision-makers need analytic and evaluation indicators of their scientific heritage. The main sources used to perform this analysis are the international databases "Scopus" and "Web of Science", despite their biased indexing and coverage of southern countries.This impedes the accessibility and visibility of Moroccan science. A few questions then arise: is this lack of visibility due to the low presence of national journals in international databases? Is it due to the quality of Moroccan publications? Is Moroccan science locally focused, addressing themes which are not on the global agenda? Do Moroccan universities lack awareness of the contribution of open access to increasing research visibility and impact? Our case study of the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (FMPC) is based on three specific objectives: 1/ Identifying scientific production; 2/ characterizing scientific production and exploring the existence of a relationship between the indexing of publications in international databases and their visibility and 3/ evaluating the behaviors and uses of open access by researchers.The main results of our thesis are the analysis and characterization of the scientific output of the FMPC, which is highly visible on an international scale: the juxtaposition of national and international publications confirms that 70% of the FMPC’s scientific publications are integrated into international databases and that 74.21% of all articles are published in English. Furthermore, 30% of national publications cannot be excluded from bibliometric evaluation, at the risk of biasing the country's science policies.The establishment of the University’s institutional repository and of the medical journal portal makes it possible to widely disseminate FMPC researcher production and to increase its visibility and impact. Nevertheless, the results of the survey of researchers showed that the main impediment to the adoption of open access is the lack of awareness of the benefits of STIs with regards to increasing their impact and visibility. The results of the FMPC’s science mapping and the study of researcher behavior with regard to open access have allowed us to propose bases for the definition of indicators adapted to the Moroccan context.