Tato práce pojednává o hospodářských reformách v Čínské lidové republice, které byly provedeny v letech 1979 až 1989. Cílem je podat přehled o uskutečněných krocích čínské vlády v 80. letech a zhodnotit jejich výsledky. Tato práce analyzuje široké spektrum čínských reforem, věnuje se sektoru zemědělství, průmyslu, cenovému systému, bankovnímu a finančnímu systému, školství a největší pozornost je věnována zahraničnímu obchodu. U každé z těchto oblasti jsou vyjmenována základní opatření provedená v této první reformní etapě, která přispěla k celkové modernizaci čínské ekonomiky. Na závěr práce jsou ilustrovány výsledky čínských reforem na vybraných makroekonomických ukazatelích, zejména na růstu hrubého domácího produktu, na vývoji inflace, na vývoji příjmů a výdajů vládního sektoru a na platební bilanci. Hospodářské reformy v 80. letech, o kterých je tato práce, položily základ pozdějších ekonomických úspěchů Číny.

Thesis (D. Min.)--Trinity Evangelical Divinity School, Deerfield, Ill., 1999. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 221-224).

Thesis--Odense. / Summary in Danish. Includes indexes. Includes bibliographical references (p. 153-159).

Thesis--Odense. / Summary in Danish. Includes indexes. Includes bibliographical references (p. 153-159).

Thesis (D. Min.)--Trinity Evangelical Divinity School, Deerfield, Ill., 1999. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 221-224).

<div>The first chapter quantitatively examines the impact of exporting countries' reputations for product quality on aggregate trade flows. I introduce a novel data set in which recall incidences retrieved from the Consumer Product Safety Commission are matched to U.S. import data from 1990-2009. Using a model of learning I construct a measure for exporter reputation where consumers internalize product recalls as bad signals. Structural estimation of the model finds that reputation is important and especially impactful for products used by children. The market share elasticity of exporter's reputation is around 1.49 across products, similar in magnitude to the average price elasticity, which is around 1.51. Improving reputation can increase export value, but reputation is sluggish: increasing reputation by 10\% can take decades for most exporters. Counterfactual exercises confirm that quality inspection institutions are welfare improving, and quality inspection is especially important for consumers of toys. </div><div> </div><div> The second chapter summarizes the correlation between export decisions of Chinese firms and product recalls for Chinese products. I use a new data set where I link recall data scraped from CPSC to monthly Chinese Customs Data. I found that recalls from previous months correlates negatively with the decision of export participation, but not with export value. </div><div> </div><div><br></div><div> The third chapter, coauthored with Kendall Kennedy and Xuan Jiang, analyzes how China's industrialization and the immediate export growth due to the Open Door Policy change Chinese teenagers' education decisions, which explains the education decline. We find that, middle school completion rates increased and high school completion rates decreased in response to export growth. This suggests a tradeoff between education and labor market opportunities in China. These education effects are more prominent for cohorts who were younger when China's Open Door Policy began, even though these teenagers also faced a stronger education system compared to the earlier cohorts. </div>

在資本主義自由經濟體制下，只要有勞資互動關係，就難免會有勞資爭議。勞資爭議若處理不當，不僅勞資雙方蒙受其害，社會整體也可能因此付出相當大的代價。然我國現行之勞資爭議處理機制對預防性協調制度著墨甚少，基於勞資爭議應以自治解決之原則，於事業單位內部先行溝通處理實有其必要性。因此，本文研究之重點即探討替代爭議解決方案於企業內部運用之現況與成效，並針對下列問題進行分析： 一、何謂替代爭議解決方案？ 二、替代爭議解決方案形成之原因為何？ 三、替代爭議解決方案之形式為何？ 四、替代爭議解決方案在美國發展之現況如何？ 五、個案企業中ADR制度實地運作之情況如何？ 六、替代爭議解決方案對我國有何啟示？ 本研究發現： 一、替代爭議解決方案係企業組織為及早解決勞資糾紛，避免問題擴大、惡化，於爭議訴諸法定解決程序或司法訴訟前，先行利用調停、調處或中立第三者之協助，化解雙方歧見，尋求問題之解決。如此便無須透過政府機關之管道來解決紛爭，亦可避免曠日廢時的訴訟程序對企業營運所造成之影響，不但節省時間與成本，亦能有效的將問題予以解決。 二、替代爭議解決方案形成之原因為自1990年代起，歧視訴怨與不當解雇之訴訟案件急遽增加，鑑於此類訴訟往往纏訟經年且賠償金額極為龐大，對涉訟之勞資雙方均屬不利，因此國會與行政機關便透過立法與頒佈相關規定，鼓勵企業運用ADR解決此類紛爭。因此ADR之發展乃起因於法規的命令、法院體系的支持，加上私人契約的廣泛運用。 三、ADR之制度設計包含各種不同的形式，設置於企業內部者有門戶開放政策、監察官、跨部門檢閱小組、小型審訊、利益基礎的問題解決小組、共同解決問題與伙伴關係等形式；委託企業外機構協助者則包括催化、斡旋、調解、事實調查、仲裁、調解式仲裁、初期中立評估、爭議評議小組與解決會議等。 四、ADR之成效為藉由組織內ADR制度之運作，員工得以將職場中所遭遇之諸般問題，透過一定之程序或管道提出，使管理階層或雇主有更多機會瞭解並檢視管理制度或組織內部之各種問題，進而尋求改進或解決途徑，以防止類似問題再度發生，不僅有助於勞資關係之和諧，並能減少處理之成本，降低影響生產秩序之可能變數。 五、經由個案研究發現，ADR之制度設計與運作，皆相當重視員工之意見表達與營造開放的溝通環境，雖因個案企業各自之產業特性與組織之性質、層級、結構均不相同，但制度設計之精神均為提供組織內員工一額外之溝通管道，讓員工之問題、意見、疑慮或申訴得以及時解決，避免問題擴大惡化。 六、替代爭議解決方案之形成乃至發展，均受到美國現實環境與文化背景之影響，但美國與我國在勞資關係運作上有相當大的差異，因此ADR制度於我國未必能達到同樣或預期之效果，但仍可參酌該制度之精神與實際推行之經驗，進而研究如何將該制度之精神融入我國之現實環境與需求。而於事業單位內部建立一套申訴或解決問題之制度，可說已成為一必然趨勢，我國勞動相關法令，業已為申訴制度奠定一基礎，然而其主體建構工作，則有待企業勞資雙方逐漸形成共識。而申訴制度之有效與否，不僅在於制度之設計，企業負責人之重視程度，實為制度成功之關鍵，若能取得最高管理階層之支持，申訴制度與ADR制度方能在授權、決策公正性、結果執行力及追蹤評鑑等方面，進入有效制度之列。 最後根據本文研究所得，針對企業內部推動相關勞資爭議處理制度，作出如下建議： 一、宜培養勞資雙方自行解決爭議之觀念 二、建立企業內部解決問題之管道 三、企業主應率先確實遵守法令 四、落實員工申訴管道的有效性 五、制度設計應結合「爭議之預防」與「爭議之解決」等功能 六、制度頒行前應加強溝通宣導 七、制度之推行須符合企業文化與企業政策 八、處理期間不宜耗時過久

This thesis examines current radical liberal Christian activism in the Southern United States through focusing upon a particular intentional community located in Atlanta, Georgia, The Open Door Community. Through praxis and reflection, this community has developed its own unique practice and theology that I have termed “Liberation Gospel.” This thesis analyzes and describes a unique community in order to understand where the community succeeds, and where it does not, in putting its theological beliefs into practice. This very liberal community does not distinguish between their politics and their theology.

No description available.

American Foreign Policy at the outset of the Twentieth century evolved from a realist to an idealist position as the United States transitioned to an imperial power. This ideal framework was formed in the crucible of China during the Spheres of Influence and the Open Door. The US had to play delicate game of helping China to maintain their territorial, and administrative integrity while at the same time protecting their newly acquired overseas interests against more established imperial actors. While there were many missteps, and failures during this transition perhaps the most the important result was the change toward the approach of US foreign policy. Not only did the United States have to balance realist geo-political goals, but it had to define what an imperial United States looked like. In a sense the United States was starting from scratch, processing to a completely different game and in order to be successful it had evolve.